griffin
school
board
argued
march
decided
may
litigation
began
resulted
holding
brown
board
education
virginia
school
segregation
laws
denied
equal
protection
laws
reargument
question
relief
remand
district
year
later
entry
order
negro
complainants
prince
edward
county
admitted
public
schools
racially
nondiscriminatory
basis
deliberate
speed
faced
order
desegregate
county
board
supervisors
refused
appropriate
funds
operation
public
schools
although
private
foundation
operated
schools
white
children
became
eligible
county
state
tuition
grants
public
schools
continued
operate
elsewhere
virginia
protracted
litigation
federal
state
courts
district
enjoined
county
paying
tuition
grants
giving
tax
credits
long
public
schools
remained
closed
thereafter
refusing
abstain
pending
proceedings
state
courts
held
public
schools
remain
closed
avoid
decision
public
schools
state
remained
open
appeals
reversed
holding
district
awaited
state
determination
issues
held
though
amended
supplemental
complaint
added
new
parties
relied
developments
occurring
action
begun
present
new
cause
action
constituted
proper
amendment
rule
federal
rules
civil
procedure
since
new
transactions
alleged
part
persistent
continuing
efforts
circumvent
holdings
pp
since
supplemental
complaint
alleged
discriminatory
system
unique
one
county
although
involving
actions
state
adjudication
required
pp
action
forbidden
eleventh
amendment
constitution
since
charges
state
county
officials
deprived
petitioners
constitutional
rights
ex
parte
young
followed
long
delay
resulting
state
county
resistance
enforcing
constitutional
rights
involved
highest
state
passed
state
law
issues
federal
abstention
pending
state
judicial
resolution
legality
respondents
conduct
constitution
laws
virginia
required
appropriate
case
pp
circumstances
case
closing
prince
edward
county
public
schools
time
giving
tuition
grants
tax
concessions
assist
white
children
private
segregated
schools
denied
petitioners
equal
protection
laws
guaranteed
fourteenth
amendment
pp
prince
edward
county
school
children
treated
differently
counties
since
must
go
private
schools
none
public
schools
prince
edward
county
closed
private
schools
operated
place
constitutionally
impermissible
reasons
race
pp
quick
effective
injunctive
relief
granted
respondents
duties
relating
financing
supervising
operating
prince
edward
county
schools
pp
injunction
county
officials
paying
tuition
grants
giving
tax
credits
public
schools
remained
closed
appropriate
necessary
grants
credits
part
county
program
deprive
petitioners
public
education
enjoyed
children
counties
district
may
require
county
supervisors
levy
taxes
raise
funds
nonracial
operation
county
school
system
case
counties
district
may
necessary
issue
order
carry
ruling
prince
edward
county
public
schools
may
closed
avoid
law
land
state
permits
public
schools
remain
open
expense
taxpayers
pp
new
parties
may
added
necessary
effectuate
district
decree
robert
carter
argued
cause
petitioners
brief
tucker
frank
reeves
mcilwaine
iii
assistant
attorney
general
virginia
segar
gravatt
argued
cause
respondents
mcilwaine
brief
state
board
education
virginia
et
al
robert
button
attorney
general
virginia
frederick
gray
gravatt
brief
board
supervisors
prince
edward
county
william
watkins
john
kay
hicks
filed
brief
respondents
county
school
board
prince
edward
county
et
al
solicitor
general
cox
special
leave
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
brief
assistant
attorney
general
marshall
william
vanden
heuvel
louis
claiborne
harold
greene
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
william
beebe
hershel
shanks
national
education
association
landon
gerald
dowdey
raber
taylor
joseph
danahy
citizens
educational
freedom
brief
amicus
curiae
urging
affirmance
filed
geo
stephen
leonard
paul
summers
marshall
richard
hirshberg
city
charlottesville
justice
black
delivered
opinion
litigation
began
group
negro
school
children
living
prince
edward
county
virginia
filed
complaint
district
eastern
district
virginia
alleging
denied
admission
public
schools
attended
white
children
charging
virginia
laws
requiring
school
segregation
denied
complainants
equal
protection
laws
violation
fourteenth
amendment
may
ten
years
ago
held
virginia
segregation
laws
deny
equal
protection
brown
board
education
may
reargument
nature
relief
remanded
case
along
others
heard
district
courts
enter
orders
necessary
proper
admit
complainants
public
schools
racially
nondiscriminatory
basis
deliberate
speed
brown
board
education
efforts
desegregate
prince
edward
county
schools
met
resistance
section
virginia
constitution
amended
authorize
general
assembly
local
governing
bodies
appropriate
funds
assist
students
go
public
nonsectarian
private
schools
addition
owned
state
locality
general
assembly
met
special
session
enacted
legislation
close
public
schools
white
colored
children
enrolled
together
cut
state
funds
schools
pay
tuition
grants
children
nonsectarian
private
schools
extend
state
retirement
benefits
teachers
newly
created
private
schools
legislation
closing
mixed
schools
cutting
state
funds
later
invalidated
appeals
virginia
held
laws
violated
virginia
constitution
harrison
day
april
general
assembly
abandoned
massive
resistance
desegregation
turned
instead
called
freedom
choice
program
assembly
repealed
rest
legislation
well
tuition
grant
law
january
enacted
new
tuition
grant
program
time
assembly
repealed
virginia
compulsory
attendance
laws
instead
made
school
attendance
matter
local
option
june
appeals
fourth
circuit
directed
federal
district
enjoin
discriminatory
practices
prince
edward
county
schools
require
county
school
board
take
immediate
steps
toward
admitting
students
without
regard
race
white
high
school
school
term
beginning
september
require
board
make
plans
admissions
elementary
schools
without
regard
race
allen
county
school
board
prince
edward
county
cir
early
resolved
operate
public
schools
wherein
white
colored
children
taught
together
supervisors
prince
edward
county
refused
levy
school
taxes
school
year
explaining
confronted
decree
requires
admission
white
colored
children
schools
county
without
regard
race
color
result
county
public
schools
reopen
fall
remained
closed
ever
since
although
public
schools
every
county
virginia
continued
operate
laws
governing
state
public
school
system
draw
funds
provided
state
purpose
private
group
prince
edward
school
foundation
formed
operate
private
schools
white
children
prince
edward
county
built
school
plant
operation
ever
since
closing
public
schools
offer
set
private
schools
colored
children
county
rejected
negroes
prince
edward
preferring
continue
legal
battle
desegregated
public
schools
colored
children
without
formal
education
federal
state
county
authorities
cooperated
classes
conducted
negroes
whites
school
buildings
owned
county
school
year
foundation
schools
white
children
supported
entirely
private
contributions
general
assembly
adopted
new
tuition
grant
program
making
every
child
regardless
race
eligible
tuition
grants
attend
nonsectarian
private
school
public
school
outside
locality
also
authorizing
localities
provide
grants
prince
edward
board
supervisors
passed
ordinance
providing
tuition
grants
child
attending
prince
edward
school
foundation
schools
received
total
elementary
school
high
school
session
major
source
financial
support
foundation
indirect
form
state
county
tuition
grants
paid
children
attending
foundation
schools
time
county
board
supervisors
passed
ordinance
allowing
property
tax
credits
contributions
nonprofit
nonsectarian
private
school
county
petitioners
filed
supplemental
complaint
adding
new
parties
seeking
enjoin
respondents
refusing
operate
efficient
system
public
free
schools
prince
edward
county
enjoin
payment
public
funds
help
support
private
schools
excluded
students
account
race
district
finding
end
result
every
action
taken
body
board
supervisors
designed
preserve
separation
races
schools
prince
edward
county
enjoined
county
paying
tuition
grants
giving
tax
credits
long
public
schools
remained
closed
allen
county
school
board
prince
edward
county
supp
time
district
pass
whether
public
schools
county
closed
abstained
pending
determination
virginia
courts
whether
constitution
laws
virginia
required
public
schools
kept
open
later
however
without
waiting
virginia
courts
decide
question
district
held
public
schools
prince
edward
county
may
closed
avoid
effect
law
land
interpreted
commonwealth
virginia
permits
public
schools
remain
open
expense
taxpayers
allen
county
school
board
prince
edward
county
supp
soon
thereafter
declaratory
judgment
suit
brought
county
board
supervisors
county
school
board
virginia
circuit
done
parties
asked
federal
district
abstain
proceedings
suit
state
courts
run
course
district
declined
repeated
order
prince
edward
public
schools
might
closed
avoid
desegregation
public
schools
virginia
remained
open
appeals
reversed
judge
bell
dissenting
holding
district
abstained
await
state
determination
validity
tuition
grants
tax
credits
well
validity
closing
public
schools
griffin
board
supervisors
prince
edward
county
cir
granted
certiorari
stating
view
long
delay
case
since
decision
brown
case
importance
questions
presented
grant
certiorari
put
case
argument
march
merits
done
comparable
situations
without
waiting
final
action
appeals
reaching
substantial
questions
presented
shall
note
several
procedural
matters
urged
respondents
motion
dismiss
supplemental
amended
complaint
filed
july
ten
years
action
instituted
motion
dismiss
granted
grounds
assigned
result
one
judge
bell
dissenting
appeals
referred
inordinate
delays
already
occurred
protracted
litigation
shall
take
separately
grounds
assigned
dismissal
contended
amended
supplemental
complaint
presented
new
different
cause
action
presented
original
complaint
supplemental
pleading
add
new
parties
rely
good
part
transactions
occurrences
events
happened
since
action
begun
new
transactions
alleged
occurred
part
continued
persistent
efforts
circumvent
holding
prince
edward
county
continue
operate
maintain
support
system
schools
students
segregated
racial
basis
original
complaint
challenged
racial
segregation
schools
admittedly
public
new
complaint
charged
prince
edward
county
still
using
funds
along
state
funds
assist
private
schools
time
closing
county
public
schools
avoid
desegregation
ordered
brown
cases
amended
complaint
thus
new
cause
action
merely
part
old
cause
action
arising
continued
desire
colored
students
prince
edward
county
opportunity
education
afforded
white
people
desire
thwarted
segregation
public
schools
combination
closed
public
schools
state
county
grants
white
children
foundation
private
schools
rule
federal
rules
civil
procedure
plainly
permits
supplemental
amendments
cover
events
happening
suit
follows
course
persons
participating
new
events
may
added
necessary
amendments
well
within
basic
aim
rules
make
pleadings
means
achieve
orderly
fair
administration
justice
action
originally
brought
broadly
charged
constitution
laws
virginia
provided
state
system
public
schools
unconstitutionally
segregated
school
children
basis
color
challenge
heard
district
three
judges
required
brown
held
school
segregation
laws
invalid
denial
equal
protection
laws
fourteenth
amendment
remanded
district
fashion
decree
requiring
abandonment
segregation
deliberate
speed
ceased
function
single
district
judge
took
respondents
contend
single
judge
erroneously
passed
issues
raised
supplemental
complaint
delay
case
still
vacating
judgment
along
appeals
remanding
district
completely
new
trial
three
judges
reject
contention
rorick
board
everglades
drainage
said
interpreting
statute
judicial
code
amended
ed
despite
generality
language
section
settled
doctrine
suit
involving
statute
general
application
one
affecting
particular
municipality
district
invoke
contended
case
action
state
forbidden
eleventh
amendment
therefore
dismissed
complaint
however
charged
state
county
officials
depriving
petitioners
rights
guaranteed
fourteenth
amendment
settled
law
since
ex
parte
young
suits
state
county
officials
enjoin
invading
constitutional
rights
forbidden
eleventh
amendment
argued
district
abstained
passing
issues
raised
order
await
determination
appeals
virginia
whether
conduct
complained
violated
constitution
laws
virginia
appeals
held
cases
deemed
appropriate
directed
course
followed
district
approved
followed
railroad
texas
pullman
louisiana
power
light
city
thibodaux
agree
dissenting
judge
appeals
case
abstention
first
place
appeals
virginia
already
passed
upon
state
law
respect
issues
county
school
board
prince
edward
county
griffin
quite
independently
hold
issues
imperatively
call
decision
case
delayed
since
resistance
state
county
level
legislation
lawsuits
original
plaintiffs
doubtless
passed
high
school
age
entirely
much
deliberation
enough
speed
enforcing
constitutional
rights
held
brown
board
education
supra
denied
prince
edward
county
negro
children
accordingly
reverse
appeals
judgment
remanding
case
district
abstention
proceed
merits
ii
county
school
board
prince
edward
county
griffin
appeals
virginia
upheld
valid
state
law
closing
prince
edward
county
public
schools
state
county
tuition
grants
children
attend
private
schools
county
tax
concessions
make
contributions
private
schools
opinion
also
held
county
option
operate
operate
public
schools
accept
case
definitive
authoritative
holding
virginia
law
binding
us
accept
virginia
holding
based
largely
appeals
opinion
case
closing
county
public
schools
circumstances
case
deny
colored
school
children
prince
edward
county
equal
protection
laws
guaranteed
federal
constitution
since
virginia
counties
benefits
public
schools
one
prince
edward
however
rule
counties
counties
must
treated
alike
equal
protection
clause
relates
equal
protection
laws
persons
rather
areas
salsburg
maryland
indeed
showing
different
persons
treated
differently
enough
without
show
denial
equal
protection
kotch
board
river
port
pilot
circumstances
case
govern
skinner
oklahoma
ex
rel
williamson
virginia
law
applied
unquestionably
treats
school
children
prince
edward
differently
way
treats
school
children
virginia
counties
prince
edward
children
must
go
private
school
none
virginia
children
go
public
schools
closing
prince
edward
schools
bears
heavily
negro
children
prince
edward
county
since
white
children
accredited
private
schools
attend
colored
children
recently
available
private
schools
even
school
attend
temporary
expedient
apart
expedient
result
prince
edward
county
school
children
go
school
county
must
go
racially
segregated
schools
although
designated
private
beneficiaries
county
state
support
state
course
wide
discretion
deciding
whether
laws
shall
operate
statewide
shall
operate
certain
counties
legislature
mind
needs
desires
salsburg
maryland
supra
state
may
wish
suggest
maryland
salsburg
reasons
one
county
treated
like
another
record
present
case
clearer
prince
edward
public
schools
closed
private
schools
operated
place
state
county
assistance
one
reason
one
reason
ensure
measures
taken
county
state
white
colored
children
prince
edward
county
circumstances
go
school
whatever
nonracial
grounds
might
support
state
allowing
county
abandon
public
schools
object
must
constitutional
one
grounds
race
opposition
desegregation
qualify
constitutional
hall
helena
parish
school
board
supp
la
district
invalidated
louisiana
statute
provided
means
public
schools
desegregation
orders
may
changed
private
schools
operated
way
buildings
furnishings
money
supervision
public
schools
addition
statute
also
provided
public
schools
closed
school
board
charged
responsibility
furnishing
free
lunches
transportation
children
attending
private
schools
ibid
affirmed
district
judgment
invalidating
louisiana
statute
denial
equal
protection
louisiana
plan
virginia
plan
worked
different
ways
plain
created
accomplish
thing
perpetuation
racial
segregation
closing
public
schools
operating
segregated
schools
supported
directly
indirectly
state
county
funds
see
cooper
aaron
either
plan
works
deny
colored
students
equal
protection
laws
accordingly
agree
district
closing
prince
edward
schools
meanwhile
contributing
support
private
segregated
white
schools
took
place
denied
petitioners
equal
protection
laws
iii
come
question
kind
decree
necessary
appropriate
put
end
racial
discrimination
practiced
petitioners
authority
virginia
laws
relief
needs
quick
effective
parties
defendant
board
supervisors
school
board
treasurer
division
superintendent
schools
prince
edward
county
state
board
education
state
superintendent
education
duties
relate
directly
indirectly
financing
supervision
operation
schools
prince
edward
county
board
supervisors
special
responsibility
levy
local
taxes
operate
public
schools
aid
children
attending
private
schools
functioning
white
children
district
enjoined
county
officials
paying
county
tuition
grants
giving
tax
exemptions
processing
applications
state
tuition
grants
long
county
public
schools
remained
closed
doubt
power
give
relief
enforce
discontinuance
county
racially
discriminatory
practices
long
established
actions
county
maintained
courts
order
vindicate
federally
guaranteed
rights
lincoln
county
luning
kennecott
copper
state
tax
injunction
paying
tuition
grants
giving
tax
credits
public
schools
remain
closed
appropriate
necessary
since
grants
tax
credits
essential
parts
county
program
successful
thus
far
deprive
petitioners
advantages
public
school
education
enjoyed
children
every
part
virginia
reasons
district
may
necessary
prevent
racial
discrimination
require
supervisors
exercise
power
levy
taxes
raise
funds
adequate
reopen
operate
maintain
without
racial
discrimination
public
school
system
prince
edward
county
like
operated
counties
virginia
district
held
public
schools
prince
edward
county
may
closed
avoid
effect
law
land
interpreted
commonwealth
virginia
permits
public
schools
remain
open
expense
taxpayers
allen
county
school
board
prince
edward
county
supp
time
gave
notice
later
consider
order
accomplish
purpose
public
schools
reopened
september
day
long
passed
schools
still
closed
remand
therefore
may
find
necessary
consider
order
order
kind
within
power
required
assure
petitioners
constitutional
rights
longer
denied
time
mere
deliberate
speed
run
phrase
longer
justify
denying
prince
edward
county
school
children
constitutional
rights
education
equal
afforded
public
schools
parts
virginia
judgment
appeals
reversed
judgment
district
affirmed
cause
remanded
district
directions
enter
decree
guarantee
petitioners
get
kind
education
given
state
public
schools
becomes
necessary
add
new
parties
accomplish
end
district
free
ordered
footnotes
code
et
seq
acts
ex
code
code
board
public
explanation
june
refusal
appropriate
money
levy
taxes
carry
county
public
school
system
school
board
county
confronted
decree
requires
admission
white
colored
children
schools
county
without
regard
race
color
knowing
people
county
know
possible
operate
schools
county
within
terms
principle
time
maintain
atmosphere
conducive
educational
benefit
people
code
question
validity
state
tuition
grants
held
matter
state
law
grants
meant
given
localities
without
public
schools
therefore
enjoined
county
processing
applications
state
grants
long
public
schools
remained
closed
appeals
virginia
mandamus
proceeding
instituted
petitioners
held
state
constitution
statutes
impose
upon
county
board
supervisors
mandatory
duty
levy
taxes
appropriate
money
support
free
public
schools
griffin
board
supervisors
prince
edward
county
meantime
appeals
virginia
held
virginia
constitution
compel
state
reopen
public
schools
prince
edward
county
county
school
board
prince
edward
county
griffin
upon
motion
party
may
upon
reasonable
notice
upon
terms
permit
serve
supplemental
pleading
setting
forth
transactions
occurrences
events
happened
since
date
pleading
sought
supplemented
fed
rules
civ
proc
go
without
saying
vitality
constitutional
principles
allowed
yield
simply
disagreement
brown
board
education
county
since
time
district
decree
repealed
tax
credit
ordinance