oklahoma
city
tuttle
argued
january
decided
june
officer
petitioner
city
police
force
shot
killed
respondent
husband
outside
bar
robbery
reported
progress
respondent
brought
suit
federal
district
officer
petitioner
alleging
actions
deprived
husband
certain
constitutional
rights
respect
liability
petitioner
city
trial
judge
informed
jury
petitioner
held
liable
municipal
policy
caused
deprivation
instructed
jury
infer
single
unusually
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use
force
attributable
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training
supervision
amounting
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indifference
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negligence
part
officials
charge
jury
returned
verdict
favor
officer
petitioner
awarded
respondent
damages
rejecting
petitioner
claim
jury
instruction
improper
appeals
held
proof
single
incident
unconstitutional
activity
police
officer
suffice
establish
municipal
liability
held
judgment
reversed
reversed
justice
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
respect
part
ii
concluding
question
raised
mentioned
brief
merits
later
oral
argument
late
respondent
argue
jury
instruction
issue
properly
preserved
petitioner
failed
object
trial
instruction
question
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specificity
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rule
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procedure
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defects
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attention
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opposition
within
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deem
defect
waived
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justice
rehnquist
joined
chief
justice
justice
white
justice
delivered
opinion
respect
part
iii
concluding
instruction
issue
improperly
instructed
jury
concerning
standard
imposing
liability
municipalities
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unwarranted
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act
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inadequate
training
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mind
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policymakers
importantly
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allowed
plaintiff
establish
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liability
without
submitting
proof
single
action
taken
municipal
policymaker
requirement
monell
new
york
city
dept
social
services
municipal
liability
imposed
injuries
inflicted
pursuant
government
policy
custom
makes
clear
least
requirement
intended
prevent
imposition
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liability
circumstances
wrong
ascribed
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decisionmakers
fact
case
respondent
introduced
independent
evidence
inadequate
training
makes
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instruction
allowed
jury
impose
liability
even
believe
respondent
expert
witness
testimony
police
officer
training
inadequate
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link
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policy
particular
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violation
alleged
jury
instruction
allowed
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question
time
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policy
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incident
pp
justice
brennan
joined
justice
marshall
justice
blackmun
concluded
infer
existence
city
policy
misconduct
single
officer
jury
instruction
allowed
hold
city
liable
basis
policy
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precisely
theory
strict
respondeat
superior
liability
rejected
monell
new
york
city
dept
social
services
supra
may
many
ways
proving
existence
municipal
policy
custom
cause
deprivation
constitutional
right
scope
liability
permit
liability
imposed
merely
evidence
wrongful
actions
single
city
employee
authorized
make
city
policy
pp
burck
bailey
argued
cause
filed
brief
petitioner
carl
hughes
argued
cause
respondent
brief
levonne
chambers
eric
schnapper
michael
turpen
attorney
general
david
lee
assistant
attorney
general
filed
brief
state
oklahoma
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
burt
neuborne
charles
sims
filed
brief
american
civil
liberties
union
et
al
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
justice
rehnquist
announced
judgment
delivered
opinion
respect
part
ii
opinion
respect
part
iii
chief
justice
justice
white
justice
joined
monell
new
york
city
dept
social
services
held
municipalities
persons
subject
damages
liability
ku
klux
act
violations
act
visited
municipal
officials
noted
however
municipal
liability
premised
mere
fact
municipality
employed
offending
official
instead
held
municipal
liability
imposed
injuries
inflicted
pursuant
government
policy
custom
noted
time
occasion
address
full
contours
municipal
immunity
expressly
left
development
another
day
today
take
small
necessary
step
toward
defining
contours
october
officer
julian
rotramel
member
oklahoma
city
police
force
shot
killed
albert
tuttle
outside
club
bar
oklahoma
city
officer
rotramel
force
months
responded
points
bulletin
indicating
robbery
progress
club
bulletin
turn
product
anonymous
telephone
call
caller
reported
robbery
progress
described
robber
reported
robber
gun
parties
stipulated
trial
tuttle
placed
call
rotramel
first
officer
reach
bar
testimony
concerning
happened
thereafter
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conflicting
rotramel
version
entered
bar
tuttle
walked
toward
rotramel
grabbed
tuttle
arm
requested
stay
within
bar
tuttle
matched
description
contained
bulletin
rotramel
proceeded
question
barmaid
concerning
reported
robbery
restrain
tuttle
leaving
time
grabbing
tuttle
arm
holding
barmaid
testified
told
rotramel
robbery
occurred
rotramel
testified
questioning
barmaid
tuttle
kept
bending
towards
boots
attempting
squirm
officer
grip
tuttle
finally
broke
away
rotramel
ignoring
officer
commands
halt
went
outside
rotramel
cleared
threshold
outside
door
saw
tuttle
crouched
sidewalk
hands
near
boot
rotramel
ordered
tuttle
halt
tuttle
started
come
crouch
rotramel
discharged
weapon
rotramel
testified
trial
believed
tuttle
removed
gun
boot
life
danger
tuttle
died
gunshot
wound
boot
removed
hospital
prior
surgery
toy
pistol
fell
respondent
rose
marie
tuttle
albert
tuttle
widow
administratrix
estate
brought
suit
district
western
district
oklahoma
rotramel
city
alleging
actions
deprived
tuttle
certain
constitutional
rights
trial
respondent
introduced
evidence
concerning
facts
surrounding
incident
also
adduced
testimony
expert
police
training
practices
expert
testified
based
upon
rotramel
conduct
incident
question
expert
review
oklahoma
city
police
training
curriculum
opinion
rotramel
training
grossly
inadequate
respondent
introduced
evidence
rotramel
member
oklahoma
city
police
force
involved
similar
incident
case
presented
jury
theory
rotramel
act
deprived
tuttle
life
without
due
process
law
violated
tuttle
rights
using
excessive
force
apprehension
app
respect
respondent
suit
rotramel
individually
jury
charged
rotramel
entitled
qualified
immunity
extent
acted
good
faith
reasonable
belief
actions
lawful
respondent
also
sought
hold
city
liable
monell
presumably
theory
municipal
custom
policy
led
constitutional
violations
respect
municipal
liability
trial
judge
instructed
jury
police
officer
denies
person
constitutional
rights
city
employs
officer
liable
denial
right
simply
employment
relationship
circumstances
city
liable
deprivation
constitutional
right
official
policy
city
causes
employee
city
deprive
person
rights
execution
policy
city
may
liable
plaintiff
contention
policy
existed
relies
upon
allegations
city
grossly
negligent
training
police
officers
failure
supervise
police
officers
failure
review
discipline
officers
plaintiff
alleged
failure
city
adequately
supervise
train
review
discipline
police
officers
constitutes
deliberate
indifference
constitutional
rights
decedent
acquiescence
probability
serious
police
misconduct
absent
evidence
supervisory
indifference
acquiescence
prior
matter
conduct
official
policy
impose
liability
federal
civil
rights
act
ordinarily
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incident
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first
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force
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suspect
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force
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officials
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city
held
liable
simple
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furthermore
plaintiff
must
show
causal
link
police
misconduct
adoption
policy
plan
defendant
municipality
emphasis
supplied
viewing
instructions
whole
first
determined
trial
properly
instructed
jury
proof
gross
negligence
required
hold
city
liable
inadequate
training
addressed
petitioner
contention
trial
nevertheless
erred
instructing
jury
petitioner
held
liable
based
proof
single
unconstitutional
act
distinguished
cases
indicating
proof
single
incident
required
decided
act
plainly
grossly
negligent
spoke
positively
issue
lack
training
single
incident
rule
considered
absolute
instruction
issue
therefore
proper
also
referred
independent
evidence
inadequate
training
concluded
action
coupled
clearly
inadequate
training
sufficient
justify
municipal
liability
granted
certiorari
appeals
holding
proof
single
incident
unconstitutional
activity
police
officer
suffice
establish
municipal
liability
seemed
conflict
decisions
courts
appeals
see
languirand
hayden
wellington
daniels
cf
owens
haas
reverse
ii
proceeding
merits
must
address
respondent
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argument
petitioner
failed
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trial
single
incident
instruction
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rule
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procedure
therefore
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preserved
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petitioner
argued
proof
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incident
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force
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liability
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highlighted
claim
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certiorari
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merits
decision
grant
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merits
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cf
lee
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recent
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proper
proceeding
redress
monell
plaintiffs
challenged
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policy
compelling
pregnant
employees
take
unpaid
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leave
leave
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medical
reasons
ground
policy
violated
due
process
equal
protection
clauses
fourteenth
amendment
since
defendant
municipal
entity
first
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entity
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term
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history
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sherman
amendment
ku
klux
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municipalities
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history
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monell
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district
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monell
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policy
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city
slidell
gilmere
city
atlanta
reheard
en
banc
january
languirand
development
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seeks
liability
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city
respondent
claim
district
oklahoma
city
custom
policy
authorizing
police
force
use
excessive
force
apprehension
suspected
criminals
jury
instructed
theory
municipal
liability
rather
respondent
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policy
question
city
policy
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officers
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resulted
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tuttle
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monell
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policy
new
york
city
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social
services
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terms
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pregnant
employees
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employees
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rotramel
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tuttle
oklahoma
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policy
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police
force
monell
must
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city
policy
different
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sent
jury
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jury
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city
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footnotes
actual
question
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petition
certiorari
whether
single
isolated
incident
use
excessive
force
police
officer
establishes
official
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city
chicago
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chicago
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lawbreakers
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state
bar
california
public
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navarette
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