dept
agriculture
moreno
argued
april
decided
june
section
food
stamp
act
amended
generally
excludes
participation
food
stamp
program
household
containing
individual
unrelated
household
member
secretary
agriculture
issued
regulations
thereunder
rendering
ineligible
participation
program
household
whose
members
related
congress
stated
purposes
act
safeguard
health
nation
population
raise
levels
nutrition
among
households
increased
utilization
food
establishing
maintaining
adequate
national
levels
nutrition
promote
distribution
agricultural
abundance
strengthen
agricultural
economy
district
held
unrelated
person
provision
creates
irrational
classification
violation
equal
protection
component
due
process
clause
fifth
amendment
held
legislative
classification
involved
sustained
classification
clearly
irrelevant
stated
purposes
act
rationally
furthering
legitimate
governmental
interest
practical
operation
act
excludes
likely
abuse
program
rather
desperately
need
aid
even
afford
alter
living
arrangements
retain
eligibility
pp
supp
affirmed
brennan
delivered
opinion
douglas
stewart
white
marshall
blackmun
powell
joined
douglas
filed
concurring
opinion
post
rehnquist
filed
dissenting
opinion
burger
joined
post
raymond
randolph
argued
cause
appellants
briefs
solicitor
general
griswold
assistant
attorney
general
wood
walter
fleischer
william
kanter
ronald
pollack
argued
cause
appellees
brief
roger
schwartz
justice
brennan
delivered
opinion
case
requires
us
consider
constitutionality
food
stamp
act
amended
stat
certain
exceptions
excludes
participation
food
stamp
program
household
containing
individual
unrelated
member
household
practical
effect
creates
two
classes
persons
food
stamp
purposes
one
class
composed
individuals
live
households
whose
members
related
one
another
class
consists
individuals
live
households
containing
one
members
unrelated
rest
latter
class
persons
denied
federal
food
assistance
district
district
columbia
held
classification
invalid
violative
due
process
clause
fifth
amendment
supp
noted
probable
jurisdiction
affirm
federal
food
stamp
program
established
effort
alleviate
hunger
malnutrition
among
needy
segments
society
eligibility
participation
program
determined
household
rather
individual
basis
cfr
eligible
household
purchases
sufficient
food
stamps
provide
household
nutritionally
adequate
diet
household
pays
stamps
reduced
rate
based
upon
size
cumulative
income
food
stamps
used
purchase
food
retail
stores
government
redeems
stamps
face
value
thereby
paying
difference
actual
cost
food
amount
paid
household
stamps
see
initially
enacted
defined
household
group
related
individuals
residents
institution
boarding
house
living
one
economic
unit
sharing
common
cooking
facilities
food
customarily
purchased
common
january
however
congress
redefined
term
household
include
groups
related
individuals
pursuant
amendment
secretary
agriculture
promulgated
regulations
rendering
ineligible
participation
program
household
whose
members
related
appellees
case
consist
several
groups
individuals
allege
although
satisfy
income
eligibility
requirements
federal
food
assistance
nevertheless
excluded
program
solely
persons
group
related
appellee
jacinta
moreno
example
diabetic
lives
ermina
sanchez
latter
three
children
share
common
living
expenses
sanchez
helps
care
appellee
appellee
monthly
income
derived
public
assistance
sanchez
receives
per
month
public
assistance
household
pays
per
month
rent
gas
electricity
appellee
pays
appellee
spends
per
month
transportation
hospital
regular
visits
per
month
laundry
leaves
per
month
food
necessities
despite
poverty
appellee
denied
federal
food
assistance
solely
unrelated
members
household
moreover
although
sanchez
three
children
permitted
purchase
worth
food
stamps
per
month
participation
program
terminated
appellee
moreno
continues
live
appellee
sheilah
hejny
married
three
children
although
hejnys
indigent
took
girl
unrelated
felt
emotional
problems
hejnys
receive
worth
food
stamps
month
allow
girl
continue
live
denied
food
stamps
reason
appellee
victoria
keppler
daughter
acute
hearing
deficiency
daughter
requires
special
instruction
school
deaf
school
located
area
appellee
ordinarily
afford
live
thus
order
make
limited
resources
appellee
agreed
share
apartment
near
school
woman
like
appellee
public
assistance
since
appellee
related
woman
appellee
food
stamps
continue
cut
continue
live
together
two
groups
appellees
instituted
class
action
department
agriculture
secretary
two
departmental
officials
seeking
declaratory
injunctive
relief
enforcement
amendment
implementing
regulations
essence
appellees
contend
district
held
unrelated
person
provision
creates
irrational
classification
violation
equal
protection
component
due
process
clause
fifth
amendment
agree
ii
traditional
equal
protection
analysis
legislative
classification
must
sustained
classification
rationally
related
legitimate
governmental
interest
see
jefferson
hackney
richardson
belcher
dandridge
williams
mcgowan
maryland
purposes
food
stamp
act
expressly
set
forth
congressional
declaration
policy
hereby
declared
policy
congress
safeguard
health
nation
population
raise
levels
nutrition
among
households
congress
hereby
finds
limited
food
purchasing
power
households
contributes
hunger
malnutrition
among
members
households
congress
finds
increased
utilization
food
establishing
maintaining
adequate
national
levels
nutrition
promote
distribution
beneficial
manner
agricultural
abundances
strengthen
agricultural
economy
well
result
orderly
marketing
distribution
food
alleviate
hunger
malnutrition
food
stamp
program
herein
authorized
permit
households
purchase
nutritionally
adequate
diet
normal
channels
trade
thus
sustained
challenged
classification
must
rationally
legitimate
governmental
interest
specifically
stated
congressional
declaration
policy
regrettably
little
legislative
history
illuminate
purposes
amendment
legislative
history
exist
however
indicates
amendment
intended
prevent
hippies
hippie
communes
participating
food
stamp
program
see
conf
cong
rec
holland
challenged
classification
clearly
sustained
reference
congressional
purpose
constitutional
conception
equal
protection
laws
means
anything
must
least
mean
bare
congressional
desire
harm
politically
unpopular
group
constitute
legitimate
governmental
interest
result
purpose
discriminate
hippies
without
reference
independent
considerations
public
interest
justify
amendment
although
apparently
conceding
point
government
maintains
challenged
classification
nevertheless
upheld
rationally
related
clearly
legitimate
governmental
interest
minimizing
fraud
administration
food
stamp
program
essence
government
contends
adopting
amendment
congress
might
rationally
thought
households
one
unrelated
members
likely
fully
related
households
contain
individuals
abuse
program
fraudulently
failing
report
sources
income
voluntarily
remaining
poor
households
relatively
unstable
thereby
increasing
difficulty
detecting
abuses
even
accept
rational
government
wholly
unsubstantiated
assumptions
concerning
differences
related
unrelated
households
still
agree
government
conclusion
denial
essential
federal
food
assistance
otherwise
eligible
households
containing
unrelated
members
constitutes
rational
effort
deal
concerns
outset
important
note
food
stamp
act
contains
provisions
wholly
independent
aimed
specifically
problems
fraud
voluntarily
poor
example
certain
exceptions
act
renders
ineligible
assistance
household
containing
adult
person
ages
eighteen
fails
register
accept
offered
employment
similarly
specifically
impose
strict
criminal
penalties
upon
individual
obtains
uses
food
stamps
fraudulently
existence
provisions
necessarily
casts
considerable
doubt
upon
proposition
amendment
rationally
intended
prevent
abuses
see
eisenstadt
baird
cf
dunn
blumstein
moreover
practical
effect
challenged
classification
simply
operate
rationally
prevention
fraud
previously
noted
defines
eligible
household
group
related
individuals
living
one
economic
unit
sharing
common
cooking
facilities
food
customarily
purchased
common
thus
two
unrelated
persons
living
together
meeting
three
conditions
constitute
single
household
ineligible
assistance
financially
feasible
however
two
individuals
legally
avoid
unrelated
person
exclusion
simply
altering
living
arrangements
eliminate
one
three
conditions
effectively
create
two
separate
households
eligible
assistance
see
knowles
butz
supp
nd
cal
indeed
california
director
social
welfare
explained
related
household
limitations
eliminate
many
households
eligibility
food
stamp
program
understanding
congressional
intent
new
regulations
specifically
aimed
hippies
hippie
communes
people
category
alter
living
arrangements
order
remain
eligible
food
stamps
however
afdc
mothers
try
raise
standard
living
sharing
housing
affected
able
utilize
altered
living
patterns
order
continue
eligible
without
giving
advantage
shared
housing
costs
affirmed
footnotes
stat
amendment
affect
certain
groups
nonrelated
individuals
years
age
amended
provides
term
household
shall
mean
group
related
individuals
including
legally
adopted
children
legally
assigned
foster
children
individuals
age
residents
institution
boarding
house
living
one
economic
unit
sharing
common
cooking
facilities
food
customarily
purchased
common
term
household
shall
also
mean
single
individual
living
alone
cooking
facilities
purchases
prepares
food
home
consumption
elderly
person
meets
requirements
section
title
title
cfr
jj
provides
jj
household
means
group
persons
excluding
roomers
boarders
unrelated
attendants
necessary
medical
housekeeping
child
care
reasons
residents
institution
boarding
house
living
one
economic
unit
sharing
common
cooking
facilities
food
customarily
purchased
common
provided
persons
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years
age
related
one
persons
group
years
age
one
persons
group
years
age
older
persons
years
age
related
least
one
persons
years
age
older
shall
also
mean
single
individual
living
alone
purchases
prepares
food
home
consumption
ii
elderly
person
defined
section
spouse
appellees
also
argued
regulations
invalid
beyond
scope
authority
conferred
upon
secretary
statute
district
rejected
contention
appellees
pressed
argument
appeal
moreover
appellees
challenge
constitutionality
statute
reliance
households
rather
individuals
basic
unit
food
stamp
program
therefore
intimate
view
question
hile
fifth
amendment
contains
equal
protection
clause
forbid
discrimination
unjustifiable
violative
due
process
schneider
rusk
see
frontiero
richardson
shapiro
thompson
bolling
sharpe
indeed
amendment
first
materialized
bare
committee
consideration
conference
committee
consideration
differing
house
senate
bills
government
initially
argued
district
challenged
classification
might
justified
means
foster
morality
rejecting
contention
district
noted
interpreting
amendment
attempt
regulate
morality
raise
serious
constitutional
questions
supp
indeed
citing
decisions
griswold
connecticut
stanley
georgia
eisenstadt
baird
district
observed
doubtful
best
whether
congress
name
morality
infringe
rights
privacy
freedom
association
home
emphasis
original
moreover
also
pointed
classification
established
rationally
related
prevailing
notions
morality
since
terms
disqualifies
households
unrelated
individuals
without
reference
whether
particular
group
contains
sexes
government
abandoned
morality
argument
see
brief
appellants
title
provide
whoever
knowingly
uses
transfers
acquires
alters
possesses
coupons
authorization
purchase
cards
manner
authorized
act
regulations
issued
pursuant
act
shall
coupons
authorization
purchase
cards
value
guilty
felony
shall
upon
conviction
thereof
fined
imprisoned
five
years
coupons
authorization
purchase
cards
value
less
shall
guilty
misdemeanor
shall
upon
conviction
thereof
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imprisoned
one
year
whoever
presents
causes
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value
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manner
violation
provisions
act
regulations
issued
pursuant
act
shall
guilty
felony
shall
upon
conviction
thereof
fined
imprisoned
five
years
coupons
value
less
shall
guilty
misdemeanor
shall
upon
conviction
thereof
fined
imprisoned
one
year
app
justice
douglas
concurring
appellee
jacinta
moreno
diabetic
lives
ermina
sanchez
latter
three
children
two
share
common
living
expenses
sanchez
helping
care
appellee
appellee
monthly
income
derived
public
assistance
sanchez
also
derived
public
assistance
household
pays
month
rent
appellee
pays
month
gas
electricity
appellee
pays
appellee
spends
month
transportation
hospital
regular
visits
month
laundry
leaves
month
food
necessities
sanchez
three
children
received
worth
food
stamps
per
month
unrelated
person
provision
act
cut
appellee
moreno
continues
live
appellee
sheilah
hejny
married
three
children
ages
two
five
husband
took
girl
unrelated
shares
housekeeping
hejnys
pay
month
receive
worth
food
stamps
hejnys
comprise
indigent
household
allow
girl
live
cut
food
stamps
reason
unrelated
person
provision
appellee
keppler
daughter
acute
hearing
deficiency
requires
instruction
school
deaf
school
area
mother
afford
live
two
minor
children
moved
nearby
apartment
woman
like
appellee
keppler
public
assistance
related
result
appellee
keppler
food
stamps
cut
unrelated
person
provision
appellees
instituted
class
action
enjoin
enforcement
unrelated
person
provision
act
unrelated
person
provision
act
creates
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persons
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purposes
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class
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type
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qualify
matter
need
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act
said
violate
conception
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protection
implicit
due
process
clause
fifth
amendment
bolling
sharpe
test
equal
protection
whether
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line
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weber
aetna
casualty
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protection
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power
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persons
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purposes
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constitutional
scheme
naacp
alabama
de
jonge
oregon
naacp
button
gibson
florida
legislative
committee
naacp
alabama
extends
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rights
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trade
union
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railroad
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virginia
bar
suppose
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working
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connecticut
examples
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shapiro
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williams
opposed
sustained
maryland
grant
welfare
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violation
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protection
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receive
claimants
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families
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aid
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people
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action
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freedom
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subject
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scrutiny
naacp
alabama
right
people
peaceably
assemble
guaranteed
first
amendment
covers
wide
spectrum
human
interests
including
stated
political
economic
religious
cultural
matters
banding
together
combat
common
foe
hunger
category
case
therefore
falls
within
zone
represented
shapiro
thompson
supra
held
waiting
period
welfare
imposed
state
inmigration
indigents
penalizing
constitutional
right
travel
sustained
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compelling
governmental
interest
section
food
stamp
act
provides
relevant
part
term
household
shall
mean
group
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individuals
including
legally
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children
legally
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children
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age
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institution
boarding
house
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economic
unit
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cooking
facilities
food
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regulations
provide
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means
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persons
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boarders
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attendants
necessary
medical
housekeeping
child
care
reasons
residents
institution
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house
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economic
unit
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cooking
facilities
food
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common
provided
persons
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years
age
related
one
persons
group
years
age
one
persons
group
years
age
older
persons
years
age
related
least
one
persons
years
age
older
cfr
jj
eligibility
participation
program
shall
household
basis
persons
excluding
roomers
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residing
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living
quarters
shall
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household
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subchapter
cfr
purpose
present
act
stated
congress
safeguard
health
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population
raise
levels
nutrition
among
households
congress
hereby
finds
limited
food
purchasing
power
households
contributes
hunger
malnutrition
among
members
households
congress
finds
increased
utilization
food
establishing
maintaining
adequate
national
levels
nutrition
promote
distribution
beneficial
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agricultural
abundances
strengthen
agricultural
economy
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orderly
marketing
distribution
food
alleviate
hunger
malnutrition
food
stamp
program
herein
authorized
permit
households
purchase
nutritionally
adequate
diet
normal
channels
trade
italics
added
see
cong
rec
conf
justice
rehnquist
chief
justice
concurs
dissenting
much
reasons
stated
dissenting
opinion
department
agriculture
murry
ante
unable
agree
disposition
case
appellees
challenged
provision
federal
food
stamp
act
et
limited
food
stamps
related
people
living
one
household
result
provision
unrelated
persons
live
roof
pool
resources
may
obtain
food
stamps
even
though
otherwise
eligible
opinion
make
persuasive
congressional
committee
report
arguing
adoption
limitation
question
undoubtedly
congress
attacked
problem
rather
blunt
instrument
undoubtedly
persuasive
arguments
may
made
conceive
purpose
significantly
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enactment
limitation
questions
congress
rather
role
limited
determination
whether
rational
basis
congress
decide
public
funds
made
available
food
stamp
program
go
household
containing
individual
unrelated
member
household
believe
asserted
congressional
concern
fraudulent
use
food
stamps
interpreted
light
favorable
sustaining
limitation
quite
irrational
seems
believe
basic
unit
congress
chosen
determination
availability
food
stamps
household
determination
criticized
limitation
challenged
singled
households
contain
unrelated
persons
made
households
ineligible
think
unreasonable
congress
conclude
basic
unit
willing
support
federal
funding
food
stamps
variation
family
know
household
consisting
related
individuals
unit
provides
guarantee
provided
households
containing
unrelated
individuals
household
exists
purpose
collect
federal
food
stamps
admittedly
points
limitation
make
ineligible
many
households
formed
purpose
collecting
federal
food
stamps
time
wholly
deny
food
stamps
households
may
formed
large
part
take
advantage
program
concedes
raditional
equal
protection
analysis
require
every
classification
drawn
precise
mathematical
nicety
ante
earlier
term
constitutionality
similarly
imprecise
rule
promulgated
pursuant
truth
lending
act
challenged
grounds
urged
appellees
mourning
family
publications
service
imposition
rule
members
defined
class
sustained
served
discourage
evasion
substantial
portion
class
disclosure
mechanisms
chosen
congress
consumer
protection
limitation
congress
enacted
judgment
reasonable
men
conceivably
deny
food
stamps
members
households
formed
solely
purpose
taking
advantage
food
stamp
program
since
food
stamp
program
intended
subsidy
every
individual
desires
food
permissible
congressional
decision
quite
consistent
underlying
policy
act
fact
limitation
unfortunate
perhaps
unintended
consequences
beyond
make
unconstitutional