gaffney
cummings
argued
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june
connecticut
legislative
apportionment
plan
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district
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structuring
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population
deviations
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districting
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districts
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powell
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hultgren
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general
assembly
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law
published
connecticut
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state
december
state
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art
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suggested
redistrict
reapportion
work
census
political
data
achieve
population
equality
without
regard
political
impact
politically
mindless
approach
may
produce
whether
intended
grossly
gerrymandered
results
event
unlikely
political
impact
plan
remain
undiscovered
time
proposed
adopted
event
results
known
changed
intended
much
plausible
assume
redistrict
reapportion
work
political
census
data
within
limits
population
equality
standards
equal
protection
clause
seek
compromise
otherwise
achieve
political
ends
state
constituents
officeholders
done
arranging
elections
achieve
political
ends
allocate
political
power
wholly
exempt
judicial
scrutiny
fourteenth
amendment
indicated
example
multimember
districts
may
vulnerable
racial
political
groups
fenced
political
process
voting
strength
invidiously
minimized
see
white
regester
supra
whitcomb
chavis
supra
see
also
gomillion
lightfoot
supra
beyond
ventured
far
attempted
impossible
task
extirpating
politics
essentially
political
processes
sovereign
even
plainly
judicial
interest
lowest
ebb
state
purports
fairly
allocate
political
power
parties
accordance
voting
strength
within
quite
tolerable
limits
succeeds
doubt
may
reapportionment
plans
connecticut
different
political
consequences
also
constitutional
perhaps
appellees
plans
fallen
category
propounded
one
neither
district
courts
constitutional
warrant
invalidate
state
plan
otherwise
within
tolerable
population
limits
undertakes
minimize
eliminate
political
strength
group
party
recognize
districting
provide
rough
sort
proportional
representation
legislative
halls
state
reversed
footnotes
ratio
largest
assembly
district
smallest
town
boundaries
cut
resulting
parties
termed
town
segments
portions
town
used
form
assembly
district
wholly
within
town
board
plan
creates
segments
formation
assembly
districts
testimony
judge
george
saden
republican
board
member
app
according
james
collins
staff
member
board
plan
house
resulted
approximately
safe
democratic
seats
safe
republican
seats
balance
characterized
probable
swing
democratic
republican
plain
swing
supp
see
app
board
senate
plan
challenged
district
alternative
senate
plan
introduced
appellees
challenge
senate
districts
ground
population
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brief
appellees
tr
oral
arg
plan
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cuts
town
segments
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corresponding
figures
board
plan
offered
testimony
illustrating
undesirability
context
state
administrative
apparatus
excessive
cutting
town
lines
order
entered
parallel
state
proceeding
miller
schaffer
super
hartford
county
filed
november
directed
correcting
certain
clerical
errors
omissions
board
plan
reynolds
sims
involved
alabama
state
legislature
reapportioned
years
apportionment
existing
senatorial
districts
number
representatives
times
people
others
house
districts
identical
representation
vary
maryland
house
districts
nominally
equal
representation
six
times
people
others
senatorial
districts
times
larger
others
maryland
committee
fair
representation
tawes
list
may
easily
expanded
include
connecticut
exception
connecticut
towns
hartford
union
representation
house
union
population
people
hartford
population
vote
union
thus
weighted
times
heavily
vote
hartford
time
taken
connecticut
population
elect
majority
house
elect
senate
majority
see
butterworth
dempsey
supp
aff
see
alterman
counting
people
census
history
census
nature
never
exact
count
nation
especially
true
thus
error
percent
count
total
population
expected
professionally
regarded
acceptable
error
census
bureau
estimates
census
coverage
rate
people
address
siegel
population
association
america
annual
meeting
new
orleans
apr
see
times
apr
inexactness
census
data
evident
respect
minorities
estimated
example
negroes
underenumerated
census
compared
estimated
undercount
white
persons
ibid
see
also
siegel
completeness
coverage
nonwhite
population
census
current
estimates
implications
social
statistics
city
heer
ed
see
spiegelman
introduction
demography
bureau
census
materials
methods
demography
connecticut
example
population
state
whole
grew
population
area
comprising
second
congressional
district
grew
population
fourth
district
grew
bureau
census
congressional
district
data
book
congress
connecticut
see
burns
richardson
start
proposition
equal
protection
clause
require
use
total
population
figures
derived
federal
census
standard
substantial
population
equivalency
measured
neither
reynolds
sims
decision
suggested
required
include
aliens
transients
temporary
residents
persons
denied
vote
conviction
crime
apportionment
base
legislators
distributed
compliance
equal
protection
clause
measured
decision
include
exclude
group
involves
choices
nature
representation
shown
constitutionally
founded
reason
interfere
unless
choice
one
constitution
forbids
carrington
rash
resulting
apportionment
base
offends
constitutional
bar
compliance
rule
established
reynolds
sims
measured
thereby
utah
rhode
island
new
hampshire
missouri
variations
new
york
variation
voters
among
congressional
districts
california
illinois
variation
figures
may
computed
bureau
census
congressional
district
data
congress
respective
using
connecticut
congressional
districts
example
november
elections
percentage
registered
voters
actually
voted
varied
maximum
see
statement
vote
general
election
state
pub
doc
percentages
registered
voters
voted
varied
much
among
towns
state
discussions
vast
growing
literature
area
see
reapportionment
polsby
ed
among
senate
districts
people
average
deviation
involves
people
maximum
deviation
people
reply
brief
appellant
apparently
refined
census
data
available
master
preparing
later
plan
appellees
also
maintain
shapes
districts
indecent
board
attempted
wiggle
joggle
boundary
lines
ferret
pockets
party
strength
may
well
true
although
plan
attempts
follow
connecticut
oddly
shaped
town
lines
app
bound
contain
irregularly
shaped
districts
compactness
attractiveness
never
held
constitute
independent
federal
constitutional
requirement
state
legislative
districts
cf
white
weiser
post
wright
rockefeller
douglas
dissenting