laird
tatum
argued
march
decided
june
prior
called
upon
assist
local
authorities
quelling
civil
disorders
detroit
michigan
department
army
developed
general
contingency
plan
connection
limited
domestic
mission
response
army
experience
various
civil
disorders
called
upon
help
control
army
intelligence
established
system
respondents
describe
involving
surveillance
lawful
civilian
political
activity
held
respondents
claim
first
amendment
rights
chilled
due
mere
existence
system
constitute
justiciable
controversy
basis
record
case
disclosing
showing
objective
harm
threat
specific
future
harm
pp
app
reversed
burger
delivered
opinion
white
blackmun
powell
rehnquist
joined
douglas
filed
dissenting
opinion
marshall
joined
post
brennan
filed
dissenting
opinion
stewart
marshall
joined
post
solicitor
general
griswold
argued
cause
petitioners
briefs
assistant
attorney
general
mardian
robert
keuch
frank
askin
argued
cause
respondents
brief
melvin
wulf
sam
ervin
argued
cause
unitarian
universalist
assn
et
al
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
brief
lawrence
baskir
burke
marshall
arthur
miller
filed
brief
group
former
army
intelligence
agents
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
chief
justice
burger
delivered
opinion
respondents
brought
class
action
district
seeking
declaratory
injunctive
relief
claim
rights
invaded
department
army
alleged
surveillance
lawful
peaceful
civilian
political
activity
petitioners
response
described
activity
gathering
lawful
means
maintaining
using
intelligence
activities
information
relating
potential
actual
civil
disturbances
street
demonstrations
connection
respondents
motion
preliminary
injunction
petitioners
motion
dismiss
complaint
parties
filed
number
affidavits
district
presented
oral
arguments
hearing
two
motions
basis
pleadings
affidavits
oral
arguments
advanced
hearing
district
granted
petitioners
motion
dismiss
holding
justiciable
claim
relief
appeal
divided
appeals
reversed
ordered
case
remanded
proceedings
granted
certiorari
consider
whether
appeals
held
respondents
presented
justiciable
controversy
complaining
chilling
effect
exercise
first
amendment
rights
effect
allegedly
caused
specific
action
army
existence
operation
intelligence
gathering
distributing
system
confined
army
related
civilian
investigative
agencies
app
reverse
record
considerable
amount
background
information
regarding
activities
respondents
complained
information
set
primarily
affidavits
filed
parties
connection
district
consideration
respondents
motion
preliminary
injunction
petitioners
motion
dismiss
see
fed
rule
civ
proc
brief
review
information
helpful
understanding
issues
president
authorized
make
use
armed
forces
quell
insurrection
domestic
violence
conditions
described
section
obtain
within
one
pursuant
provisions
president
johnson
ordered
federal
troops
assist
local
authorities
time
civil
disorders
detroit
michigan
summer
disturbances
followed
assassination
martin
luther
king
prior
detroit
disorders
army
general
contingency
plan
providing
assistance
local
authorities
experience
led
army
authorities
believe
attention
given
preparatory
planning
system
involved
said
established
connection
development
detailed
specific
contingency
planning
designed
permit
army
called
upon
assist
local
authorities
able
respond
effectively
minimum
force
appeals
observed
performing
type
function
army
essentially
police
force
local
police
force
quell
disturbances
prevent
disturbances
army
needs
tools
importantly
information
local
police
forces
access
since
army
sent
territory
almost
invariably
unfamiliar
soldiers
commanders
need
information
likely
greater
hometown
policeman
logical
argument
made
compelling
military
use
blind
force
force
employed
intelligently
directed
depends
upon
reliable
information
time
chief
justice
john
marshall
said
washington
general
must
governed
intelligence
must
regulate
measures
information
duty
obtain
correct
information
take
undeniable
military
army
need
certain
amount
information
order
perform
constitutional
statutory
missions
app
footnotes
omitted
material
filed
government
district
reveals
army
intelligence
field
offices
various
parts
country
offices
staffed
aggregate
approximately
agents
whose
time
devoted
organization
principal
mission
unrelated
domestic
surveillance
system
involved
early
congress
became
concerned
scope
army
domestic
surveillance
system
hearings
matter
held
subcommittee
constitutional
rights
senate
committee
judiciary
meanwhile
army
course
review
system
ordered
significant
reduction
scope
example
information
referred
complaint
blacklist
records
computer
data
bank
fort
holabird
found
unnecessary
destroyed
along
related
records
one
copy
material
relevant
instant
suit
retained
however
pendency
litigation
review
leading
destruction
records
said
time
district
ruled
petitioners
motion
dismiss
continuing
one
app
army
policies
time
represented
follows
letter
secretary
army
senator
sam
ervin
chairman
senate
subcommittee
constitutional
rights
eports
concerning
civil
disturbances
limited
matters
immediate
concern
army
reports
concerning
outbreaks
violence
incidents
high
potential
violence
beyond
capability
state
local
police
national
guard
control
reports
collected
liaison
government
agencies
reported
teletype
intelligence
command
placed
computer
reports
destroyed
days
publication
days
end
disturbance
limited
reporting
system
ensure
army
prepared
respond
whatever
directions
president
may
issue
civil
disturbance
situations
without
watching
lawful
activities
civilians
app
district
held
combined
hearing
respondents
motion
preliminary
injunction
petitioners
motion
dismissal
thereafter
announced
holding
respondents
failed
state
claim
upon
relief
granted
view
district
respondents
failed
allege
action
part
army
unlawful
failed
allege
injury
realistic
threats
rights
growing
army
actions
reversing
appeals
noted
respondents
difficulty
establishing
visible
injury
freely
admit
complain
specific
action
army
evidence
illegal
unlawful
surveillance
activities
cited
clandestine
intrusion
military
agent
far
yet
shown
information
gathered
nothing
good
newspaper
reporter
able
gather
attendance
public
meetings
clipping
articles
publications
available
newsstand
app
position
petitioners
accord
full
measure
rather
unique
argument
advanced
appellants
respondents
respondents
indeed
argue
future
possible
information
relating
matters
far
beyond
responsibilities
military
may
misused
military
detriment
civilian
respondents
yet
respondents
attempt
establish
definitely
foreseeable
event
base
complaint
ground
rather
respondents
contend
present
existence
system
gathering
distributing
information
allegedly
far
beyond
mission
requirements
army
constitutes
impermissible
burden
respondents
persons
similarly
situated
exercises
present
inhibiting
effect
full
expression
utilization
first
amendment
rights
emphasis
original
recent
years
found
number
cases
constitutional
violations
may
arise
deterrent
chilling
effect
governmental
regulations
fall
short
direct
prohibition
exercise
first
amendment
rights
baird
state
bar
arizona
keyishian
board
regents
lamont
postmaster
general
baggett
bullitt
none
cases
however
chilling
effect
arise
merely
individual
knowledge
governmental
agency
engaged
certain
activities
individual
concomitant
fear
armed
fruits
activities
agency
might
future
take
additional
action
detrimental
individual
rather
cases
challenged
exercise
governmental
power
regulatory
proscriptive
compulsory
nature
complainant
either
presently
prospectively
subject
regulations
proscriptions
compulsions
challenging
example
petitioner
baird
state
bar
arizona
denied
admission
bar
solely
refusal
answer
question
regarding
organizations
associated
past
announcing
judgment
justice
black
said
state
may
inquire
man
views
associations
solely
purpose
withholding
right
benefit
believes
teachers
complainants
keyishian
board
regents
discharged
employment
state
others
threatened
discharge
political
acts
associations
concluded
state
complicated
intricate
scheme
laws
regulations
relating
teacher
loyalty
withstand
constitutional
scrutiny
permissible
inhibit
first
amendment
expression
forcing
teacher
guess
conduct
utterance
might
violation
complex
regulatory
scheme
might
thereby
lose
position
lamont
postmaster
general
dealt
governmental
regulation
requiring
private
individuals
make
special
written
request
post
office
delivery
individual
mailing
certain
kinds
political
literature
addressed
declaring
regulation
invalid
said
addressee
carries
affirmative
obligation
think
government
may
impose
baggett
bullitt
dealt
requirement
oath
vague
uncertain
meaning
taken
condition
employment
governmental
agency
said
conscientious
regard
solemnly
swear
affirm
sensitive
perils
posed
oath
indefinite
language
avoid
risk
loss
employment
perhaps
profession
restricting
conduct
unquestionably
safe
free
speech
may
inhibited
decisions
cases
fully
recognize
governmental
action
may
subject
constitutional
challenge
even
though
indirect
effect
exercise
first
amendment
rights
time
however
decisions
way
eroded
established
principle
entitle
private
individual
invoke
judicial
power
determine
validity
executive
legislative
action
must
show
sustained
immediately
danger
sustaining
direct
injury
result
action
ex
parte
levitt
stripped
essentials
respondents
appear
seeking
investigation
conducted
private
parties
armed
subpoena
power
federal
district
power
probe
army
activities
district
determining
conclusion
investigation
extent
activities
may
may
appropriate
army
mission
following
excerpt
opinion
appeals
suggests
broad
sweep
implicit
holding
apparently
judgment
civilian
head
army
everything
done
operation
intelligence
system
necessary
performance
military
mission
secretary
army
formulate
implement
judgment
based
facts
within
departmental
knowledge
district
hear
evidence
ascertain
facts
decide
restrictions
activities
called
confine
military
legitimate
sphere
activity
protect
respondents
allegedly
infringed
constitutional
rights
app
emphasis
added
course
intimate
view
respect
propriety
desirability
policy
standpoint
challenged
activities
department
army
conclusion
narrow
one
namely
record
respondents
presented
case
resolution
courts
concerns
executive
legislative
branches
response
disclosure
army
surveillance
activities
indeed
claims
alleged
complaint
reflect
traditional
strong
resistance
americans
military
intrusion
civilian
affairs
tradition
deep
roots
history
found
early
expression
example
third
amendment
explicit
prohibition
quartering
soldiers
private
homes
without
consent
constitutional
provisions
civilian
control
military
prohibitions
directly
presented
case
philosophical
underpinnings
explain
traditional
insistence
limitations
military
operations
peacetime
indeed
presented
claims
judicially
cognizable
injury
resulting
military
intrusion
civilian
sector
federal
courts
fully
empowered
consider
claims
asserting
injury
nothing
nation
history
decided
cases
including
holding
today
properly
seen
giving
indication
actual
threatened
injury
reason
unlawful
activities
military
go
unnoticed
unremedied
reversed
footnotes
whenever
insurrection
state
government
president
may
upon
request
legislature
governor
legislature
convened
call
federal
service
militia
number
requested
state
use
armed
forces
considers
necessary
suppress
insurrection
constitutionality
statute
issue
specific
authorization
use
federal
armed
forces
addition
state
militia
appears
enacted
pursuant
art
iv
constitution
provides
shall
protect
individual
application
legislature
executive
legislature
convened
domestic
violence
describing
requirement
use
federal
troops
quell
domestic
disorders
attorney
general
ramsey
clark
made
following
statements
letter
sent
state
governors
august
three
basic
prerequisites
use
federal
troops
state
event
domestic
violence
situation
serious
domestic
violence
exists
within
state
conclusion
supported
statement
factual
details
extent
feasible
circumstances
prescribed
wording
violence
brought
control
law
enforcement
resources
available
governor
including
local
state
police
forces
national
guard
judgment
required
definite
need
assistance
federal
troops
taking
account
remaining
time
needed
move
action
scene
violence
legislature
governor
requests
president
employ
armed
forces
bring
violence
control
element
request
governor
state
essential
legislature
convened
may
difficult
context
urban
rioting
seen
summer
convene
legislature
three
elements
expressed
written
communication
president
course
may
telegram
support
issuance
proclamation
commitment
troops
action
case
extreme
emergency
receipt
written
request
prerequisite
presidential
action
however
since
takes
several
hours
alert
move
federal
troops
minutes
needed
write
dispatch
telegram
likely
cause
delay
upon
receiving
request
governor
president
terms
statute
historic
practice
must
exercise
judgment
whether
federal
troops
sent
questions
timing
size
force
federalization
national
guard
preliminary
steps
alerting
troops
taken
federal
government
upon
oral
communications
prior
governor
determination
violence
brought
control
without
aid
federal
forces
even
preliminary
steps
however
represent
serious
departure
traditions
local
responsibility
law
enforcement
requested
substantial
likelihood
federal
forces
needed
translated
terms
personnel
percentage
figure
suggests
total
intelligence
operation
concerned
potential
civil
disorders
hardly
merits
description
massive
one
dissents
characterizes
principal
mission
described
one
documents
filed
district
conducting
investigations
determine
whether
uniformed
members
army
civilian
employees
army
contractors
employees
granted
access
classified
information
app
course
oral
argument
district
judge
sought
clarification
respondents
counsel
nature
threats
perceived
respondents
asked
exactly
army
activities
tended
chill
respondents
others
exercise
constitutional
rights
counsel
responded
precisely
threat
case
future
civil
disorder
kind
army
going
come
list
troublemakers
go
rounding
people
putting
military
prisons
somewhere
emphasis
added
quite
sure
exactly
mind
precisely
causes
chill
chilling
effect
emphasis
added
indeed
appeals
noted
reached
different
conclusion
presented
virtually
identical
issue
another
recently
decided
cases
davis
ichord
app
plaintiffs
davis
attacking
constitutionality
house
representatives
rule
house
committee
internal
security
conducts
investigations
maintains
files
described
plaintiffs
political
blacklist
noted
chilling
effect
plaintiffs
subject
arose
mere
existence
committee
files
mere
possibility
misuse
files
affirming
dismissal
complaint
concluded
allegations
chilling
effect
elevated
justiciable
claim
merely
alleging
well
challenged
house
rule
overly
broad
vague
deciding
case
presently
review
appeals
distinguished
davis
ground
difference
source
chill
two
cases
house
committee
davis
army
instant
case
controlling
agree
jurisdictional
question
concerned
resolved
basis
identity
parties
named
defendants
complaint
respondents
left
somewhat
unclear
precise
connection
mere
existence
challenged
system
alleged
chill
also
cast
considerable
doubt
whether
fact
suffering
chill
judge
mackinnon
took
cogent
note
difficulty
dissenting
appeals
judgment
rendered
facts
case
emerge
pleadings
affidavits
admissions
made
trial
app
oral
argument
district
counsel
respondents
admitted
clients
people
obviously
cowed
chilled
indeed
quite
willing
open
public
investigation
public
scrutiny
counsel
argued
respondents
must
represent
millions
americans
nearly
forward
courageous
judge
mackinnon
view
concession
constitutes
basic
denial
practically
whole
case
ibid
even
assuming
justiciable
controversy
respondents
chilled
seek
represent
millions
believe
chilled
respondents
clearly
lack
personal
stake
outcome
controversy
essential
standing
baker
carr
recently
observed
moose
lodge
irvis
litigant
standing
seek
redress
injuries
done
may
seek
redress
injuries
done
others
justice
douglas
justice
marshall
concurs
dissenting
congress
passed
law
authorizing
armed
services
establish
surveillance
civilian
population
serious
constitutional
problem
presented
however
law
authorizing
surveillance
civilians
case
pentagon
concededly
undertaken
question
whether
authority
may
implied
one
search
constitution
vain
authority
start
problem
constitutional
distinction
militia
armed
forces
art
constitution
militia
specifically
confined
precise
duties
execute
laws
union
suppress
insurrections
repel
invasions
obviously
means
militia
sent
overseas
fight
wars
purely
domestic
arm
governors
several
save
may
called
art
constitution
federal
service
whether
militia
given
powers
comparable
granted
fbi
question
raised
deal
militia
armies
army
navy
air
force
comprehended
constitutional
term
armies
article
provides
congress
may
raise
support
armies
provide
maintain
navy
make
rules
government
regulation
land
naval
forces
fifth
amendment
excepts
requirement
presentment
indictment
grand
jury
cases
arising
land
naval
forces
militia
actual
service
time
war
public
danger
acting
authority
congress
provided
code
governing
armed
services
code
sets
procedural
standards
government
regulation
land
naval
forces
difficult
imagine
powers
extended
military
surveillance
civilian
affairs
pointed
relevant
decisions
limitation
military
authority
concern
attempt
military
try
civilians
first
leading
case
ex
parte
milligan
wall
noted
conflict
civil
liberty
martial
law
irreconcilable
made
announcement
horrified
prospect
military
absent
regime
martial
law
establishing
regime
surveillance
civilians
power
military
establish
system
obviously
less
power
congress
authorize
surveillance
authority
congress
restricted
power
raise
armies
art
repeat
authority
armed
forces
stated
terms
make
rules
government
regulation
land
naval
forces
constitution
contains
many
provisions
guaranteeing
rights
persons
include
right
indictment
grand
jury
right
trial
jury
one
peers
include
procedural
safeguards
sixth
amendment
criminal
prosecutions
protection
double
jeopardy
cruel
unusual
punishments
course
first
amendment
alarm
sounded
constitutional
convention
dangers
armed
services
luther
martin
maryland
said
government
wishes
deprive
citizens
freedom
reduce
slavery
generally
makes
use
standing
army
danger
held
exists
bold
acts
usurpation
power
also
gradual
encroachments
held
jurisdiction
extended
reach
person
member
armed
forces
times
offense
trial
eliminates
discharged
soldiers
toth
quarles
neither
civilian
employees
armed
forces
overseas
mcelroy
guagliardo
grisham
hagan
civilian
dependents
military
personnel
accompanying
overseas
kinsella
singleton
reid
covert
may
tried
even
respects
armed
forces
held
offense
must
service
connected
tried
rather
civilian
tribunal
parker
upshot
armed
services
distinguished
militia
regulatory
agencies
bureaus
may
created
congress
desires
granted
powers
seem
necessary
proper
authority
provide
rules
governing
armed
services
means
grant
authority
armed
services
govern
authority
govern
civilians
even
martial
law
declared
often
appropriateness
subject
judicial
review
sterling
constantin
tradition
reflects
desire
civilian
supremacy
subordination
military
power
tradition
goes
back
declaration
independence
recited
king
affected
render
military
independent
superior
civil
power
thus
militia
restricted
domestic
use
restriction
appropriations
armies
two
years
art
grant
command
armies
militia
called
actual
service
president
chief
civilian
officer
tradition
civilian
control
armed
forces
stated
chief
justice
warren
military
establishment
course
necessary
organ
government
reach
power
must
carefully
limited
lest
delicate
balance
freedom
order
upset
maintenance
balance
made
difficult
fact
military
serves
vital
function
preserving
existence
nation
time
one
element
government
exercises
type
authority
easily
assimilated
free
society
times
peace
factors
leading
extraordinary
deference
claims
military
necessity
naturally
weighty
true
even
imperfect
peace
lot
past
fifteen
years
quite
rightly
judgment
instructive
recall
nation
time
constitutional
convention
also
faced
formidable
problems
english
french
spanish
various
tribes
hostile
indians
ready
eager
subvert
occupy
fledgling
republic
nevertheless
environment
founding
fathers
conceived
constitution
bill
rights
replete
provisions
indicating
determination
protect
human
rights
call
garrison
state
times
precarious
peace
heed
call
fail
days
enforce
freedom
american
citizen
birthright
abandoning
foreseeable
future
constitutional
balance
powers
rights
whose
name
arm
unbending
rule
law
exercise
military
power
rights
citizen
concerned
shall
never
pushed
beyond
exigency
requires
raymond
thomas
order
properly
sustained
exercise
president
military
power
commander
chief
armed
forces
government
attempts
citing
number
cases
upholding
broad
powers
military
commanders
engaged
fighting
theater
war
cases
need
concern
us
even
though
theater
war
expanding
concept
faithfulness
constitutional
system
hold
commander
chief
armed
forces
ultimate
power
take
possession
private
property
order
keep
labor
disputes
stopping
production
job
nation
lawmakers
military
authorities
veteran
legions
rome
overmatch
undisciplined
valor
nations
rendered
mistress
world
less
true
liberties
rome
proved
final
victim
military
triumphs
liberties
europe
far
ever
existed
exceptions
price
military
establishments
standing
force
therefore
dangerous
time
may
necessary
provision
smallest
scale
inconveniences
extensive
scale
consequences
may
fatal
scale
object
laudable
circumspection
precaution
wise
nation
combine
considerations
whilst
rashly
preclude
resource
may
become
essential
safety
exert
prudence
diminishing
necessity
danger
resorting
one
may
inauspicious
liberties
clearest
marks
prudence
stamped
proposed
constitution
union
cements
secures
destroys
every
pretext
military
establishment
dangerous
america
handful
troops
without
single
soldier
exhibits
forbidding
posture
foreign
ambition
america
disunited
hundred
thousand
veterans
ready
combat
reluctant
ratify
constitution
without
assurances
thus
find
bill
rights
amendments
specifically
authorizing
decentralized
militia
guaranteeing
right
people
keep
bear
arms
prohibiting
quartering
troops
house
time
peace
without
consent
owner
amendments
guarantee
right
people
assemble
secure
homes
unreasonable
searches
seizures
criminal
cases
accorded
speedy
public
trial
impartial
jury
indictment
district
state
wherein
crime
committed
exceptions
made
civilian
trial
procedures
cases
arising
land
naval
forces
although
undoubtedly
room
argument
based
frequently
conflicting
sources
history
unreasonable
believe
founders
determination
guarantee
preeminence
civil
military
power
important
element
prompted
adoption
constitutional
amendments
call
bill
rights
remember
said
minister
defense
generals
state
policy
majesty
government
intervention
general
washington
post
apr
sec
ii
claim
respondents
standing
challenge
army
surveillance
members
class
seek
represent
transparent
serious
argument
surveillance
army
civilian
sector
part
society
hitherto
immune
control
serious
charge
alleged
army
maintains
files
membership
ideology
programs
practices
virtually
every
activist
political
group
country
including
groups
southern
christian
leadership
conference
clergy
laymen
war
vietnam
american
civil
liberties
union
women
strike
peace
national
association
advancement
colored
people
army
uses
undercover
agents
infiltrate
civilian
groups
reach
confidential
files
students
groups
army
moves
secret
group
among
civilian
audiences
using
cameras
electronic
ears
surveillance
data
collects
distributed
civilian
officials
state
federal
local
governments
military
intelligence
unit
troop
command
army
jurisdiction
abroad
data
stored
one
data
banks
allegations
charge
purpose
effect
system
surveillance
harass
intimidate
respondents
deter
exercising
rights
political
expression
protest
dissent
invading
privacy
damaging
reputations
adversely
affecting
employment
opportunities
employment
ways
fear
permanent
reports
activities
maintained
army
data
bank
profiles
appear
blacklist
information
released
numerous
federal
state
agencies
upon
request
judge
wilkey
speaking
appeals
properly
inferred
army
surveillance
exercises
present
inhibiting
effect
full
expression
utilization
first
amendment
rights
app
test
deterrent
effect
first
amendment
rights
government
oversight
marks
unconstitutional
intrusion
lamont
postmaster
general
stated
justice
brennan
inhibition
well
prohibition
exercise
precious
first
amendment
rights
power
denied
government
refusal
pass
constitutionality
act
normal
consideration
forbearance
inhibitory
effect
freedom
speech
act
raines
stated
new
jersey
good
reason
permit
strong
speak
weak
timid
first
amendment
matters
anderson
sills
one
need
wait
sue
loses
job
reputation
defamed
withhold
standing
sue
time
arrives
practical
effect
immunize
judicial
scrutiny
surveillance
activities
regardless
misuse
deterrent
effect
stated
flast
cohen
terms
article
iii
limitations
federal
jurisdiction
question
standing
related
whether
dispute
sought
adjudicated
presented
adversary
context
form
historically
viewed
capable
judicial
resolution
put
baker
carr
gist
standing
issue
whether
party
seeking
relief
alleged
personal
stake
outcome
controversy
assure
concrete
adverseness
sharpens
presentation
issues
upon
largely
depends
illumination
difficult
constitutional
questions
present
controversy
remote
imaginary
conflict
respondents
targets
army
surveillance
first
surveillance
casual
massive
comprehensive
second
intelligence
reports
regularly
widely
circulated
exchanged
reports
fbi
state
municipal
police
departments
cia
third
army
surveillance
collecting
material
public
records
staking
teams
agents
infiltrating
undercover
agents
creating
command
posts
inside
meetings
posing
press
photographers
newsmen
posing
tv
newsmen
posing
students
shadowing
public
figures
finally
know
hearings
conducted
senator
ervin
army
misused
abused
reporting
functions
thus
senator
ervin
concluded
reports
army
taken
intelligence
command
highly
inaccurate
civil
disturbance
teletype
filed
army
dossiers
persons
held
considered
security
clearances
thus
contaminating
supposed
investigative
reports
unverified
gossip
rumor
practice
directly
jeopardized
employment
employment
opportunities
persons
seeking
sensitive
positions
federal
government
defense
industry
surveillance
civilians
none
army
constitutional
business
congress
undertaken
entrust
function
fact
since
litigation
started
army
surveillance
may
cut
back
end
matter
whether
actual
cutback
whether
announcements
merely
ruse
determined
hearing
district
advised
amicus
curiae
brief
filed
group
former
army
intelligence
agents
army
surveillance
civilians
rooted
secret
programs
long
standing
army
intelligence
maintaining
unauthorized
watch
civilian
political
activity
nearly
years
first
time
army
intelligence
without
notice
civilian
superiors
overstepped
mission
corps
intelligence
police
maintained
massive
surveillance
civilian
political
activity
involved
use
hundreds
civilian
informants
infiltration
civilian
organizations
seizure
dissenters
unionists
sometimes
without
charges
activity
opposed
civilian
officials
occasions
found
continued
unabated
disarmament
economies
finally
eliminated
bureaucracy
conducted
pp
appendix
opinion
douglas
dissenting
four
define
army
narrow
role
civilian
authority
latter
proved
insufficient
cope
insurrection
whenever
insurrection
state
government
president
may
upon
request
legislature
governor
legislature
convened
call
federal
service
militia
number
requested
state
use
armed
forces
considers
necessary
suppress
insurrection
whenever
president
considers
unlawful
obstructions
combinations
assemblages
rebellion
authority
make
impracticable
enforce
laws
state
territory
ordinary
course
judicial
proceedings
may
call
federal
service
militia
state
use
armed
forces
considers
necessary
enforce
laws
suppress
rebellion
president
using
militia
armed
forces
means
shall
take
measures
considers
necessary
suppress
state
insurrection
domestic
violence
unlawful
combination
conspiracy
hinders
execution
laws
state
within
state
part
class
people
deprived
right
privilege
immunity
protection
named
constitution
secured
law
constituted
authorities
state
unable
fail
refuse
protect
right
privilege
immunity
give
protection
opposes
obstructs
execution
laws
impedes
course
justice
laws
situation
covered
clause
state
shall
considered
denied
equal
protection
laws
secured
constitution
whenever
president
considers
necessary
use
militia
armed
forces
chapter
shall
proclamation
immediately
order
insurgents
disperse
retire
peaceably
abodes
within
limited
time
whoever
officer
army
navy
person
civil
military
naval
service
orders
brings
keeps
authority
control
troops
armed
men
place
general
special
election
held
unless
force
necessary
repel
armed
enemies
shall
fined
imprisoned
five
years
disqualified
holding
office
honor
profit
trust
section
shall
prevent
officer
member
armed
forces
exercising
right
suffrage
election
district
may
belong
otherwise
qualified
according
laws
state
offers
vote
whoever
officer
member
armed
forces
prescribes
fixes
attempts
prescribe
fix
whether
proclamation
order
otherwise
qualifications
voters
election
state
whoever
officer
member
prevents
attempts
prevent
force
threat
intimidation
advice
otherwise
qualified
voter
state
fully
exercising
right
suffrage
general
special
election
whoever
officer
member
orders
compels
attempts
compel
election
officer
state
receive
vote
person
legally
qualified
vote
whoever
officer
member
imposes
attempts
impose
regulations
conducting
general
special
election
state
different
prescribed
law
whoever
officer
member
interferes
manner
election
officer
discharge
duties
shall
fined
imprisoned
five
years
disqualified
holding
office
honor
profit
trust
section
shall
prevent
officer
member
armed
forces
exercising
right
suffrage
district
may
belong
otherwise
qualified
according
laws
state
district
whoever
except
cases
circumstances
expressly
authorized
constitution
act
congress
willfully
uses
part
army
air
force
posse
comitatus
otherwise
execute
laws
shall
fined
imprisoned
two
years
within
reasonable
distance
military
naval
camp
station
fort
post
yard
base
cantonment
training
mobilization
place
secretary
army
secretary
navy
secretary
air
force
two
shall
determine
needful
efficiency
health
welfare
army
navy
air
force
shall
designate
publish
general
orders
bulletins
whoever
engages
prostitution
aids
abets
prostitution
procures
solicits
purposes
prostitution
keeps
sets
house
ill
fame
brothel
bawdy
house
receives
person
purposes
lewdness
assignation
prostitution
vehicle
conveyance
place
structure
building
permits
person
remain
purpose
lewdness
assignation
prostitution
vehicle
conveyance
place
structure
building
leases
rents
contracts
lease
rent
vehicle
conveyance
place
structure
building
part
thereof
knowing
good
reason
know
intended
used
purposes
herein
prohibited
shall
fined
imprisoned
one
year
secretaries
army
navy
air
force
federal
security
administrator
shall
take
steps
deem
necessary
suppress
prevent
violations
thereof
shall
accept
cooperation
authorities
counties
districts
political
subdivisions
carrying
purpose
section
section
shall
construed
conferring
personnel
departments
army
navy
air
force
federal
security
agency
authority
make
criminal
investigations
searches
seizures
arrests
civilians
charged
violations
section
first
informing
secretary
defense
member
joint
chiefs
staff
may
make
recommendations
congress
relating
department
defense
may
consider
appropriate
appendix
ii
opinion
douglas
dissenting
president
bringing
westmoreland
home
order
explain
war
reminds
instructive
afternoon
spent
second
world
war
country
congress
divided
question
whether
strike
first
hitler
first
japan
churchill
roosevelt
agreed
policy
hitler
first
large
powerful
groups
country
many
former
isolationists
sense
wanted
concentrate
american
forces
winning
war
japan
even
american
chiefs
staff
divided
question
high
strategy
churchill
come
washington
accompanied
british
chiefs
staff
work
president
roosevelt
administration
general
plan
global
war
one
morning
telephone
call
austin
strong
believer
line
said
effect
know
seeing
prime
minister
afternoon
wish
ask
tell
chiefs
staff
come
congress
testify
favor
strategical
policy
quite
innocently
said
churchill
received
afternoon
began
saying
message
austin
prime
minister
instruct
chiefs
staff
go
senate
foreign
relations
committee
never
finished
message
old
lion
let
roar
demanding
know
ignorant
british
way
things
dare
suggest
british
general
address
parliamentary
body
remember
said
minister
defense
generals
state
policy
majesty
government
one
ever
aroused
wrath
churchill
likely
forget
certainly
forgotten
learned
indelible
lesson
one
elementary
principles
democratic
government
therefore
take
sour
view
field
commander
brought
home
president
educate
congress
american
people
pentagon
spending
million
year
social
behavioral
science
research
home
abroad
one
related
witchcraft
sorcery
magic
psychological
phenomena
congo
another
concerned
political
influence
university
students
latin
america
projects
related
skill
korean
women
divers
snake
venoms
middle
east
like
research
projects
going
pentagon
countries
sociology
psychology
behavioral
sciences
pentagon
became
powerful
president
dare
crack
try
regulate
military
approach
world
affairs
conditioned
thinking
planning
world
war
ii
realize
millions
people
difference
communist
dictatorship
dictatorship
presently
lived
realize
regions
asia
communist
party
identified
reform
programs
parties
mere
instruments
keeping
ruling
class
power
realize
eyes
millions
illiterates
choice
democracy
communism
critical
choice
us
talked
saving
democracy
real
question
asia
middle
east
africa
latin
america
whether
democracy
ever
born
forgot
democracy
lands
empty
word
asked
illiterate
people
living
subsistence
level
furnish
staging
grounds
military
operation
whose
outcome
eyes
relation
welfare
rejected
overtures
must
communists
said
approve
military
plans
must
secretly
aligning
russia
thought
underdeveloped
areas
became
identified
ideas
freedom
bombs
planes
tanks
thought
less
less
terms
defeating
communism
programs
political
action
terms
defeating
communism
military
might
foreign
aid
mounted
nearly
military
aid
fears
mounted
cold
war
increased
intensity
fears
many
manifestations
communist
threat
inside
country
magnified
exalted
far
beyond
realities
irresponsible
talk
fanned
flames
accusations
loosely
made
character
assassinations
common
suspicion
took
place
goodwill
needed
debate
impunity
explore
edges
problems
needed
search
horizon
answers
perplexing
problems
needed
confidence
suspicions
grew
innocent
acts
became
telltale
marks
disloyalty
coincidence
idea
paralleled
soviet
russia
policy
moment
time
settled
aura
doubt
around
person
intervention
general
washington
post
apr
sec
appendix
iii
opinion
douglas
dissenting
kind
forbidden
contaminated
zone
created
around
family
day
people
ryazan
solzhenitsyn
used
live
dismissed
jobs
visited
house
years
ago
corresponding
member
academy
sciences
timofeyev
director
moscow
institute
became
scared
found
mathematician
working
wife
dismissed
unseemly
haste
although
given
birth
contrary
laws
happens
informant
new
book
history
prerevolutionary
russia
may
meet
work
hour
two
soon
leaves
house
closely
followed
state
criminal
investigate
background
go
find
man
meets
turn
next
person
meeting
course
everyone
state
security
people
schedule
profound
reasoning
days
surveillance
superficial
surveillance
days
hang
around
example
heinrich
boll
came
see
german
writer
recently
visited
moscow
put
car
front
two
approaches
courtyard
apartment
house
stays
moscow
three
men
car
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one
shift
go
visitors
trail
people
leave
foot
consider
listen
around
clock
telephone
conversations
conversations
home
analyze
recording
tapes
correspondence
collect
compare
data
vast
premises
people
underlings
amazed
many
idlers
prime
life
strength
better
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productive
work
benefit
fatherland
busy
friends
keep
inventing
enemies
expressed
doubts
whether
militia
loses
constitutional
role
act
congress
incorporates
armed
services
drifka
brainard
ed
see
appendix
opinion
infra
farrand
records
federal
convention
even
actions
armed
services
regulating
conduct
may
properly
subjected
judicial
scrutiny
yet
armed
services
protection
full
panoply
laws
governing
admission
procedures
see
mckart
oestereich
selective
service
board
service
may
use
habeas
corpus
test
jurisdiction
armed
services
try
detain
see
parisi
davidson
noyd
bond
reid
covert
billings
truesdell
armed
services
may
seek
protection
civilian
rather
military
courts
charged
crimes
service
connected
parker
bill
rights
military
rev
federalist
supra
national
security
act
amended
act
stat
provided
provision
act
shall
construed
prevent
secretary
military
department
member
joint
chiefs
staff
presenting
congress
initiative
first
informing
secretary
defense
recommendation
relating
department
defense
may
deem
proper
see
conf
provision
codified
full
account
contained
appendix
ii
infra
hearing
federal
data
banks
computers
bill
rights
subcommittee
constitutional
rights
senate
committee
judiciary
sess
justice
brennan
justice
stewart
justice
marshall
join
dissenting
appeals
held
justiciable
controversy
exists
respondents
stated
claim
upon
relief
granted
app
agree
judge
wilkey
writing
appeals
conclusion
compelled
following
reasons
stated
respondents
contend
present
existence
system
gathering
distributing
information
allegedly
far
beyond
mission
requirements
army
constitutes
impermissible
burden
respondents
persons
similarly
situated
exercises
present
inhibiting
effect
full
expression
utilization
first
amendment
rights
free
speech
etc
baleful
effect
one
thus
present
inhibition
lawful
behavior
first
amendment
rights
view
respondents
allegations
justiciability
standards
operation
system
breach
army
duty
toward
respondents
civilians
case
therefore
ripe
adjudication
evil
alleged
army
intelligence
system
overbreadth
collection
information
reasonably
relevant
army
mission
suppress
civil
disorder
indication
better
opportunity
later
arise
test
constitutionality
army
action
issue
considered
justiciable
time
emphasis
original
footnotes
omitted
extent
army
argument
justiciability
includes
claim
respondents
lack
standing
bring
action
agree
army
system
indeed
derogate
first
amendment
values
respondents
persons
sufficiently
affected
permit
complaint
heard
record
shows
respondents
organizations
members
subject
army
surveillance
reports
names
appeared
army
records
since
precisely
injury
respondents
complain
standing
seek
redress
alleged
injury
provide
necessary
adversary
interest
required
standing
doctrine
issue
whether
actions
complained
fact
inhibit
exercise
first
amendment
rights
fact
particular
persons
sufficiently
uninhibited
bring
suit
ground
objecting
standing