trafficante
metropolitan
life
argued
november
decided
december
two
tenants
apartment
complex
filed
complaints
secretary
housing
urban
development
alleging
landlord
racially
discriminated
nonwhites
tenants
thereby
lost
social
benefits
living
integrated
community
missed
business
professional
advantages
accrued
living
members
minority
groups
suffered
stigmatized
residents
white
ghetto
district
reaching
merits
held
complaining
tenants
within
class
persons
entitled
sue
civil
rights
act
appeals
affirming
construed
permit
complaints
persons
objects
discriminatory
housing
practices
held
definition
person
aggrieved
person
claims
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
shows
congressional
intention
define
standing
broadly
permitted
article
iii
constitution
petitioners
tenants
apartment
complex
standing
sue
pp
reversed
remanded
douglas
delivered
opinion
unanimous
white
filed
concurring
opinion
blackmun
powell
joined
post
stephen
bomse
argued
cause
petitioners
briefs
george
clyde
margaret
brown
richard
kilmartin
argued
cause
filed
brief
metropolitan
life
insurance
robert
shea
argued
cause
filed
brief
respondent
parkmerced
deputy
solicitor
general
wallace
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
brief
solicitor
general
griswold
assistant
attorney
general
norman
frank
schwelb
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
robert
keith
booth
city
palo
alto
california
jack
greenberg
james
nabrit
iii
charles
stephen
ralston
michael
davidson
william
bennett
turner
alice
daniel
naacp
legal
defense
educational
fund
justice
douglas
delivered
opinion
two
tenants
parkmerced
apartment
complex
san
francisco
housing
residents
filed
separate
complaints
secretary
housing
urban
development
hud
pursuant
civil
rights
act
stat
one
tenant
black
one
white
alleged
owner
parkmerced
discriminated
nonwhites
basis
race
rental
apartments
within
complex
violation
act
hud
pursuant
act
notified
appropriate
california
state
agency
complaints
state
agency
lack
adequate
resources
handle
complaints
referred
charge
back
hud
since
hud
failed
secure
voluntary
compliance
within
days
petitioners
brought
action
district
act
complaint
alleged
owner
discriminated
nonwhite
rental
applicants
numerous
ways
making
known
welcome
parkmerced
manipulating
waiting
list
apartments
delaying
action
applications
using
discriminatory
acceptance
standards
like
two
tenants
claimed
injured
lost
social
benefits
living
integrated
community
missed
business
professional
advantages
accrued
lived
members
minority
groups
suffered
embarrassment
economic
damage
social
business
professional
activities
stigmatized
residents
white
ghetto
district
reach
merits
held
petitioners
within
class
persons
entitled
sue
act
supp
appeals
affirmed
construing
narrowly
permit
complaints
persons
objects
discriminatory
housing
practices
case
petition
writ
certiorari
granted
reverse
judgment
definition
person
aggrieved
contained
terms
broad
defined
ny
person
claims
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
act
gives
secretary
hud
power
receive
investigate
complaints
regarding
discriminatory
housing
practices
secretary
however
must
defer
state
agencies
provide
relief
named
practice
state
agency
act
secretary
may
seek
resolve
controversy
conference
conciliation
persuasion
attempts
fail
complainant
may
proceed
pursuant
moreover
rights
may
enforced
civil
actions
appropriate
district
courts
without
regard
amount
controversy
brought
within
days
alleged
discriminatory
housing
practice
occurred
addition
gives
attorney
general
authority
bring
civil
action
appropriate
district
reasonable
cause
believe
person
group
persons
engaged
pattern
practice
resistance
full
enjoyment
rights
granted
act
apparent
solicitor
general
says
complaints
private
persons
primary
method
obtaining
compliance
act
hackett
mcguire
dealt
phrase
allowed
suit
started
person
claiming
aggrieved
civil
rights
act
concluded
words
used
showed
congressional
intention
define
standing
broadly
permitted
article
iii
constitution
respect
suits
brought
act
reach
conclusion
insofar
tenants
housing
unit
charged
discrimination
concerned
language
act
broad
inclusive
individual
injury
injury
fact
petitioners
ingredient
found
missing
sierra
club
morton
alleged
proof
may
one
thing
alleged
injury
existing
tenants
exclusion
minority
persons
apartment
complex
loss
important
benefits
interracial
associations
legislative
history
act
helpful
key
section
us
derived
amendment
offered
senator
mondale
incorporated
bill
offered
senator
dirksen
members
minority
groups
damaged
discrimination
housing
practices
proponents
legislation
emphasized
direct
objects
discrimination
interest
ensuring
fair
housing
suffered
assistant
regional
administrator
hud
wrote
petitioners
counsel
november
determination
office
complainants
aggrieved
persons
within
jurisdiction
act
told
consistent
administrative
construction
act
construction
entitled
great
weight
udall
tallman
griggs
duke
power
design
act
confirms
construction
hud
power
enforcement
far
federal
agencies
concerned
attorney
general
may
sue
yet
noted
may
sue
correct
pattern
practice
housing
discrimination
phrase
pattern
practice
creates
limiting
factors
authority
need
stop
analyze
solicitor
general
points
fair
housing
litigation
conducted
attorney
general
handled
housing
section
civil
rights
division
less
two
dozen
lawyers
since
hud
enforcement
powers
since
enormity
task
assuring
fair
housing
makes
role
attorney
general
matter
minimal
main
generating
force
must
private
suits
solicitor
general
says
complainants
act
behalf
also
private
attorneys
general
vindicating
policy
congress
considered
highest
priority
role
private
attorneys
general
uncommon
modern
legislative
programs
see
newman
piggie
park
enterprises
allen
state
board
elections
perkins
matthews
case
borak
serves
important
role
part
civil
rights
act
protecting
discrimination
directed
also
whose
complaint
manner
managing
housing
project
affects
quality
daily
lives
shannon
dept
housing
urban
dispute
tendered
complaint
presented
adversary
context
flast
cohen
injury
alleged
particularity
present
abstract
question
raising
problems
art
iii
constitution
person
landlord
blacklist
victim
discriminatory
housing
practices
senator
javits
said
supporting
bill
whole
community
cong
rec
senator
mondale
drafted
said
reach
proposed
law
replace
ghettos
truly
integrated
balanced
living
patterns
give
vitality
generous
construction
gives
standing
sue
housing
unit
injured
racial
discrimination
management
facilities
within
coverage
statute
reverse
remand
case
district
leaving
untouched
questions
including
suggestion
case
metropolitan
life
insurance
become
moot
reversed
remanded
footnotes
person
claims
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
believes
irrevocably
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
occur
hereafter
person
aggrieved
may
file
complaint
secretary
complaints
shall
writing
shall
contain
information
form
secretary
requires
upon
receipt
complaint
secretary
shall
furnish
copy
person
persons
allegedly
committed
commit
alleged
discriminatory
housing
practice
within
thirty
days
receiving
complaint
within
thirty
days
expiration
period
reference
subsection
secretary
shall
investigate
complaint
give
notice
writing
person
aggrieved
whether
intends
resolve
secretary
decides
resolve
complaint
shall
proceed
try
eliminate
correct
alleged
discriminatory
housing
practice
informal
methods
conference
conciliation
persuasion
owner
time
suit
started
metropolitan
life
ins
suit
commenced
parkmerced
acquired
apartment
complex
metropolitan
joined
defendant
section
provides
wherever
state
local
fair
housing
law
provides
rights
remedies
alleged
discriminatory
housing
practices
substantially
equivalent
rights
remedies
provided
title
secretary
shall
notify
appropriate
state
local
agency
complaint
filed
title
appears
constitute
violation
state
local
fair
housing
law
secretary
shall
take
action
respect
complaint
appropriate
state
local
law
enforcement
official
within
thirty
days
date
alleged
offense
brought
attention
commenced
proceedings
matter
done
carries
forward
proceedings
reasonable
promptness
event
shall
secretary
take
action
unless
certifies
judgment
circumstances
particular
case
protection
rights
parties
interests
justice
require
action
section
provides
relevant
part
within
thirty
days
complaint
filed
secretary
within
thirty
days
expiration
period
reference
subsection
secretary
unable
obtain
voluntary
compliance
title
person
aggrieved
may
within
thirty
days
thereafter
commence
civil
action
appropriate
district
respondent
named
complaint
enforce
rights
granted
protected
title
insofar
rights
relate
subject
complaint
less
tenants
apartment
complex
black
note
supra
note
supra
find
unnecessary
reach
question
standing
sue
basis
third
cause
action
alleged
petition
based
allegations
made
civil
rights
act
dirksen
substitute
cong
rec
retained
present
language
senator
mondale
previously
introduced
bill
passed
senate
house
subsequently
passed
aggrieved
person
provision
senator
mondale
bill
carried
dirksen
bill
found
mondale
bill
see
hearings
subcommittee
housing
urban
affairs
senate
committee
banking
currency
sess
justice
white
justice
blackmun
justice
powell
join
concurring
absent
civil
rights
act
great
difficulty
concluding
petitioners
complaint
case
presented
case
controversy
within
jurisdiction
district
art
iii
constitution
statute
purporting
give
authorized
complain
agency
right
also
sue
sustain
statute
insofar
extends
standing
position
petitioners
case
cf
katzenbach
morgan
oregon
mitchell
consequently
join
opinion
judgment