scott argued february decided june respondent indicted federal drug offenses moved trial twice trial dismissal two counts indictment ground defense prejudiced preindictment delay close evidence trial granted respondent motion government sought appeal dismissals ed allows appeal district dismissal indictment except double jeopardy clause fifth amendment prohibits prosecution appeals concluding clause barred prosecution dismissed appeal relying jenkins case following principle underlying double jeopardy clause government resources power allowed make repeated attempts convict individual alleged offense held whether dismissal indictment jeopardy attached amounted acquittal merits government right appeal proceedings sort devoted resolution factual issues going elements offense charged required upon reversal remand held defendant seeks trial terminated without submission either judge jury guilt innocence appeal government successful effort offend double jeopardy clause hence barred jenkins supra overruled pp successful appeal judgment conviction except ground insufficiency evidence support verdict burks ante bar prosecution charge judgment acquittal whether based jury verdict guilty ruling evidence insufficient convict may appealed terminates prosecution second trial necessitated reversal pp final determination guilt innocence made trial judge may declare mistrial motion prosecution upon initiative manifest necessity act ends public justice otherwise defeated perez wheat defendant successfully seeks avoid trial prior conclusion motion mistrial double jeopardy clause offended second prosecution motion defendant deemed deliberate election part forgo valued right guilt innocence determined first trier fact dinitz pp least cases dismissal indictment jeopardy attached may treated basis declaration mistrial even though successful government appeal require trial proceedings leading factual resolution issue guilt innocence see lee growing experience government appeals calls rationale jenkins light lee martin linen supply recent expositions double jeopardy clause pp situation instant one defendant chooses avoid conviction assertion government failed make case legal claim government case must fail even though might satisfy trier fact guilty beyond reasonable doubt defendant deliberately choosing seek termination trial suffers injury cognizable double jeopardy clause government permitted appeal ruling favoring defendant double jeopardy clause guards government oppression relieve defendant consequences voluntary choice pp rehnquist delivered opinion burger stewart blackmun powell joined brennan filed dissenting opinion white marshall stevens joined post deputy solicitor general frey argued cause brief acting solicitor general friedman assistant attorney general civiletti frank easterbrook sidney glazer william marietti argued cause respondent brief alexis rogoski justice rehnquist delivered opinion march respondent member police force muskegon charged indictment distribution various narcotics trial district western district michigan twice trial respondent moved dismiss two counts indictment concerned transactions took place preceding september ground defense prejudiced preindictment delay close evidence granted respondent motion although explain reasons dismissing second count explicitly concluded respondent presented sufficient proof prejudice respect count app pet cert submitted third count jury returned verdict guilty government sought appeal dismissals first two counts appeals sixth circuit relying opinion jenkins concluded prosecution respondent barred double jeopardy clause fifth amendment therefore dismissed appeal government sought review regard dismissal first count granted certiorari give consideration applicability double jeopardy clause government appeals orders granting defense motions terminate trial verdict reverse problem presented case arisen first century existence long taken view right appeal criminal case absent explicit statutory authority sanges authority provided enactment criminal appeals act act mar ch stat permitted seek writ error decision dismissing indictment basis invalidity construction statute upon indictment founded consideration government appeals ensuing years ordinarily focused upon intricacies act amendments however congress adopted current language act permitting government appeals decision dismissing indictment except appeal shall lie double jeopardy clause constitution prohibits prosecution soon thereafter remarked optimism prescience end problems act finally sight weller fact amendment end debate appeals government criminal cases simply shifted focus debate issues statutory construction issues scope meaning double jeopardy clause first encounter new statute concluded congress intended remove statutory barriers government appeals allow appeals whenever constitution permit wilson since point government appeals subject statutory restrictions independent double jeopardy clause previous cases construing statute proved little assistance determining double jeopardy clause fifth amendment prohibit prosecution detailed canvass history double jeopardy principles english american law led us conclude double jeopardy clause primarily directed threat multiple prosecutions posed bar government appeals appeals require new trial accordingly held jenkins supra whether dismissal indictment jeopardy attached amounted acquittal merits government right appeal proceedings sort devoted resolution factual issues going elements offense charged required upon reversal remand jenkins correct statement law judgment appeals relying decision bound likelihood affirmed yet though assessment history meaning double jeopardy clause wilson jenkins serfass occurred three terms ago vastly increased exposure various facets double jeopardy clause convinced us jenkins wrongly decided placed unwarrantedly great emphasis defendant right guilt decided first jury empaneled try include cases defendant seeks terminate trial verdict grounds unrelated factual guilt innocence therefore decided overrule jenkins thus reverse judgment appeals case ii origin history double jeopardy clause hardly matter dispute see generally wilson supra green frankfurter dissenting constitutional provision origin three pleas autrefois acquit autrefois convict pardon three pleas prevented retrial person previously acquitted convicted pardoned offense described purpose underlying prohibition double jeopardy underlying idea one deeply ingrained least system jurisprudence state resources power allowed make repeated attempts convict individual alleged offense thereby subjecting embarrassment expense ordeal compelling live continuing state anxiety insecurity well enhancing possibility even though innocent may found guilty green supra part difficulty arises development protections criminal defendants years since adoption bill rights time fifth amendment adopted principles easily applied since criminal prosecutions proceeded final judgment neither defendant right appeal adverse verdict see act ch stat verdict case unquestionably final raised bar prosecution offense soon thereafter congress made provision review certain criminal cases upon certificate division circuit instigation defendant act apr ch stat congress permitted criminal defendants seek writ error capital cases act ch stat become necessary deal issues presented challenge verdicts appeal first case presenting issues ball established principles adhered ever since three persons tried together murder two convicted acquitted reversed convictions finding indictment fatally defective ball whereupon three defendants tried time three convicted sought review held double jeopardy clause precluded prosecution defendant acquitted original trial posed bar prosecution defendants convicted earlier proceeding disposed objection almost peremptorily plea former conviction sustained upon writ error sued judgment sentence reversed indictment ordered dismissed quite clear defendant procures judgment upon indictment set aside may tried anew upon indictment upon another indictment offence convicted first instance jurisdiction try question guilt innocence accused found kepner guilty try upon merits even appellate put second time jeopardy offense least two venerable principles double jeopardy jurisprudence successful appeal judgment conviction ground insufficiency evidence support verdict burks ante poses bar prosecution charge judgment acquittal whether based jury verdict guilty ruling evidence insufficient convict may appealed terminates prosecution second trial necessitated reversal may seem superficially disparity rules governing defendant liability tried explainable reference underlying purposes double jeopardy clause kepner fong foo illustrate law attaches particular significance acquittal permit second trial acquittal however mistaken acquittal may present unacceptably high risk government vastly superior resources might wear defendant even though innocent may found guilty green hand require criminal defendant stand trial successfully invoked statutory right appeal upset first conviction act governmental oppression sort double jeopardy clause intended protect common sense matter pithily elegantly expressed words justice mclean circuit keen cas cc ind vigorously rejected view double jeopardy clause prohibited new trial setting aside judgment conviction defendant guarantees right hung protect danger second trial iii although primary purpose double jeopardy clause protect integrity final judgment see crist bretz ante also developed body law guarding separate related interest defendant avoiding multiple prosecutions even final determination guilt innocence made interests may involved two different situations first trial judge declares mistrial second trial judge terminates proceedings favorably defendant basis related factual guilt innocence trial declares mistrial invariably contemplates prosecutor permitted proceed anew notwithstanding defendant plea double jeopardy see lee motion may granted upon initiative either party upon initiative fact trial judge contemplates new trial conclusive issue double jeopardy passing propriety declaration mistrial granted behest prosecutor motion balanced valued right defendant trial completed particular tribunal summoned sit judgment downum public interest insuring justice meted offenders first encounter situation came perez wheat trial judge motion declared mistrial jury inability reach verdict said trial judges might declare mistrials whenever opinion taking circumstances consideration manifest necessity act ends public justice otherwise defeated recent decision arizona washington reviewed attempts give content term manifest necessity case like downum supra arose motion prosecution mistrial noted trial discretion must exercised careful regard interests first described perez arizona washington supra hand defendant successfully seeks avoid trial prior conclusion motion mistrial double jeopardy clause offended second prosecution motion defendant mistrial ordinarily assumed remove barrier reprosecution even defendant motion necessitated prosecutorial judicial error jorn opinion harlan motion defendant deemed deliberate election part forgo valued right guilt innocence determined first trier fact important consideration purposes double jeopardy clause defendant retain primary control course followed event error dinitz double jeopardy clause protect defendant governmental actions intended provoke mistrial requests thereby subject defendants substantial burdens imposed multiple prosecutions turn relationship double jeopardy clause reprosecution defendant successfully obtained mistrial termination trial favor determination factual guilt innocence unlike typical mistrial granting motion obviously contemplates proceedings terminate favor defendant prosecution wishes reinstate proceedings face ruling ordinarily must seek reversal decision trial criminal appeals act ed previously noted makes appealability ruling favorable defendant depend upon whether proceedings upon reversal barred double jeopardy clause jenkins held regardless character midtrial termination appeal barred proceedings sort devoted resolution factual issues going elements offense charged required upon reversal remand however last term lee supra government permitted institute second prosecution midtrial dismissal indictment found circumstances presented case functionally indistinguishable declaration mistrial thus lee demonstrated least cases dismissal indictment may treated basis declaration mistrial present case district dismissal first count indictment based upon claim preindictment delay conclusion government produced sufficient evidence establish guilt defendant respondent scott points quite correctly moved dismiss indictment ground prior trial district chosen grant time government appealed ruling holding serfass also quite correctly points jeopardy undeniably attached time district terminated trial favor since successful government appeal require proceedings district leading factual resolution issue guilt innocence jenkins bars government appeal however growing experience government appeals convinces us must rationale jenkins light lee martin linen recent expositions double jeopardy clause iv decision jenkins based upon perceptions underlying purposes double jeopardy clause see supra underlying idea one deeply ingrained least system jurisprudence state resources power allowed make repeated attempts convict individual alleged offense thereby subjecting embarrassment expense ordeal compelling live continuing state anxiety insecurity jenkins supra quoting green situation obviously far cry present case government quite willing continue production evidence show defendant guilty jury first empaneled try defendant elected seek termination trial grounds unrelated guilt innocence scarcely picture state relentlessly pursuing defendant either found guilty least insisted issue guilt submitted first trier fact instead picture defendant chooses avoid conviction imprisonment assertion government failed make case legal claim government case must fail even though might satisfy trier fact guilty beyond reasonable doubt previously noted trial judge characterization action control classification action jorn opinion harlan citing sisson see also martin linen wilson despite respondent contentions appeal barred simply ruling favor defendant based upon facts outside face indictment granted ground defendant simply convicted offense charged lee rather defendant acquitted ruling judge whatever label actually represents resolution defendant favor correct factual elements offense charged martin linen supra jury returns verdict enters judgment acquittal pursuant fed rule crim proc appeal barred plain district evaluated government evidence determined legally insufficient sustain conviction opinion burks necessarily holds failure proof ante requiring acquittal government submit sufficient evidence rebut defendant essentially factual defense insanity though may otherwise entitled case submitted jury defense insanity like defense entrapment arises notion congress intended criminal punishment defendant committed elements proscribed offense russell facts established satisfaction trier fact provide legally adequate justification otherwise criminal acts factual finding necessarily establish criminal defendant lack criminal culpability post brennan dissenting existing law fact acquittal may result erroneous evidentiary rulings erroneous interpretations governing legal principles affects accuracy determination alter essential character contrast dismissal indictment preindictment delay represents legal judgment defendant although criminally culpable may punished supposed constitutional violation think case defendant deliberately choosing seek termination proceedings basis unrelated factual guilt innocence offense accused suffers injury cognizable double jeopardy clause government permitted appeal ruling trial favor defendant thereby adopt doctrine waiver double jeopardy rejected green rather conclude double jeopardy clause guards government oppression relieve defendant consequences voluntary choice green question defendant factual guilt innocence murder first degree actually submitted jury trier fact present case respondent successfully avoided submission first count indictment persuading trial dismiss basis depend guilt innocence thus neither acquitted convicted successfully undertook persuade trial submit issue guilt innocence jury empaneled try reason treating trial aborted initiative trial judge differently trial verdict reversed appeal purposes double jeopardy thus described jorn opinion harlan second situation defendant deprived option go first jury perhaps end dispute acquittal hand judge acting without defendant consent aborts proceeding defendant deprived valued right trial completed particular tribunal obvious said believe pressed far jenkins concept defendant valued right trial completed particular tribunal wade hunter conclude defendant seeks trial terminated without submission either judge jury guilt innocence appeal government successful effort barred recognize force doctrine stare decisis conscious well admonition justice brandeis cases involving federal constitution correction legislative action practically impossible often overruled earlier decisions bows lessons experience force better reasoning recognizing process trial error fruitful physical sciences appropriate also judicial function burnet coronado oil gas dissenting opinion judgment appeals therefore reversed cause remanded proceedings ordered footnotes rule established wilson jenkins later described following terms ismissals opposed mistrials occurred stage proceeding jeopardy attached prior factfinder conclusion guilt innocence final far accused defendant concerned appealed government retrial barred double jeopardy made issue double jeopardy turn largely temporal considerations granted order dismissal factfinding stage proceedings defendant reprosecuted dismissal came later lee rehnquist concurring government contends district jenkins entered judgment acquittal favor jenkins opinion case recognized said certainty whether case see jenkins two years later review provided infamous crimes act mar ch stat thereby rejected english rule set vaux case eng refused recognize plea autrefois acquit initial indictment insufficient support conviction ruling provided greater measure protection criminal defendants known time adoption constitution contrary ruling altered task cases lee illinois somerville rejected contention justice holmes dissent rule man may tried twice case went say statute give right take exceptions government believe impossible maintain prisoner protected constitution tried put jeopardy second time retried mistake law favor retried mistake harm jenkins assumed judgment acquittal appealed retrial needed remand principle applied situation jury returns verdict guilt trial thereafter enters judgment acquittal appeal permitted situation conclusion appellate judgment acquittal improper require criminal defendant submit second trial error corrected remand entry judgment verdict despite heavy emphasis finality acquittal martin linen sanabria ante neither decision explicitly repudiates assumption sanabria ante martin linen downum first case actually reversed subsequent conviction improper declaration mistrial provided greater protection defendant available common law although english precedents clearly disapproved unnecessary mistrials see generally arizona washington nn english rule time adoption constitution remains today nothing short final judgment bar prosecution fact jury discharged without giving verdict bar subsequent indictment halsbury laws england criminal law evidence procedure ed jenkins bench trial difficulty appeals case characterizing precise import district order dismissing indictment analysis governed disposition turned whether defendant acquitted whether proceeding terminated defendant favor whether proceedings sort devoted resolution factual issues going elements offense charged required upon reversal remand thus occasion determine whether district simply made erroneous interpretation controlling law whether resolved controlling issues fact favor respondent see defense insanity federal criminal prosecution first recognized davis justice harlan opinion construed federal law light larger body common law jurisdictions concluded one takes human life said actuated malice aforethought deliberately intended take life wicked depraved malignant heart heart regardless society duty fatally bent mischief unless time sufficient mind comprehend criminality right wrong act acquittal merits trier fact never represent determination criminal defendant innocent absolute sense post brennan dissenting defendant released reasons required constitution laws unrelated factual guilt innocence determined innocent sense word absolute otherwise circumstances difficulty distinguishing rulings relate ultimate question guilt innocence serve purposes stone powell reject contrary implication dissent courts incapable distinguishing latter former original jury case found defendant guilty murder find guilty murder held appeal waive objection second prosecution murder careful reaffirm holding ball defendant tried second time offense prior conviction offense set aside appeal point entirely possible trial reconcile public interest government right appeal erroneous conclusion law defendant interest avoiding second prosecution wilson permitted case go jury returned verdict guilty subsequently dismissed indictment preindictment delay basis evidence adduced trial recently ceccolini described similar action approval district sensibly first made finding factual question guilt innocence ruled motion suppress reversal rulings require proceedings district merely reinstatement finding guilt accord kopp rose morrison course suggest midtrial dismissal prosecution response defense motion grounds unrelated guilt innocence necessarily improper rulings may necessary terminate proceedings marred fundamental error defendant prevails motion takes risk appellate reverse trial justice brennan justice white justice marshall justice stevens join dissenting basis evaluation trial evidence district judge concluded unjustifiable preindictment delay prejudiced respondent defense preclude consistently due process clause conviction offense alleged count one indictment therefore dismissed count prejudice principles double jeopardy law controlled today prosecution respondent count one unquestionably prohibited appeal judgment dismissal thus lie see dismissal prior law treated acquittal legal determination basis facts adduced trial relating general issue case martin linen supply citations omitted indeed proceedings barred even dismissal characterized jenkins established even midtrial termination amount acquittal appeal dismissal lie reversal course true present case require proceedings sort devoted resolution factual issues going elements offense charged principle reaffirmed last term lee midtrial dismissal granted ground correct defendant simply convicted offense charged prosecution barred double jeopardy clause today overrules principle recognized jenkins lee reaffirming government may appeal judgments acquittal reversals require new trials holds appeals lie final judgments favorable accused implements new rule fashioning restrictive definition acquittal heretofore followed resolution correct factual elements offense holds without explanation restrictive definition respondent acquitted district judge concluded facts adduced trial established unjustifiable prejudicial preindictment delay gave respondent complete defense charges contained count one dissent overrule rule announced jenkins reaffirmed lee principle vital implementation values protected double jeopardy clause indeed follows necessarily rule today reaffirms attempt draw distinction true acquittals final judgments favorable accused quite simply unsupportable either logic policy equally fundamental decision today indefensibly adopts overly restrictive definition acquittal definition moreover sharp contrast rule jenkins incapable principled application vividly evident distinction dismissal based finding preaccusation delay violative due process dismissal based upon evidence adduced trial support defense insanity entrapment ante dismissal latter cases raise double jeopardy bar dismissal based preaccusation delay also raise bar retrial ventures persuasive explanation thousands state federal judges must apply today decision similar affirmative defenses left without meaningful guidance confusion result today decision reaffirms fundamental rule history double jeopardy jurisprudence judgments acquittal matter erroneous bar retrial thus proviso ed appeals lie reversal require retrial major premise conclusion government may appeal final judgment entered respondent difference constitutional magnitude acquittals midtrial dismissals entered motion accused grounds unrelated factual innocence premise fatally flawed quite simply misconceives whole basis rule acquittals bar retrials reason rule suggests primarily safeguard determinations innocence rather retrial following final judgment accused necessarily threatens intolerable interference constitutional policy multiple trials moreover terms practical operation adversary process actually difference true acquittal termination case favorably respondent double jeopardy clause often effect protecting accused interest finality particular favorable determinations objective clause often permits government appeals final judgments favorable accused see wilson whether final judgment acquittal government may appeal reversal necessitate retrial purpose clause today fails sufficiently appreciate protect accused agony risks attendant upon undergoing one criminal trial single offense see ibid retrial increases financial emotional burden criminal trial represents accused prolongs period unresolved accusation wrongdoing enhances risk innocent defendant may convicted see arizona washington green society willingness limit government single criminal proceeding vindicate vital interest enforcement criminal laws bespeaks society recognition gross unfairness requiring accused undergo strain agony one trial single offense jorn opinion harlan accordingly policies double jeopardy clause mandate government afforded one complete opportunity convict accused first proceeding terminates final judgment favorable defendant retrial barred rule acquittals understood simply application larger principle judgments acquittal normally result jury bench verdicts guilty cases acquittal represents factfinder conclusion controlling legal principles evidence establish defendant convicted offense charged indictment judgment necessarily establish criminal defendant lack criminal culpability acquittal may result erroneous evidentiary rulings erroneous interpretations governing legal principles induced defense yet double jeopardy clause bars second trial repeatedly holding government may appeal acquittal reversal necessitate retrial course recognized rule impairs degree government interest enforcing criminal laws yet acknowledged permitting review acquittals avoid release guilty defendants benefited error irrational behavior prejudice part trial judge martin linen supply see wilson supra nevertheless consistently held double jeopardy clause bars appellate review circumstances reason first trial established defendant factual innocence rather second trial present untoward consequences clause designed prevent government allowed seek persuade second trier fact defendant guilt strengthen weaknesses first presentation subject defendant expense anxiety second trial see ibid basic principle double jeopardy law heretofore applied acquittals based verdict factfinder also acquittals entered trial judge following presentation evidence verdict pursuant fed rule crim proc see sanabria ante martin linen supply supra fong foo however egregious error acquittal termination favorable accused regarded different factfinder acquittal resulted errors trial judge see also burks ante cases teach government means protecting vital interest convicting guilty participation adversary criminal trial every opportunity dissuade trial committing erroneous rulings favorable accused jenkins simply necessary logical extension rule acquittal bars trial proceedings jenkins recognized acquittal never represent determination criminal defendant innocent absolute sense bar retrial following acquittal indeed rest assumption finder fact applied correct legal principles admissible evidence determined defendant factually innocent offense charged reason prosecution barred following acquittal rather government afforded one complete opportunity prove case criminal defendant culpability failed reason persuade enter final judgment favorable accused constitutional policies underlying ban multiple trials become compelling thus jenkins lee recognized mattered whether final judgment constituted formal acquittal critical whether accused obtained jeopardy attached favorable termination charges matter erroneous ruling policies embodied double jeopardy clause require conclusion proceedings devoted resolution factual issues going elements offense charged barred jenkins see lee whole premise today retreat jenkins lee course new theory criminal defendant seeks avoid conviction ground unrelated factual innocence somehow stands different constitutional footing defendant whose participation criminal trial creates situation judgment acquittal entered premise simply untenable rule prohibiting retrials following acquittals rest conclusion accused factually innocent meaningful sense basis rule decisions held even egregiously erroneous acquittals preclude retrials see fong foo supra acquittal entered three many prosecution witnesses testified sanabria ante erroneous manifest reasons bar retrial following acquittal equally applicable final judgment entered ground unrelated factual innocence heavy personal strain second trial either case risk though innocent defendant may found guilty second trial appeal allowed either situation government following reversal obtain benefit favorable appellate ruling also permitted shore weak points case obtain advantages second trial double jeopardy clause designed forbid moreover government interest retrying defendant simply vary depending ground final termination accused favor reject plainly erroneous suggestion final judgments based innocence deprive public valued right one complete opportunity convict violated laws ante quoting arizona washington therefore differ true acquittals government complete opportunity either situation virtue participation adversary criminal trial equally significant distinction two best purely formal many acquittals consequence rulings law made accused motion related question factual guilt innocence ruling law respecting scope offense excluding reliable evidence sanabria ante illustrates point sanabria district acting defendant motions made series erroneous legal rulings began erroneous construction indictment culminated exclusion evidence defendant guilt trial granted defendant motion judgment acquittal ground remaining evidence insufficient sanabria held midtrial termination prosecution erected absolute bar proceedings defendant reached result even though rulings led acquittal purely legal determinations unrelated question defendant factual guilt precipitated entirely defendant voluntary choice seek narrow construction indictment legal ruling characterizes unrelated defendant factual guilt terminated prosecution prejudice sanabria district rendered two erroneous rulings excluded relevant evidence defendant guilt remained trial take pro forma step granting defendant motion judgment acquittal surely difference cases possess constitutional significance holding suggests present case decided differently trial remedied due process violation excluding government evidence count one entering acquittal pursuant rule sanabria simply confirms distinction today draws wholly arbitrary bearing conceivable relationship policies protected double jeopardy clause ii definition acquittal compounds damage repudiation jenkins lee done fabric double jeopardy law definition unduly restrictive literally incapable principled application application definition facts case proves point doctrine preindictment delay like host principles policies law entrapment insanity right speedy trial statute limitations operates preclude imposition criminal liability defendants notwithstanding showing committed criminal acts like doctrines question whether preindictment delay violates due process law ordinarily considered apart factual development trial since normally vents trial demonstrate actual prejudice lovasco quoting marion see macdonald therefore district quite properly deferred consideration respondent pretrial motion dismiss preaccusation delay trial close evidence respondent renewed motion district recognized sufficient evidence guilt permit submission count one jury granted motion count evaluating facts adduced trial found delay offense alleged respondent indictment unjustifiable prejudiced respondent ability present defense constitute denial due process law critical feature today holding appears definition acquittal resolution defendant favor correct factual elements offense charged ante quoting martin linen supply definition narrower traditional one enjoys significant support prior decisions language quoted martin linen supply tied particular issue case never intended serve definition acquittal purposes rather martin linen supply referred generally acquittal legal determination basis facts adduced trial relating general issue case citations omitted accepted definition see serfass quoting sisson definition moreover clearly encompasses rulings pertaining affirmative defenses depend factual development trial traditional definition acquittal obviously responsive values protected double jeopardy clause perhaps might objectionable permit retrial defendant whose first trial terminated basis midtrial ruling motion depend upon facts adduced trial raised jeopardy attached see serfass supra intolerable permit retrial defendant whose first prosecution ended basis ruling like one present case made factual development trial notably neither explains chooses reject traditional definition acquittal attempts justify restrictive definition terms constitutional policy multiple trials dwell point opinion demonstrates perhaps important actual definition applied pertinent question thus one never addresses purposes new definition acquittal fact vel non preindictment delay one factual elements offense charged plainly answer preindictment delay referred statutory definition offense charged count one cf patterson new york dismissals based defenses insanity entrapment neither bound statutory definition federal crimes constitute acquittals ante decisions based trial evidence defendant guilty reason insanity guilty reason entrapment erect double jeopardy bar decision equally based evaluation trial evidence defendant guilty reason preaccusation delay also prohibit prosecution none defenses bound definition crime availability depends factual development trial fundamentally permit retrial following appellate reversal judgment entered grounds presents evils double jeopardy clause designed prevent offers satisfactory explanation difference treatment suggestion determinations concerning insanity entrapment factual whereas dismissals indictments preindictment delay represent legal judgments see ante simply untenable consideration three defenses requires application legal standards evidence adduced trial likely ground reversal reprosecution following entry final judgment favorable accused grounds appellate conclusion trial applied erroneous legal test question fails address therefore egregiously erroneous dismissal entrapment grounds ruling federal trial defendant entrapped matter law shown government supplied contraband defendant charged selling cf hampton erect double jeopardy bar possibly erroneous dismissal ground preaccusation delay observation factual defenses insanity entrapment provide legal justifications otherwise criminal acts unlike doctrine preindictment delay intended protect integrity trial process reflects common legal parlance wise explains two classes dismissals different double jeopardy consequences whether ipse dixit concerning consequences ruling unlawful preaccusation delay defensible enormous practical problems today decision portends clear particularly appealing virtue jenkins lee principle addition course protection constitutional values simplicity midtrial order contemplating end prosecution accused automatically erect double jeopardy bar retrial today decision thousands state federal courts required decide minimal guidance question double jeopardy consequences favorable terminations criminal proceedings basis affirmative defenses guidance offers suggestion defenses provide legal justifications otherwise criminal acts erect double jeopardy bars whereas defenses arise unlawful unconstitutional government acts consideration defense entrapment illustrates difficult decision apply extent defense applies showing defendant predisposed commit criminal act perhaps provide legal justification defense entrapment many jurisdictions see park entrapment controversy rev device deter police officials engaging reprehensible law enforcement techniques entrapment defense erect double jeopardy bar jurisdictions double jeopardy consequences depend upon appellate characterization operation defense particular case traditional factual defenses routinely submitted jury basis rule motions statute limitations ironically seems likely said done instances indeed defenses deemed unrelated factual innocence today decision may limited disfavored doctrines like preaccusation delay see generally lovasco regrettable introduce confusion area law today crystal clear introduction might tolerable necessary advance important policy serve values protected double jeopardy clause manifestly case rather today decision fashions entirely arbitrary distinction creates precisely evils double jeopardy clause designed prevent affirm judgment appeals see also finch applying rule jenkins dismissal entered basis stipulated facts martin linen supply section provides may obtain appellate review dismissal except appeal shall lie double jeopardy clause constitution prohibits prosecution cites approval sanabria ante martin linen supply supra fong foo kepner ball number reasons retrial enhances risk even though innocent criminal defendant may found guilty green retrial affords government opportunity weaknesses first presentation order strengthen second litigant government known take advantage opportunity uncommon find prosecution witnesses change testimony always subtly second trials see arizona washington quoting carsey app final judgment favorable accused course referring order terminating prosecution defendant ground simply convicted offense charged see lee similarly unpersuasive suggestion holding supported rules criminal defendant may twice tried offense either successfully moved mistrial first trial see lee supra dinitz succeeded conviction set aside ground insufficiency evidence see ball distinguishes situations course neither involved final judgment entered accused government said complete opportunity convict accused suggestion intervening decisions somehow undermined jenkins simply wash although quite true author opinion stated understood jenkins embrace rule midtrial termination labeled dismissal erects double jeopardy bar see ante quoting lee rehnquist concurring opinion adopted position label attached trial ruling determinative indeed since serfass decided week jenkins explicitly provides labels talismanic significance unanimous jenkins scarcely contemplated announced mechanical formula thus suggestion see ante lee held termination labeled dismissal erect double jeopardy bar undermined jenkins unpersuasive face lee treated dismissal equivalent mistrial trial judge parties regarded see serfass reserved decision question whether defendant afforded opportunity obtain determination legal defense prior trial nevertheless knowingly allowed placed jeopardy raising defense claim protections double jeopardy clause contrary position inconsistent burks ante also untoward consequences criminal defendants premise ruling necessarily criminal defendant legitimate interest protecting finality verdict guilty reason insanity follow appellate review directed verdicts guilty reason insanity also jury verdicts preceded prior finding guilt statutory offense implications holding particularly significant jurisdictions providing bifurcated determinations guilt sanity case date upon defendant committed crime disputed may outside statute limitations provided law trial judge probably submit question jury along general issue similarly case evidence adduced trial revealed defendant committed criminal act outside limitation period defendant move directed verdict