georgia
argued
decided
may
november
state
georgia
submitted
attorney
general
consideration
voting
rights
act
house
reapportionment
plan
two
weeks
later
attorney
general
requested
additional
information
received
january
march
attorney
general
citing
combination
inter
alia
multimember
districts
majority
runoff
elections
numbered
posts
objected
plan
unable
conclude
discriminatory
racial
effect
voting
state
legislature
enacted
superseding
plan
submitted
march
rejected
attorney
general
march
overcoming
previous
objections
brought
suit
enjoin
holding
elections
plan
legislature
decided
new
reapportionment
district
held
plan
came
act
issued
injunction
held
georgia
reapportionment
changes
potential
diluting
negro
voting
power
standards
practices
procedures
respect
voting
within
meaning
voting
rights
act
cf
allen
state
board
elections
pp
attorney
general
applying
permissible
regulation
placed
burden
georgia
submitting
party
prove
plan
racially
discriminatory
purpose
effect
voting
state
failed
meet
burden
pp
georgia
claim
attorney
general
seasonably
object
plan
may
well
moot
view
timely
objection
superseding
plan
event
claim
lacks
merit
attorney
general
regulation
statutory
period
begins
run
time
necessary
information
furnished
reasonable
comports
act
pp
elections
conducted
plan
stay
order
new
elections
required
future
elections
plan
enjoined
plan
withstanding
clearance
procedures
submitted
stewart
delivered
opinion
douglas
brennan
marshall
blackmun
joined
burger
filed
opinion
concurring
result
post
white
filed
dissenting
opinion
powell
rehnquist
joined
post
powell
filed
dissenting
opinion
post
harold
hill
executive
assistant
attorney
general
georgia
argued
cause
appellants
briefs
arthur
bolton
attorney
general
robert
castellani
dorothy
kirkley
assistant
attorney
general
deputy
solicitor
general
wallace
argued
cause
brief
solicitor
general
griswold
assistant
attorney
general
norman
james
turner
william
bradford
reynolds
john
hoyle
stephen
pollak
richard
sharp
armand
derfner
filed
brief
national
association
advancement
colored
people
et
al
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
justice
stewart
delivered
opinion
attorney
general
brought
suit
voting
rights
act
amended
enjoin
state
georgia
conducting
elections
house
representatives
legislative
reapportionment
law
district
northern
district
georgia
agreed
certain
aspects
reapportionment
law
came
within
ambit
act
state
subject
provisions
obtained
prior
clearance
either
attorney
general
district
district
columbia
accordingly
without
reaching
question
whether
reapportionment
plan
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
district
issued
requested
injunction
state
brought
appeal
noted
probable
jurisdiction
staying
enforcement
district
judgment
pending
disposition
appeal
following
census
georgia
legislature
set
reapportion
state
house
representatives
state
senate
federal
congressional
electoral
districts
concerned
reapportionment
plan
state
house
representatives
result
legislature
deliberations
plan
hereinafter
plan
compared
prior
scheme
decreased
number
districts
increased
number
multimember
districts
whereas
prior
apportionment
plan
generally
preserved
county
lines
plan
multimember
districts
districts
irregularly
crossed
county
boundaries
boundaries
nearly
districts
changed
many
instances
number
representatives
per
district
altered
residents
counties
formerly
districts
brought
multimember
districts
continuing
georgia
law
candidate
receiving
less
majority
votes
cast
position
required
participate
majority
runoff
election
code
ann
multimember
districts
candidate
required
designate
seat
running
referred
numbered
post
code
ann
section
voting
rights
act
forbids
subject
act
implementing
change
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
without
first
obtaining
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
proposed
change
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
submitting
plan
attorney
general
receiving
objection
within
days
pursuant
requirement
state
georgia
submitted
plan
attorney
general
november
two
weeks
later
representative
department
justice
wrote
state
attorney
general
requesting
information
needed
assess
racial
impact
tendered
plan
information
received
january
march
attorney
general
formally
objected
state
plan
objection
letter
cited
combination
multimember
districts
numbered
posts
majority
runoff
elections
extensive
departure
state
prior
policy
adhering
county
lines
basis
changes
plus
particular
changes
structure
potential
black
majority
districts
attorney
general
unable
conclude
plan
discriminatory
racial
effect
voting
letter
stated
attorney
general
therefore
felt
obligated
interpose
objection
changes
submitted
reapportionment
plans
state
legislature
immediately
enacted
new
reapportionment
plan
repealed
predecessor
plan
increased
number
districts
decreased
number
multimember
districts
multimember
districts
districts
still
crossed
county
boundaries
plan
submitted
attorney
general
march
objected
march
assistant
attorney
general
letter
stated
part
careful
analysis
act
redistricting
georgia
house
representatives
must
conclude
reapportionment
satisfactorily
remove
features
found
objectionable
prior
submission
namely
combination
districts
numbered
posts
majority
runoff
requirement
discussed
march
letter
interposing
objection
earlier
section
submission
accordingly
reasons
enunciated
march
letter
must
behalf
attorney
general
object
reapportioning
georgia
house
representatives
state
georgia
claims
inapplicable
house
plan
act
reach
reapportionment
plan
constitute
change
procedures
force
effect
november
applicable
act
claimed
unconstitutional
applied
state
also
challenges
two
aspects
attorney
general
conduct
objection
procedure
claiming
first
attorney
general
object
state
plan
without
finding
fact
discriminatory
purpose
effect
second
attorney
general
objection
plan
made
within
time
period
allowed
objection
act
despite
fact
multimember
districts
numbered
posts
majority
runoff
requirement
features
georgia
election
law
prior
november
changes
followed
reapportionment
plainly
sufficient
invoke
section
act
reaches
substance
changes
section
concerned
simple
inventory
voting
procedures
rather
reality
changed
practices
affect
negro
voters
seems
clear
extensive
reorganization
voting
districts
creation
multimember
districts
place
districts
certain
areas
amounted
substantial
departures
electoral
state
things
previous
law
real
question
whether
substance
changes
undertaken
part
state
reapportionment
standards
practices
procedures
respect
voting
within
meaning
prior
decisions
compel
conclusion
changes
sort
included
georgia
house
reapportionment
plan
cognizable
south
carolina
katzenbach
upheld
basic
constitutionality
voting
rights
act
justice
black
dissented
judgment
extent
held
every
part
constitutional
precisely
describing
broad
sweep
section
goes
provide
state
covered
way
amend
constitution
laws
relating
voting
without
first
trying
persuade
attorney
general
federal
district
district
columbia
new
proposed
laws
purpose
effect
denying
right
vote
citizens
account
race
color
concurring
dissenting
opinion
congress
disagreed
interpretation
allen
ample
opportunity
amend
statute
extensive
deliberations
bills
extend
voting
rights
act
allen
case
repeatedly
discussed
act
extended
five
years
without
substantive
modification
pub
stat
conclude
allen
correctly
interpreted
congressional
design
held
act
gives
broad
interpretation
right
vote
recognizing
voting
includes
action
necessary
make
vote
effective
another
measure
decisiveness
allen
controls
present
case
actual
practice
covered
since
allen
case
decided
georgia
example
submitted
plan
attorney
general
clearly
believed
plan
covered
submission
made
pursuant
state
attorney
general
explained
submission
reapportionment
georgia
house
representatives
submitted
time
prior
allen
board
elections
believed
unnecessary
submit
reapportionment
plans
attorney
general
pursuant
voting
rights
act
attorney
general
objected
georgia
changed
house
plan
resubmitted
pursuant
covered
act
also
read
allen
controlling
brief
advises
us
december
reapportionment
plans
presented
attorney
general
various
approval
present
posture
case
question
whether
redistricting
georgia
house
including
extensive
shifts
multimember
districts
fact
racially
discriminatory
purpose
effect
question
rather
whether
changes
potential
diluting
value
negro
vote
within
definitional
terms
beyond
doubt
potential
exists
cf
whitcomb
chavis
view
teaching
allen
reaffirmed
perkins
matthews
hold
district
correct
deciding
changes
enacted
reapportionment
plan
georgia
house
representatives
within
ambit
voting
rights
act
reasons
stated
length
south
carolina
katzenbach
reaffirm
act
permissible
exercise
congressional
power
fifteenth
amendment
ii
way
implementing
performance
obligation
pass
state
submissions
attorney
general
promulgated
published
federal
register
certain
administrative
regulations
cfr
part
appellants
claim
regulations
without
legislative
authorization
object
particular
application
present
case
two
regulations
set
forth
standards
decision
submissions
fully
define
time
period
provided
act
true
appellants
contend
authorize
attorney
general
promulgate
regulations
also
silent
procedures
attorney
general
employ
deciding
whether
object
state
submissions
standards
governing
contents
submissions
meaning
time
period
attorney
general
object
rather
reading
statute
grant
unfettered
discretion
procedures
standards
administration
sensitive
area
attorney
general
chosen
instead
formulate
publish
objective
ground
rules
regulations
reasonable
conflict
voting
rights
act
gives
head
executive
department
power
prescribe
regulations
government
department
distribution
performance
business
surely
ample
legislative
authority
regulations
see
morehead
smith
cfr
attorney
general
set
forth
standards
employed
deciding
whether
object
state
submission
regulation
burden
proof
submitting
party
attorney
general
refrain
objecting
review
material
submitted
satisfies
proposed
change
racially
discriminatory
purpose
effect
persuaded
contrary
within
time
period
satisfy
change
without
discriminatory
purpose
effect
regulation
attorney
general
object
submission
objecting
plan
assistant
attorney
general
wrote
unable
conclude
plan
discriminatory
racial
effect
voting
objection
letter
plan
specify
degree
certainty
plan
discriminatory
impact
instead
stated
new
plan
remedied
features
found
objectionable
predecessor
although
objections
consistent
attorney
general
regulations
appellants
effect
attack
legitimacy
regulation
described
contending
attorney
general
without
power
object
unless
actually
found
changes
contained
submission
discriminatory
purpose
effect
assessing
claim
important
focus
entire
scheme
portion
voting
rights
act
essentially
freezes
election
laws
covered
unless
declaratory
judgment
obtained
district
district
columbia
holding
proposed
change
without
discriminatory
purpose
effect
alternative
procedure
submission
attorney
general
merely
gives
covered
state
rapid
method
rendering
new
state
election
law
enforceable
allen
state
board
elections
well
established
declaratory
judgment
action
plaintiff
state
burden
proof
attorney
general
regulations
place
burden
submitting
party
objection
procedure
though
choice
language
objection
letter
sent
state
georgia
model
precision
context
promulgated
regulations
letter
surely
notified
state
sufficient
clarity
sustained
burden
proving
proposed
changes
free
racially
discriminatory
effect
necessary
hold
allocation
burden
proof
attorney
general
possible
choice
act
order
find
reasonable
means
administering
obligation
less
stringent
standard
might
well
rendered
formal
declaratory
judgment
procedure
dead
letter
making
available
covered
far
smoother
path
clearance
attorney
general
choice
proof
standard
thus
least
reasonable
consistent
act
hold
objection
pursuant
standard
lawful
effective
appellant
final
contention
attorney
general
objection
plan
untimely
submitted
plan
held
district
gone
effect
far
clear
claim
simply
moot
since
state
enactment
establishing
plan
explicitly
repealed
plan
objection
plan
clearly
within
statutory
time
period
event
claim
without
merit
promulgating
regulations
attorney
general
dealt
several
aspects
time
limit
established
act
regulations
provide
calendar
days
count
part
allotted
period
parties
whose
submissions
objected
may
seek
reconsideration
basis
new
information
obtain
ruling
within
days
request
period
shall
commence
time
department
justice
receives
submission
satisfying
enumerated
requirements
cfr
present
case
attorney
general
found
initial
submission
plan
incomplete
regulations
two
weeks
receiving
requested
additional
information
letter
referred
cfr
regulation
providing
request
additional
information
noted
additional
regulatory
provision
period
commence
information
received
state
submit
requested
data
january
regulation
period
commenced
date
department
justice
made
objection
within
days
march
appellants
argue
attorney
general
granted
time
statute
provides
promulgating
regulations
suspending
time
period
complete
submission
received
question
whether
regulation
reasonable
administrative
effectuation
act
judgment
attorney
general
must
make
difficult
complex
one
one
argue
made
without
adequate
information
serious
claim
case
additional
information
requested
unnecessary
irrelevant
evaluation
submitted
reapportionment
plan
yet
attorney
general
denied
power
suspend
period
complete
submission
tendered
plausible
response
inadequate
incomplete
submission
simply
object
leave
state
submit
adequate
information
wished
take
advantage
means
clearance
result
add
acrimony
administration
conclude
therefore
facet
attorney
general
regulations
wholly
reasonable
consistent
act
iii
foregoing
reasons
judgment
district
affirmed
since
however
elections
conducted
disputed
plan
reason
stay
order
inequitable
require
new
elections
time
case
remanded
district
instructions
future
elections
georgia
house
reapportionment
plan
enjoined
unless
state
pursuant
voting
rights
act
tenders
attorney
general
plan
object
obtains
favorable
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
ordered
footnotes
supp
objection
interposed
respect
state
senate
federal
congressional
districts
justice
department
asked
census
maps
house
districts
distribution
white
nonwhite
population
within
districts
history
primary
general
elections
negro
candidates
ran
data
including
race
respect
elected
state
representatives
legislative
history
redistricting
bills
see
hearings
subcommittee
house
committee
judiciary
similar
proposals
hearings
subcommittee
constitutional
rights
senate
committee
judiciary
bills
amend
voting
rights
act
david
norman
deputy
assistant
attorney
general
civil
rights
division
testified
decisions
redistricting
plans
going
submitted
attorney
general
approval
voting
changes
senate
hearings
supra
appellants
point
language
allen
opinion
say
left
open
question
applicability
state
reapportionment
law
cited
passage
allen
follows
appellees
fairley
patterson
also
argue
intended
apply
change
district
voting
application
cause
conflict
administration
reapportionment
legislation
contend
broad
reading
enforcement
reapportionment
plan
enjoined
failure
meet
approval
requirements
even
though
plan
approved
federal
appellees
urge
congress
intended
force
submit
reapportionment
plan
two
different
courts
must
reject
narrow
construction
appellees
give
argument
administrative
problem
might
arise
future
establish
congress
intended
narrow
scope
leave
another
case
consideration
possible
conflict
georgia
argued
approval
needed
respect
electoral
districts
change
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
occurred
appropriate
case
state
might
establish
reapportionment
plan
left
districts
unaffected
even
minor
change
potential
diluting
value
negro
vote
decide
whether
georgia
show
existence
unaffected
districts
case
leave
issue
consideration
district
remand
title
cfr
pertinent
part
burden
proof
submitting
authority
submitting
changes
attorney
general
submitting
changes
district
district
columbia
attorney
general
satisfied
submitted
change
racially
discriminatory
purpose
effect
object
change
notify
submitting
authority
attorney
general
determines
submitted
change
racially
discriminatory
purpose
effect
enter
objection
notify
submitting
authority
evidence
purpose
effect
change
conflicting
attorney
general
unable
resolve
conflict
within
period
shall
consistent
burden
proof
applicable
district
enter
objection
notify
submitting
authority
effect
shift
burden
proof
respect
racial
discrimination
voting
rather
requiring
affected
parties
bring
suit
challenge
every
changed
voting
practice
subject
required
obtain
prior
clearance
proposed
changes
put
effect
burden
proof
areas
seeking
relief
south
carolina
katzenbach
see
senate
bill
mar
letter
sent
attorney
general
georgia
stated
preliminary
examination
materials
submitted
led
department
justice
conclude
data
sent
attorney
general
insufficient
evaluate
properly
changes
submitted
accordance
sections
procedures
administration
section
voting
rights
act
please
assist
us
providing
department
following
additional
information
promulgated
regulations
define
cfr
contents
submission
section
respect
redistricting
annexation
complex
changes
information
attorney
general
determines
required
enable
evaluate
purpose
effect
change
information
may
include
items
listed
paragraph
section
information
required
attorney
general
shall
notify
submitting
authority
manner
provided
see
supra
appellants
contend
allow
attorney
general
promulgate
regulation
open
way
frivolous
repeated
delays
justice
department
laws
vital
concern
covered
conduct
attorney
general
presented
upholding
basic
validity
regulation
assuredly
prejudge
case
unwarranted
administrative
conduct
may
shown
furthermore
submission
attorney
general
exclusive
mode
preclearance
state
finds
attorney
general
delays
unreasonable
objects
submission
state
may
still
enforce
legislation
upon
securing
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
allen
state
board
elections
chief
justice
burger
concurring
result
concur
result
reached
mandate
allen
state
board
elections
previously
expressed
reservations
correctness
holding
see
perkins
matthews
blackmun
concurring
judgment
justice
white
justice
powell
justice
rehnquist
join
dissenting
section
voting
rights
act
provides
covered
state
may
put
effect
change
voting
qualifications
voting
standards
practices
procedures
either
procures
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
effect
alteration
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
submits
alteration
attorney
general
objection
interposed
official
ensuing
days
case
attorney
general
interposed
objection
march
march
reapportionment
plan
georgia
house
representatives
shortly
thereafter
sued
enjoin
use
plan
ground
state
obtained
neither
approval
attorney
general
declaratory
judgment
district
held
applicable
changes
state
apportionment
plans
section
prevented
march
reapportionment
going
effect
agree
light
prior
cases
congressional
section
must
held
reach
state
reapportionment
statutes
contrary
however
view
attorney
general
interpose
objection
contemplated
therefore
barrier
march
reapportionment
going
effect
arguable
sparse
language
act
merely
says
state
modification
go
effect
unless
attorney
general
enters
objection
objection
whatsoever
filed
official
suffice
foreclose
effectiveness
new
legislation
force
state
district
burden
proving
law
unconstitutional
believe
however
congress
intended
visit
upon
consequences
uncontrolled
discretion
attorney
general
surely
objections
attorney
general
valid
officer
considered
busy
give
attention
submissions
simply
decided
object
one
filed
governors
different
political
persuasion
neither
think
congress
anticipate
attorney
general
discharge
statutory
duty
simply
stating
persuaded
proposed
change
election
procedures
forbidden
discriminatory
effect
far
realistic
reasonable
assume
congress
expected
attorney
general
give
careful
consideration
submissions
within
days
receiving
information
deemed
necessary
make
mind
whether
proposed
change
discriminatory
purpose
effect
object
thereto
although
constitutionality
long
since
upheld
south
carolina
katzenbach
remains
serious
matter
sovereign
state
must
submit
legislation
federal
authorities
may
take
effect
even
serious
insist
initiate
litigation
carry
burden
proof
constitutionality
simply
state
employed
particular
test
device
sufficiently
low
percentage
citizens
voted
elections
state
forced
shoulder
burden
proposed
change
colorless
country
highest
legal
officer
professes
inability
make
mind
legality
object
must
conclude
proposed
change
forbidden
purpose
effect
given
proper
objection
matter
take
familiar
adversary
cast
appear
solid
basis
least
probable
cause
federal
charge
usually
imports
insisting
judicial
clearance
moreover
issues
state
well
litigative
burden
state
bear
known
examined
intelligent
decision
made
whether
institute
suit
district
state
may
left
less
sea
attorney
general
need
merely
announce
convinced
law
submitted
discriminatory
idea
obligation
department
justice
respect
submission
similar
congress
provided
provision
state
otherwise
covered
act
terminate
coverage
securing
declaratory
judgment
discriminatory
test
device
used
past
years
litigation
section
goes
provide
attorney
general
must
consent
entry
judgment
reason
believe
discriminatory
test
device
used
years
preceding
filing
action
thus
even
far
important
context
determining
whether
state
respect
covered
act
attorney
general
object
decree
favorable
state
must
reason
believe
state
tests
devices
prohibited
effect
employed
past
surely
issue
termination
vel
non
purpose
effect
single
statute
regulation
modification
voting
procedures
untoward
insist
attorney
general
object
implementation
change
unless
reason
believe
amendment
prohibited
purpose
effect
able
object
simply
saying
make
mind
evidence
equipoise
justice
powell
dissenting
reasons
stated
opinion
agree
justice
white
attorney
general
comply
voting
rights
act
therefore
georgia
reapportionment
act
allowed
go
effect
indeed
serious
intrusion
incompatible
basic
structure
system
federal
authorities
compel
state
submit
legislation
advance
review
minimum
assuming
constitutionality
act
attorney
general
required
comply
explicitly
invoke
provisions
able
make
affirmative
finding
rather
ambivalent
one
justice
black
stated
power
vested
federal
officials
act
veto
state
laws
advance
effectiveness
distorts
constitutional
structure
government
south
carolina
katzenbach
concurring
dissenting
similar
appraisal
made
justice
harlan
characterized
construed
revolutionary
innovation
american
government
allen
state
board
elections
concurring
dissenting
doubt
power
congress
fifteenth
amendment
enact
appropriate
legislation
assure
rights
citizens
vote
shall
denied
abridged
infringed
way
account
race
color
previous
condition
servitude
indeed
view
power
enact
legislation
duty
disagreement
unprecedented
requirement
advance
review
state
local
legislative
acts
federal
authorities
rendered
noxious
selective
application