harrison ppg industries argued january decided may authorized clean air act act environmental protection agency epa decided basis correspondence respondents certain equipment power generating facility respondent ppg industries ppg subject certain new source performance standards regarding air pollution promulgated epa administrator ppg filed petition appeals review epa decision act provides direct review federal appeals certain locally regionally applicable actions taken administrator specifically enumerated provisions act final action administrator act locally regionally applicable uncertainty proper forum judicial review ppg also filed suit injunctive relief administrator federal district suit stayed pending disposition present case appeals dismissed ppg petition lack jurisdiction held phrase final action construed accordance literal meaning reach action administrator final final actions administrator similar actions specifically enumerated provisions precede catchall phrase statute pp rule ejusdem generis apply limit final action actions similar specifically enumerated provisions theory latter actions unlike administrator informal decision must based administrative proceedings reflecting least notice opportunity hearing least one specifically enumerated provisions require administrator act notice opportunity hearing thus even rule ejusdem generis applied significantly narrow ambit final action moreover rule ejusdem generis instrumentality ascertaining correct meaning words uncertainty phrase final action offers indication whatever congress intended limiting construction pp nothing legislative history supports conclusion phrase final action means anything says congress intend phrase enlarge jurisdiction courts appeals include review cases based administrative record reflecting less notice opportunity hearing pp argument matter policy basic purpose provide prompt review epa action better served providing cases review district rather appeals argument addressed congress pp stewart delivered opinion burger brennan white marshall powell joined powell filed concurring opinion post blackmun filed opinion concurring result post rehnquist post stevens post filed dissenting opinions maryann walsh argued cause petitioners briefs solicitor general mccree assistant attorney general moorman william alsup jacques gelin michele corash charles lettow argued cause respondents brief peter wynne oliver stockwell gene lafitte justice stewart delivered opinion section clean air act act provides direct review federal appeals certain locally regionally applicable actions taken administrator environmental protection agency epa specifically enumerated provisions act final action administrator act locally regionally applicable emphasis added issue case whether appeals fifth circuit correct concluding without jurisdiction entertain petition review ppg industries ppg conoco conoco respondents challenged decision administrator concerning applicability epa new source performance standards power generating facility operated ppg specifically must decide whether administrator decision falls within ambit final action reviewable appeals dispute underlying jurisdictional question involves decision administrator act supp ii provision requires administrator publish time time revise list categories stationary source determines causes contributes significantly air pollution may reasonably anticipated endanger public health welfare promulgate regulations establishing standards performance new sources within list categories act defines new source stationary source construction modification commenced publication regulations earlier proposed regulations prescribing standard performance section applicable source administrator included fossil steam generators list stationary sources fed reg later year pursuant mandate promulgate new source performance standards administrator established certain emission limits fossil steam generating unit million btu per hour heat input construction modification commenced august date standards proposed cfr new source regulations define term fossil steam generating unit also create procedure administrator upon request determine whether action taken planned owner operator facility constitutes constitute construction modification facility purposes triggering applicability performance standards sometime respondent ppg chemical manufacturing corporation began planning preliminary construction new power generating facility plant lake charles la facility designed take advantage cogeneration technology consist two gas turbine generators two boilers turbogenerator dispute epa ppg concerns applicability new source performance standards boilers facility controversy first arose respondent conoco ppg fuel supplier informed epa conoco switching supply fuel lake charles facility natural gas fuel oil exchange correspondence ensued initiated epa request ppg submit additional information bearing whether boilers covered new source standards ppg submissions revealed although assembly boilers begun new power facility boilers integral component originally designed partially ordered year proposed date new source performance standards basis ppg submissions regional director enforcement epa notified ppg conclusion boilers subject new source standards since construction boilers begun long january date standards proposed response ppg took position boilers part integrated unit construction begun proposed date standards regional director nevertheless reaffirmed initial decision pursuant procedure outlined new source regulations cfr ppg submitted formal request epa determination new source standards fossil steam generators apply type boilers question event since construction facility boilers part began date standards proposed boilers new sources thus subject performance standards event epa determined ppg boilers subject standards ppg also requested clarification standards apply responding ppg request regional administrator notified ppg letter concluded boilers indeed subject new source standards fossil steam generators rejected ppg argument construction boilers begun construction facets lake charles facility thus regional administrator affirmed previous epa determination boilers subject new source performance standards regard manner standards apply boilers regional administrator indicated since ppg gas turbine generators subject new source standards ppg held accountable emissions boilers attributable combustion fossil fuel emissions attributable waste heat gas turbine generators ppg filed petition appeals fifth circuit seeking review epa decision concerning applicability new source standards boilers uncertainty regarding proper forum judicial review ppg also filed complaint injunctive relief administrator district western district louisiana suit stayed pending disposition present case ppg uncertainty issue case stem conflicting views proper interpretation act supp ii provided exclusive review appropriate appeals certain locally regionally applicable actions administrator several specifically enumerated provisions act actions administrator provisions specifically enumerated reviewable district jurisdiction congress expanded ambit clean air act amendments pub stat added list locally regionally applicable actions reviewable exclusively appropriate appeals actions administrator another specifically enumerated provision act final action administrator act locally regionally applicable emphasis added later enacting clean air act technical conforming amendments pub stat congress added several provisions listed locally regionally applicable action administrator reviewable appropriate appeals amended ppg filed petition review appeals fifth circuit despite filed petition ppg conoco intervenor argued without jurisdiction since administrator decision action taken one provisions specifically enumerated properly characterized final action administrator latter phrase argued referred locally regionally applicable final actions provisions act specifically enumerated response epa argued phrase final action read literally mean final action administrator appeals concluded administrator decision fall within meaning final action view congress intended cast entire responsibility reviewing epa action act courts appeals numeration specific sections appear redundant revealing aspect legislative history thought complete absence discussion massive shift jurisdiction moreover found unlikely congress intended shift jurisdiction require courts appeals review decisions administrator simply applied interpreted regulations case decision noted often based skeletal record may leave reviewing unable perform meaningful judicial review since appellate augment record especially compared trial tools discovery available concluded hatever addition jurisdiction courts appeals congress may contemplated adding final action language assume section drafted mechanical limitations courts appeals mind accordingly appeals dismissed ppg petition lack jurisdiction granted certiorari importance determining locus judicial review actions epa ii undisputed administrator decision concerning applicability new source performance standards ppg boilers locally applicable action provision act specifically enumerated question issue whether administrator decision falls within scope phrase final action administrator make decision reviewable federal appeals outset note parties agreement administrator decision final action term understood context administrative procedure act provisions federal law undisputed administrator ruling represented epa final determination concerning applicability new source standards ppg power facility short enforcement action epa rendered last word matter controversy thus whether administrator decision final rather whether final action within meaning amended petitioners argue phrase final action construed accordance literal meaning reach action administrator act final taken specifically enumerated provision respondents argue statutory language construed narrowly relying familiar doctrine ejusdem generis assert phrase final action read reach final actions administrator rather similar actions specifically enumerated provisions precede catchall phrase statute similarity respondents discern among actions specifically enumerated provisions actions must based respondents refer contemporaneously compiled administrative record mean record based administrative proceedings reflecting least notice opportunity hearing since administrator informal decision case based record respondents argue decision final action within meaning thus within jurisdiction appeals respondents reliance rule ejusdem generis think misplaced two respects rule ejusdem generis general words follow enumeration specific items general words read applying items akin specifically enumerated applying rule respondents argue final action must refer final actions based administrative record reflecting least notice opportunity hearing flaw argument least one specifically enumerated provisions namely act supp ii require administrator act notice opportunity hearing fact respondents recognize action administrator based administrative record unlike involved case thus even rule ejusdem generis applied significantly narrow ambit final action second problem respondents reliance rule ejusdem generis fundamental often noted rule ejusdem generis firmly established instrumentality ascertaining correct meaning words uncertainty powell quoting gooch regard discern uncertainty meaning phrase final action congress amended provision expanded ambit include simply final action rather final action expansive language offers indication whatever congress intended limiting construction respondents urge accordingly think inappropriate apply rule ejusdem generis construing rather agree petitioners phrase final action absence legislative history contrary must construed mean exactly says namely final action found nothing legislative history support conclusion phrase final action means anything says congress added language final action clean air act amendments phrase first appeared sess bill reported house committee interstate foreign commerce expanded jurisdiction appeals district columbia circuit include review certain epa actions nationwide consequences specifically enumerated provisions act also nationally applicable regulations promulgated final action taken administrator act parallel fashion bill expanded jurisdiction regional courts appeals include review certain local regional actions specifically enumerated provisions also final action administrator act locally regionally applicable emphasis added extended discussion proposed amendment contained committee report accompanying pp discussion however focused jurisdictional question issue rather proper venue district columbia circuit federal circuits committee report described proposed amendments intended clarify questions relating venue review rules orders regard committee report explained proposed addition first sentence makes clear nationally applicable regulations promulgated administrator clean air act reviewed appeals district columbia proposed addition second sentence provides essentially locally statewide regionally applicable rules orders reviewed appeals circuit locality state region located ibid respondents infer scant legislative history congress never intended addition phrase final action enlarge jurisdiction courts appeals include review cases based administrative record reflecting less notice opportunity hearing insofar respondents rely committee said report fail see committee observations venue bearing jurisdictional issue moreover since administrative conference proposed jurisdiction courts appeals expanded include final action fact committee expressly disclaimed endorsement recommendations administrative conference matters venue appear wholly irrelevant respondents also rely committee congress say amendments unlikely respondents assert congress expanded radically jurisdiction courts appeals divested district courts jurisdiction without consideration discussion matter accept argument first although number actions comprehended literal interpretation final action doubt substantial number appear large ineluctably provoked comment congress secondly strange canon statutory construction require congress state committee reports elsewhere deliberations obvious face statute ascertaining meaning statute manner sherlock holmes pursue theory dog bark respondents finally argue matter policy basic purpose provide prompt review epa action better served providing judicial review cases district rather appeals respondents view since agency action predicated neither formal adjudication informal rulemaking apt based record scant permit informed judicial review district preferable forum since tools discovery available augment record whereas appeals remand epa might required argument addressed congress task determine ideal forum judicial review administrator decision case see currie goodman judicial review federal administrative action quest optimum forum colum rev rather must determine congress intended vested courts appeals jurisdiction review final action language statute clearly provides decision sort issue reviewable appeals nothing legislative history points different conclusion add matter policy conferral jurisdiction upon courts appeals wholly irrational obvious advantage direct review appeals time saved compared review district followed second review appeal may seriously questioned whether overall time lost appeals remands epa cases records inadequate exceed time saved forgoing every case initial review district whatever answer empirical question appellate without recourse event finds unable exercise informed judicial review inadequate administrative record situation appellate may always remand case agency consideration reasons stated hold appeals erred dismissing petition want jurisdiction accordingly judgment reversed case remanded appeals proceedings consistent opinion ordered footnotes petition review action administrator promulgating national primary secondary ambient air quality standard emission standard requirement section standard performance requirement section standard section standard required prescribed section determination section control prohibition section standard section rule issued section section nationally applicable regulations promulgated final action taken administrator act may filed appeals district columbia petition review administrator action approving promulgating implementation plan section section order section section section section section action section effect date enactment clean air act amendments regulations thereunder final action administrator act including denial disapproval administrator title locally regionally applicable may filed appeals appropriate circuit notwithstanding preceding sentence petition review action referred sentence may filed appeals district columbia action based determination nationwide scope effect taking action administrator finds publishes action based determination petition review subsection shall filed within sixty days date notice promulgation approval action appears federal register except petition based solely grounds arising sixtieth day petition review subsection shall filed within sixty days grounds arise emphasis added act added stat amended clean air act amendments pub stat clean air act technical conforming amendments pub stat supp ii request clarification ppg expressed understanding new source standards applicable normal course operation boilers performance tests periods boilers operating fossil fuel epa letter confirmed ppg understanding position however inconsistent regional administrator earlier ruling epa position similar cases accordingly epa representative notified ppg telephone letter incorrect subsequent letter director division stationary source enforcement epa reiterated new source standards applicable normal operation boilers extent boilers operating fossil fuel rather waste heat director also indicated pursuant standards ppg required operate boilers times fuel containing less certain specified content sulfur noted ppg required install operate opacity monitors stacks boilers perform alternative monitoring tests respondents abandoned construction statute advanced appeals namely phrase final action refers final actions provisions specifically enumerated construction appeals correctly noted inconsistent fact phrase final action modified sections rather act appear respondents construction statute adopted appeals although matter free doubt doubt arises fact appeals opinion also read establishing jurisdictional test turns inquiry adequacy administrative record respondents acknowledge reading opinion create excessive uncertainty proper forum judicial review respondents argue exception ignored applying rule ejusdem generis since governs regulation hazardous air pollutants congress may wanted special review courts appeals even absence procedures requiring notice opportunity hearing view however rule ejusdem generis applicable must applied actions specifically enumerated provisions simply fit respondents theory respondents raise several objections literal reading none find persuasive first respondents assert construction internally inconsistent inconsistent another provision act internal inconsistency said arise fact phrase final action construed include final action administrator nullify express exception review standard required prescribed section inconsistency another provision act said arise fact literal reading final action effectively repeal another judicial review provision act supp ii objections fall far short mark however general language catchall phrase final action must obviously give way specific express provisions act respondents also argue congress intended phrase final action refer final actions administrator unnecessary add list specifically enumerated provisions actions administrator reviewable courts appeals may true fact remains even congress intended phrase final action read respondents urge accordance rule ejusdem generis still necessity add list specifically enumerated provisions committee intended phrase final action result least expansion jurisdiction courts appeals evident fact committee report expressly indicated several types nationwide actions provisions specifically enumerated reviewable district columbia circuit see pp regulations carry nonattainment policy set act thus even respondents concede issue whether congress intended expansion jurisdiction courts appeals rather extent congress intended expand jurisdiction issue legislative history silent arthur conan doyle silver blaze complete sherlock holmes respondents also argue literal construction violate due process law argument turns interrelationship companion provision provides ction administrator respect review obtained shall subject judicial review civil criminal proceedings enforcement supp ii preclude defendant civil criminal enforcement proceeding attacking validity informal action part administrator respondents view violate defendant due process right reasonable opportunity heard present evidence yakus short answer respondents argument validity issue constitutional question raised respondents must therefore await another day dissenting opinions modify language read either final action similar specifically enumerated provisions added clean air act technical conforming amendments post final action expressly impliedly authorized sections act specifically enumerated post neither language statute legislative history supports either proposed readings whether present administrative record case adequate permit informed judicial review question appeals must determine justice powell concurring continue reservations constitutionality notice review preclusion provisions adamo wrecking powell concurring see ante congress extended days period within petition review may filed publication federal register still unlikely provide constitutionally adequate notice failure seek immediate review bar affected parties challenging noticed action subsequent criminal prosecution informal exchange letters like involved case often provide greater protection although constitutional difficulties well may counsel narrow construction cf chrysler epa app parallel provisions noise control act construction possible case demonstrates intention congress clear accordingly join opinion justice blackmun concurring result reasons stated brother stevens dissent accept conclusion agency determination case constituted final action opaque language scant attention received congress however leave doubt concerning congress true intention respect scope direct appellate review like dissenting brethren find difficult believe congress undertake massive expansion number agency actions directly reviewable courts appeals without palpable indication given thought consequences nonetheless agree dearth evidence contrary makes broad interpretation statute inescapable legislative record must leave congress inclined task introducing clear limitation appellate jurisdiction review informal agency determinations like one us justice rehnquist dissenting effort determine congressional intent might better entrusted detective judge rejects application traditional canon ejusdem generis phrase final action grounds uncertainty meaning phrase ante least one provisions included supp ii supp ii require administrator act notice opportunity comment hearing ante agree phrase final action may ambiguous think know matter makes congress additions clean air act technical conforming amendments less curious incident silver blaze dog nothing nighttime correct must look beyond language phrase final action ascertaining congressional intention chemehuevi tribe indians fpc granted exclusive jurisdiction courts appeals review limited class actions taken administrator district columbia train app utah power light epa app epa required provide notice opportunity hearing comment respect actions procedural requirements generally result creation administrative record susceptible judicial review courts appeals actions one case notice opportunity comment required indeed stated requirements interested persons opportunity least written comment agency provide general statement reasons virtually assure appellate meaningful record review true many instances informal adjudication also produces administrative record nature scope records vary widely one type action another provide assurance appellate review feasible currie goodman judicial review federal administrative action quest optimum forum colum rev thus grant exclusive jurisdiction courts appeals actions fully comports traditional role appellate courts reviewing agency decisions based development factual issues means administrative record revision clean air act amendments congress added phrase final action view support construction phrase major expansion congress original limited grant exclusive jurisdiction federal courts appeals amendment added supp ii list specifically enumerated also included final action phrase pub stat section depart requirement notice opportunity comment hearing existed prior respect sections specifically enumerated directs epa give notice opportunity public hearing adopting authorized regulations adding phrase final action congress gave indication whatsoever intended make reviewable courts appeals actions differed substantially character authorized sections listed instead limited legislative history subject suggests amendment aimed resolving problems venue section effecting major jurisdictional shift district courts courts appeals congress done nothing enact amendment doubt find application rule ejusdem generis problematic see infra difficulty ascertaining congress intention arises technical amendments enacted three months congress adopted clean air act amendments clean air act technical conforming amendments pub stat amendments purportedly made substantive changes earlier amendments nonetheless altered specifying four additional sections trigger original jurisdiction courts appeals supp ii supp ii supp ii supp ii epa maintains additions make substantive changes final action phrase already included actions sections interpretation phrase clearly case view however also leads conclusion technical amendments largely meaningless exercise congress legislative authority previously noted presenting technical amendments senator muskie said necessary correct technical errors unclear phrases cong rec emphasis added supra thus technical amendments coupled senator muskie statement introducing present paradox attempting ascertain congress intention interpretation phrase final action technical amendments contrary advance billing entirely unnecessary phrase clearly includes sections final action means anything less interpretation technical amendments contrary stated purpose made important substantive changes attempts partially unsuccessfully address difficulty acknowledges interpretation technical amendments unnecessary response however answer question merely restates adds additional observation may true fact remains even congress intended phrase final action read accordance rule ejusdem generis still necessity add list specifically enumerated provisions ante view absent clear indication contrary statute construed creating broad expansion jurisdiction federal courts appeals approach quite appropriate case jurisdictional expansion wrought thoroughly inconsistent traditional role appellate courts indeed think difficult believe congress adopt massive shift jurisdiction district courts courts appeals without comment whatsoever sketchy legislative history indicates congress considered administrative conference recommendations principal purpose amendment effect change venue recommended administrative conference change far less substantial jurisdictional shift according congress adopted sub silentio remarks made time technical amendments adopted coupled nature actions reviewable prior time sufficiently perplexing view technical amendments shed meaningful light congress intention adding phrase final action accordingly even though labeled technical amendments think accurately viewed subsequent legislative history controlling interpreting prior enactment see air lines mcmann indeed one acquainted significance expansion jurisdiction courts appeals urged epa adopted technical amendments likely looked like minor additions thus think sensible way interpret phrase final action reference time phrase enacted rather subsequent time technical amendments added phrase final action interpreted reference time phrase added case clearly proper one apply rule ejusdem generis rule ejusdem generis ordinarily limits general terms follow specific ones matters similar specified gooch rests notion statutes construed sense words best harmonizes context end view ibid time general language final action adopted notice opportunity comments hearing required actions listed sections preceded requirement distinguished sections administrator action issue thus principle ejusdem generis general phrase refers similar types actions interpretation offers satisfactory explanation congress curious failure provide indication intended effect major jurisdictional change manner reviewing epa actions one us change inconsistent traditional role appellate courts case construction legislative language makes sweeping relatively unorthodox change made think judges well detectives may take consideration fact watchdog bark night section originally provided petition review action administrator promulgating national primary secondary ambient air quality standard emission standard section standard performance section standard section standard required prescribed section determination section control prohibition section standard section may filed appeals district columbia petition review administrator action approving promulgating implementation plan section section may filed appeals appropriate circuit petition shall filed within days date promulgation approval pub stat senate debates senator cooper stated decisions epa made development technical relevant information necessary achieve sound judgment reviewable appeals interests parties fully protected record developed epa secretary unbiased independent institution appropriate forum reviewing decision making judgment quality cong rec direct appellate review formal administrative adjudications long standard practice agency action judged administrative record need trial thus need prior resort district currie judicial review federal pollution laws iowa rev emphasis added see also currie goodman judicial review federal administrative action quest optimum forum colum rev discussion addition clean air act amendment intended clarify questions relating venue review rules orders act emphasis added house report noted adopting subsection committee large measure approving portion administrative conference recommendation section fed reg deals venue proposed amendment also incorporates recommendation administrative conference extending period petitioning judicial review appeals stated endorse remainder administrative conference recommendations include recommendation proposed expanding jurisdiction courts appeals eliminating exception review courts regulations adopted supp ii statement explaining amendments senator muskie stated purpose amendments substantive issues clean air act cong rec rather continued nly amendments necessary correct technical errors unclear phrases retained package amendments senate ibid section make provision notice comment hearing generally provide notice hearing every case order denying waiver apparently may made administrator without formal proceedings administrator apparently may deny application primary nonferrous smelter order without providing notice hearing justice stevens dissenting may june respondent ppg industries ppg exchanged series letters various officials environmental protection agency concerning applicability certain federal performance standards ppg boilers lake charles plant ppg took position boilers required meet standards first construction begun prior effective date standards second boilers within category sources standards question apply april ppg submitted formal request pursuant cfr definitive determination issues although provides determinations respect first issue raised ppg epa regional administrator apparently rejected arguments june response unequivocally stating ppg boilers subject standards question clarifying letters exchanged ppg brought two separate petitions review epa determination filing district western district louisiana appeals fifth circuit fifth circuit dismissed petition ground review properly district two issues us today first whether epa determination constitutes final agency action review appropriate second whether review must appeals determination constituted final action within meaning clean air act supp ii accept holding agency determination constituted final action term ordinarily used administrative procedure act persuaded congress intended exclusive review type action courts appeals abbott laboratories gardner set three tests informal agency action must meet order considered final agency action ripe judicial review first action must involve issue appropriate judicial review purely legal question second must definitive statement agency position merely tentative view opinion subordinate official finally party seeking review action must faced serious hardship allowed obtain review abbott laboratories third requirement satisfied fact affected companies either expend substantial amounts money comply regulation comply risk serious criminal civil penalties although informal advice agency personnel agency likely react particular set circumstances ordinarily subject judicial review abbott laboratories tests case seem exception epa argues issue decided whether certain regulations apply facts submitted agency ppg second regional administrator epa signed letter rejecting ppg position thus appears suggests agency last word issue ante finally although parties informed us magnitude ppg estimated compliance costs appears ppg risk sizeable penalties supp ii order challenge epa determination enforcement proceedings assuming epa letter case constitute final agency action apa second question whether compelled language hold appeals exclusive jurisdiction review action justice rehnquist points dissent construction statute greatly increase burdens currently borne courts appeals terms numbers cases difficulty issues presented ante view also distort concept final agency action giving epa virtually unlimited discretion transform informal advice final agency action subject appeals review clean air act agency action reviewable courts appeals challenged enforcement proceeding whether review actually sought petition review must filed within days publication agency action federal register although epa apparently publish letters like letter ppg federal register prior clean air act amendments embarking program publication may give agency benefit preclusive effect every incentive notice wide range actions federal register notice action published federal register difficult argue final agency action determinations like one concern applications particular regulations undisputed fact situations second fact agency published position indicate definitive statement agency policy finally requirement aggrieved person show hardship entitling review also seem satisfied mere publication since failure raise issue might well foreclose future review entirely find difficult believe congress intended highly undesirable result although share justice rehnquist interpretation statute construe drawing line short allowing epa complete discretion turn anything chooses final action reviewable courts appeals section mandates exclusive review courts appeals administrator actions certain specific subsections act subsections contain specific grants authority administrator make certain determinations thus supp ii empower administrator approve state implementation plans supp ii empower administrator grant necessary implication deny waivers companies unable comply applicable standards supp ii sets procedure administrator assess noncompliance penalties notice hearing record types agency action immediate impact legal rights affected party contrast agency advice whether particular sources subject previously promulgated regulations change party legal status anything statute specifically requires permits administrator give advice mean beyond administrator power set procedures done cfr giving advice formalized manner believe congress intended review provisions statute cover type agency action well types specifically contemplated statute making reviewable final action administrator chapter congress must thinking actions specifically directed authorized administrator take sections act specifically enumerated interpretation consistent ejusdem generis construction statute plain language also supported congress apparent belief extending appeals review types actions epa accustomed publishing federal register see supra accordingly respectfully dissent ppg also questions compliance event standards found apply title cfr provides requested owner operator administrator make determination whether action taken intended taken owner operator constitutes construction including reconstruction modification commencement thereof within meaning part relies exclusively factor along fact parties agree action final place much reliance parties agreement however since share common interest threshold jurisdictional question resolved affirmative thus serves ppg interests treat epa letter final action ppg wants judicial review soon possible also serves epa interests broadening category agency actions final reviewable courts appeals increases number agency actions challenged enforcement proceedings act see infra see national automatic laundry cleaning council shultz app held letter signed administrator concerning particular application fair labor standards act final action light fact noncompliance agency policy led criminal liability actions double damages affected employees see west penn power train cert denied adams dissenting refused consider notice violation issued pursuant clean air act final agency action despite severe penalties attached future noncompliance whether record case sufficiently developed purposes appeals review issue parties differ clear many cases involving informal epa action record agency relied making determination minimal section clean air act provides action administrator respect review obtained paragraph shall subject judicial review civil criminal proceedings enforcement epa brief appeals took position adding final action congress intended require agency give notice federal register every final action takes contrary prior practice although agency noted yet begun complying obligation stated intended begin publication near future final agency actions taken since amendments brief respondents pp epa interpretation federal register clause requirement notice final determinations given seems backwards think plausible interpretation statute congress intended term final agency action refer types actions epa accustomed publishing federal register prior amendments hardship determination course becomes circular since preclusion unless final agency action finality unless hardship according review circumstances courts likely emulate approach case ignoring hardship component entirely making reviewable action constitutes definitive statement agency position