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corruption
uphold
contributions
limits
thus
consider
possible
interests
upholding
restriction
indeed
least
since
automobile
workers
recognized
sustaining
active
alert
responsibility
individual
citizen
democracy
wise
conduct
government
valid
state
interest
bellotti
took
care
note
objective
along
reserving
integrity
electoral
process
individual
citizen
confidence
government
interests
highest
importance
bellotti
found
inadequate
evidence
record
support
interests
suggested
regulation
corporate
spending
might
justified
corporate
advocacy
threatened
imminently
undermine
democratic
processes
thereby
denigrating
rather
serving
first
amendment
interests
suggested
situation
arise
shown
relative
voice
corporations
ha
overwhelming
significant
influencing
referenda
quite
possible
test
fairly
met
case
large
contributions
mainly
corporate
sources
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role
individuals
declined
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disparities
developed
spending
various
ballot
measures
possible
prove
heavy
spending
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particular
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proposition
increasing
evidence
large
contributors
least
able
block
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measures
initiative
process
recognition
enormous
contributions
institutional
sources
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efforts
individuals
may
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participation
ballot
measure
campaigns
undermined
public
confidence
referendum
process
restricting
size
contributions
berkeley
ordinance
requires
major
contributors
communicate
directly
voters
ordinance
ultimate
impact
speech
assure
diversity
views
presented
voters
facilitate
enlarge
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process
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people
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course
entities
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source
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opinion
single
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views
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number
individuals
existence
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laws
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suggests
information
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measure
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existing
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identity
contributors
yet
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disclosure
laws
major
reason
adoption
berkeley
ordinance
section
ordinance
constitutes
finding
people
berkeley
influence
large
campaign
contributors
increased
existing
laws
disclosure
campaign
receipts
expenditures
proved
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admittedly
berkeley
present
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evidence
causal
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major
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referendum
tool
direct
democracy
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available
suffices
demonstrate
voters
valid
reasons
adopting
contribution
ceilings
similar
foundation
upheld
contribution
limits
buckley
california
medical
assn
fec
view
ordinance
survives
scrutiny
buckley
bellotti
cases
ii
grounds
sustaining
ordinance
continue
believe
limitations
many
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actions
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sphere
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argument
money
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speaker
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amendment
proves
entirely
much
buckley
supra
white
concurring
part
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part
every
form
regulation
taxes
compulsory
bargaining
effect
ability
individuals
corporations
engage
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activity
must
therefore
focus
extent
expressive
associational
activity
restricted
berkeley
ordinance
first
amendment
interests
implicated
begin
end
inquiry
infringement
slight
ephemeral
requisite
state
interest
justify
regulation
need
high
interests
justify
berkeley
ordinance
properly
understood
context
historic
role
initiative
california
california
entire
history
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repeated
use
referendums
give
citizens
voice
questions
public
policy
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valtierra
earliest
days
designed
circumvent
undue
influence
large
corporate
interests
government
decisionmaking
served
president
wilson
put
gun
behind
door
keep
political
bosses
legislators
honest
recent
years
concerned
heavy
financial
participation
corporations
referendum
contests
undermined
tool
direct
democracy
voters
california
enacted
initiative
political
reform
act
limited
expenditures
statewide
ballot
measure
campaigns
berkeley
voters
adopted
ordinance
issue
case
role
initiative
california
separated
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special
interests
history
purpose
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california
similarly
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protect
serve
maximize
exchange
political
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bellotti
fundamental
error
failure
realize
state
regulatory
interests
derived
first
amendment
white
dissenting
perhaps
said
neither
city
berkeley
state
california
prove
elections
unfairly
special
interest
groups
spending
large
sums
money
widespread
conviction
legislative
halls
well
among
citizens
danger
real
regret
continues
disregard
hazard
originally
passed
voters
berkeley
ordinance
restricted
expenditures
well
contributions
ballot
measure
campaigns
following
buckley
valeo
california
invalidation
statewide
expenditure
limitations
ballot
measure
campaigns
citizens
jobs
energy
fair
political
practices
cal
city
berkeley
repealed
expenditure
limitations
addition
measure
original
prohibition
corporate
labor
union
contributions
ballot
measure
campaigns
invalidated
pacific
gas
electric
city
berkeley
cal
app
cal
rptr
california
fair
political
practices
commission
reported
campaign
contributions
private
individuals
november
general
election
totaled
individual
contributions
given
general
election
represented
contributions
made
california
fair
political
practices
commission
campaign
contribution
spending
report
chairman
commission
concluded
figures
demonstrate
alarming
yet
steady
erosion
private
individual
force
political
process
california
fair
political
practices
commission
press
release
may
see
also
infra
initiative
construction
oil
storage
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long
beach
standard
oil
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contributed
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action
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support
measure
opponents
spent
lydenberg
bankrolling
ballots
role
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question
campaigns
three
ballot
measures
rejected
california
voters
statewide
one
initiative
sought
circumscribe
smoking
public
places
committee
supporting
measure
collected
contributions
opposing
group
californians
regulatory
excess
collected
amount
million
contributed
amounts
four
tobacco
companies
contributed
million
lydenberg
bankrolling
ballots
update
pp
second
example
initiative
taxed
large
energy
companies
provide
revenue
finance
public
transportation
develop
alternative
energy
sources
californians
fair
taxation
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opposed
measure
received
nearly
million
contributions
approximately
million
given
large
corporations
proponents
mustered
third
measure
like
initiative
litigation
concerned
rent
control
proponents
sought
repeal
existing
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gathered
mostly
contributions
opponents
collected
mostly
contributions
several
studies
shown
large
amounts
money
skew
outcome
local
ballot
measure
campaigns
professor
lowenstein
investigation
found
propositions
supported
significant
spending
defined
spending
least
twice
much
opposite
side
successful
defeated
hand
propositions
opposed
significant
spending
defeated
successful
lowenstein
campaign
spending
ballot
propositions
delivered
annual
meeting
american
political
science
association
new
york
city
study
three
colorado
initiatives
found
races
side
held
commanding
lead
lost
campaign
progressed
opposition
forces
heavily
outspent
counterparts
election
day
initiative
defeated
mastro
costlow
sanchez
taking
initiative
corporate
control
referendum
process
media
spending
fed
comm
see
also
shockley
initiative
process
colorado
politics
assessment
nationwide
study
recent
campaigns
found
side
corporate
backing
outspent
opponents
better
campaigns
lydenberg
bankrolling
ballots
update
voter
turnout
berkeley
municipal
elections
decreased
april
april
brief
appellees
see
public
communications
office
federal
election
commission
campaign
finance
law
see
also
mastro
costlow
sanchez
supra
see
brown
superior
cal
ballot
measure
devoid
personality
voters
seek
judge
merits
issues
reliance
personality
supporting
different
points
view
made
aware
prior
election
real
advocates
measure
see
key
crouch
initiative
referendum
california
lee
california
referendums
comparative
study
practice
theory
butler
ranney
eds
note
california
initiative
process
suggestion
reform
cal
rev
primary
motivation
initiative
process
california
public
desire
counter
lobbyist
conduit
legislative
influence
exercised
economic
special
interests
political
reform
act
cal
code
ann
et
seq
west
see
supra