perkins
matthews
argued
october
decided
january
appellants
voters
candidates
city
offices
sought
enjoin
election
canton
mississippi
alleging
requirements
differed
effect
november
last
city
election
city
sought
enforce
changed
requirements
without
following
approval
procedure
set
forth
voting
rights
act
section
precludes
state
political
subdivision
covered
act
administering
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
different
force
effect
november
without
first
submitting
change
attorney
general
securing
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
change
racially
discriminatory
purpose
effect
canton
covered
act
sought
enforce
changes
location
polling
places
municipal
boundaries
annexations
adjacent
areas
thus
increasing
number
eligible
voters
ward
election
aldermen
though
election
aldermen
called
mississippi
statute
canton
election
wards
single
district
judge
relying
allen
state
board
elections
temporarily
restrained
election
examining
challenged
changes
determine
whether
discriminatory
purpose
effect
dissolved
injunction
dismissed
complaint
held
considered
issue
whether
particular
state
enactment
subject
provisions
voting
rights
act
therefore
must
submitted
approval
enforcement
allen
supra
pp
challenged
changes
falls
within
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
different
force
effect
november
requires
prior
submission
pp
changed
locations
polling
places
come
within
since
changes
may
affect
one
ability
vote
may
racially
discriminatory
purpose
effect
pp
changes
boundary
lines
annexations
determining
may
vote
city
elections
inclusion
certain
voters
diluting
weight
votes
franchise
prior
annexation
view
great
potential
racial
discrimination
voting
clearly
come
within
scope
pp
change
ward
election
aldermen
comes
within
purview
since
procedure
fact
force
effect
november
election
aldermen
wards
pp
appropriate
remedy
determined
district
hearing
views
parties
pp
brennan
delivered
opinion
douglas
stewart
white
marshall
joined
blackmun
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
burger
joined
post
harlan
filed
concurring
dissenting
opinion
post
black
filed
dissenting
opinion
post
armand
derfner
argued
cause
filed
brief
appellants
robert
goza
argued
cause
appellees
brief
summer
attorney
general
mississippi
william
allain
assistant
attorney
general
justice
brennan
delivered
opinion
section
voting
rights
act
stat
supp
provides
whenever
state
political
subdivision
covered
act
shall
enact
seek
administer
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
different
force
effect
november
person
shall
denied
right
vote
failure
comply
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
state
subdivision
first
obtained
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
unless
chief
legal
officer
appropriate
official
state
subdivision
submitted
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
attorney
general
attorney
general
interposed
objection
within
sixty
days
submission
question
case
whether
city
canton
mississippi
precluded
enforcing
elections
mayor
aldermen
certain
changes
respect
voting
first
submitted
attorney
general
district
district
columbia
appellants
voters
candidates
mayor
alderman
sought
enjoin
elections
action
brought
district
southern
district
mississippi
alleged
requirements
elections
differed
effect
november
last
mayoral
aldermanic
elections
changes
locations
polling
places
changes
municipal
boundaries
annexations
adjacent
areas
enlarged
number
eligible
voters
change
ward
election
aldermen
city
canton
alleged
sought
enforce
changes
without
first
submitting
attorney
general
obtaining
declaratory
judgment
pending
convening
three
judges
required
single
judge
temporarily
restrained
elections
originally
scheduled
spring
however
hearing
dissolved
temporary
injunction
dismissed
complaint
supp
elections
held
october
challenged
changes
effect
noted
probable
jurisdiction
reverse
misconceived
permissible
scope
inquiry
appellants
allegations
decision
allen
state
board
elections
handed
two
months
action
instituted
settled
question
inquiry
limited
determination
whether
state
requirement
covered
subjected
required
federal
scrutiny
allen
held
explicitly
issue
whether
particular
state
enactment
subject
provisions
voting
rights
act
therefore
must
submitted
approval
enforcement
emphasis
added
important
distinguish
instant
cases
brought
state
seeking
declaratory
judgment
new
voting
laws
discriminatory
purpose
effect
latter
type
cases
substantive
questions
necessary
approval
discriminatory
purpose
effect
litigated
cases
decided
question
whether
new
legislation
must
submitted
approval
emphasis
supplied
questions
decided
three
judge
designated
whether
state
mississippi
political
subdivisions
acted
way
cause
constitute
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
within
meaning
section
voting
rights
act
changed
situation
existed
november
whether
prior
city
filed
request
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
asked
approval
attorney
general
single
judge
made
limited
examination
claims
concerning
boundary
extensions
selection
polling
places
permitted
allen
basis
preliminary
findings
required
submitted
granted
temporary
injunction
included
single
judge
adhere
allen
holding
read
opinion
challenged
changes
examined
merits
determine
whether
discriminatory
purpose
effect
emerges
particular
clarity
consideration
annexations
canton
failure
obtain
prior
approval
annexations
held
violate
act
express
ground
black
voters
still
majority
less
expansions
effected
similarly
considering
change
ward
election
aldermen
provided
mississippi
statute
miss
code
ann
supp
remarked
since
majority
voters
canton
black
equally
true
act
black
voters
power
wish
influenced
race
alone
elect
black
governing
body
true
disclaimed
reliance
lack
discriminatory
effect
basis
holding
change
ward
election
aldermen
covered
stated
decision
rested
fact
law
antedated
voting
rights
act
complied
regardless
whether
city
complied
ibid
true
finding
merit
challenge
relocation
polling
places
based
holding
proofs
changes
made
necessary
one
place
space
voting
machines
two
others
moved
situated
private
property
bank
lobbies
permission
use
space
withdrawn
another
moved
courthouse
school
building
facilities
ample
move
eliminated
interference
sessions
various
courts
sitting
courthouse
ibid
nevertheless
considerations
far
relevant
relevant
questions
reserved
consideration
attorney
general
district
district
columbia
however
interest
judicial
economy
shall
remand
district
making
properly
limited
inquiry
record
adequate
enable
us
decide
whether
challenged
changes
submitted
approval
shall
therefore
decide
question
ii
held
allen
congress
intended
act
given
broadest
possible
scope
reach
state
enactment
altered
election
law
covered
state
even
minor
way
significant
congress
chose
include
even
minor
exceptions
changing
paper
ballots
voting
machines
thus
indicating
intention
changes
matter
small
subjected
scrutiny
tested
standard
three
changes
challenged
case
falls
within
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
events
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
different
force
effect
november
even
without
going
beyond
plain
words
statute
think
clear
location
polling
places
constitutes
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
abstract
right
vote
means
little
unless
right
becomes
reality
polling
place
election
day
accessibility
prominence
facilities
prior
notice
polling
place
location
effect
person
ability
exercise
franchise
given
explicit
concern
purpose
effect
voting
standard
practice
procedure
location
polling
places
comes
within
section
coverage
moreover
legislative
history
provides
ample
support
conclusion
congress
intended
cover
change
polling
places
senate
judiciary
committee
attorney
general
explicitly
testified
change
place
registration
change
paper
ballot
machine
changes
kind
designed
reach
plainly
relocation
polling
places
precisely
kind
change
moreover
inheres
determination
location
polling
places
obvious
potential
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
stat
supp
locations
distances
remote
black
communities
places
calculated
intimidate
blacks
entering
failure
publicize
changes
adequately
might
well
effect
consequently
think
clear
requires
prior
submission
changes
location
polling
places
changing
boundary
lines
annexations
enlarge
city
number
eligible
voters
also
constitutes
change
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
clearly
revision
boundary
lines
effect
voting
two
ways
including
certain
voters
within
city
leaving
others
outside
determines
may
vote
municipal
election
may
dilutes
weight
votes
voters
franchise
limited
annexation
right
suffrage
denied
debasement
dilution
weight
citizen
vote
effectively
wholly
prohibiting
free
exercise
franchise
reynolds
sims
moreover
designed
cover
changes
potential
racial
discrimination
voting
potential
inheres
change
composition
electorate
affected
annexation
gomillion
lightfoot
provides
clearcut
illustration
potential
boundary
changes
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
addition
based
findings
study
operation
voting
rights
act
civil
rights
commission
commission
director
reported
congress
gerrymandering
boundary
changes
become
prime
weapons
discriminating
negro
voters
history
white
domination
south
one
adaptiveness
passage
voting
rights
acts
increased
black
registration
followed
resulted
new
methods
maintain
white
control
political
process
example
state
legislatures
political
party
committees
alabama
mississippi
adopted
laws
rules
since
passage
act
purpose
effect
diluting
votes
newly
enfranchised
negro
voters
measures
taken
form
switching
elections
negro
voting
strength
concentrated
particular
election
districts
facilitating
consolidation
predominantly
negro
predominantly
white
counties
redrawing
lines
districts
divide
concentrations
negro
voting
strength
hearings
voting
rights
act
extension
subcommittee
house
committee
judiciary
ser
remarks
glickstein
right
vote
affected
dilution
voting
power
well
absolute
prohibition
casting
ballot
see
reynolds
sims
conclusion
location
polling
places
municipal
boundary
changes
come
within
draws
support
interpretation
followed
attorney
general
administration
statute
shows
great
deference
interpretation
given
statute
officers
agency
charged
administration
udall
tallman
attorney
general
interpretation
recently
reported
officials
department
justice
testimony
related
extension
act
testified
department
regarded
relocating
polling
places
annexing
territory
falling
within
act
testimony
also
indicated
interpretation
accepted
least
affected
political
subdivisions
submitted
changes
attorney
general
approval
hearings
amendments
voting
rights
act
subcommittee
constitutional
rights
senate
committee
judiciary
support
testimony
justice
department
submitted
formal
table
showing
changes
laws
respect
voting
submitted
attorney
general
acted
upon
department
divided
responses
submissions
three
categories
changes
department
consider
within
scope
changes
department
considered
within
scope
department
object
changes
within
scope
department
objected
discriminatory
every
change
boundary
election
district
lines
well
every
change
polling
places
shown
table
considered
department
within
scope
hearings
voting
rights
act
extension
subcommittee
house
committee
judiciary
ser
pp
change
ward
elections
aldermen
course
change
within
coverage
act
fairley
patterson
supra
dispositive
question
however
question
arises
case
peculiar
context
change
elections
mandated
mississippi
statute
enacted
canton
ignored
mandate
conduct
municipal
elections
elected
aldermen
wards
canton
argues
choice
comply
statute
elections
concluded
nevertheless
change
elections
required
federal
scrutiny
section
express
terms
reaches
standard
practice
procedure
different
force
effect
november
view
reference
procedure
force
effect
november
must
taken
mean
procedure
followed
election
held
date
judgment
necessarily
matter
inference
case
since
canton
hold
municipal
election
november
drawing
inference
little
reason
blind
relevant
evidence
record
restricting
gaze
events
occurred
date
ordinarily
presume
officials
act
accordance
law
see
first
national
bank
albuquerque
albright
available
facts
showed
canton
conducted
election
wards
mississippi
legislature
subsequently
enacted
statute
requiring
future
municipal
elections
held
large
canton
officials
entitled
weight
presumption
benefit
hindsight
however
know
canton
elected
aldermen
wards
june
municipal
election
record
reflects
relevant
change
november
june
suggest
different
procedure
effect
elections
held
seven
months
earlier
consequently
conclude
procedure
fact
force
effect
canton
november
elect
aldermen
wards
sufficed
bring
change
within
case
allen
clear
however
new
procedure
respect
voting
different
procedure
effect
canton
became
subject
act
bearing
statute
upon
change
attorney
general
district
district
columbia
decide
iii
appellants
urged
addition
reversing
district
judgment
set
aside
elections
held
october
order
new
elections
held
forthwith
changes
challenged
case
may
enforced
allen
declined
like
invitation
gave
decision
prospective
effect
primarily
scope
coverage
issue
first
impression
subject
rational
disagreement
reasoning
inapplicable
case
since
allen
decided
two
months
originally
scheduled
dates
canton
elections
arguing
new
elections
appellants
emphasize
desire
congress
ensure
subdivisions
covered
act
institute
new
laws
respect
voting
might
racially
discriminatory
purpose
effect
basis
legislative
history
little
question
congress
sought
achieve
goal
relying
upon
voluntary
submission
affected
subdivisions
changes
laws
enforcing
failure
affected
governments
comply
statutory
requirement
nullify
entire
scheme
since
department
justice
resources
police
effectively
subdivisions
covered
act
see
allen
since
private
suits
seem
unlikely
sufficiently
supplement
federal
supervision
moreover
based
upon
ample
proof
repeated
evasion
decrees
extended
litigation
designed
delay
implementation
federal
constitutional
rights
congress
expressly
indicated
intention
subdivisions
rather
citizens
seeking
exercise
rights
bear
burden
delays
litigation
time
recognize
determining
appropriate
remedy
factors
may
relevant
nature
changes
complained
whether
reasonably
clear
time
election
changes
covered
certain
circumstances
example
might
appropriate
enter
order
affording
local
officials
opportunity
seek
federal
approval
ordering
new
election
local
officials
fail
required
federal
approval
forthcoming
since
district
familiar
nuances
local
situation
heard
evidence
case
think
question
appropriate
remedy
determine
first
instance
hearing
views
parties
judgment
district
reversed
case
remanded
instructions
issue
injunctions
restraining
enforcement
changes
time
appellees
adequately
demonstrate
compliance
proceedings
consistent
opinion
ordered
footnotes
mississippi
subdivisions
determined
covered
act
fed
reg
individual
may
bring
suit
declaratory
judgment
injunctive
relief
claiming
state
requirement
covered
subjected
required
federal
scrutiny
allen
state
board
elections
construed
statute
require
suit
heard
ibid
appellants
alleged
prior
voting
rights
act
less
black
citizens
canton
qualified
electors
trial
lawsuit
one
appellants
testified
approximately
registered
black
electors
white
electors
election
based
average
index
two
voters
per
residence
district
concluded
figures
included
approximately
black
voters
white
voters
annexations
case
annexations
case
also
increased
land
area
city
approximately
required
boundaries
four
election
wards
changed
conform
new
city
limits
municipal
primary
elections
originally
scheduled
may
municipal
general
elections
june
primary
elections
actually
held
october
general
election
october
dissolved
temporary
injunction
claim
concerning
change
ward
election
aldermen
added
amendment
chairman
say
fact
keystone
situation
changes
procedures
talking
like
changing
paper
ballot
machine
may
likely
effect
denying
abridging
rights
guaranteed
amendment
katzenbach
even
sense
innocent
kind
law
experiences
indicated
time
time
used
change
place
registration
instance
hearings
subcommittee
house
committee
judiciary
ser
one
congressman
supported
act
observed
voted
voting
rights
act
hoped
years
ample
time
resistance
progress
subtle
effective
thought
possible
whole
arsenal
racist
weapons
perfected
boundary
lines
gerrymandered
elections
switched
basis
counties
consolidated
elective
offices
abolished
blacks
chance
winning
appointment
process
substituted
elective
process
election
officials
withheld
necessary
information
voting
running
office
physical
economic
intimidation
employed
section
intended
prevent
use
devices
apparently
rarely
obeyed
mandate
section
federal
government
timid
enforcement
hearings
voting
rights
act
extension
subcommittee
house
committee
judiciary
ser
pp
remarks
mcculloch
congress
extended
life
act
including
voting
rights
act
amendments
pub
stat
amicus
brief
filed
fairley
patterson
government
took
position
applied
laws
substantially
change
constituency
certain
elected
officials
surely
doubt
today
right
vote
curtailed
effectively
impermissible
demarcation
elected
official
constituency
destruction
ballots
refusal
permit
access
voting
booth
memorandum
amicus
curiae
government
arguing
reached
change
ward
elections
interpretation
equally
germane
boundary
annexations
present
case
justice
harlan
argues
apparent
clarity
department
position
taken
congressional
committees
clouded
department
failure
challenge
unsubmitted
annexations
covered
however
government
amicus
brief
fairley
specifically
denied
significance
attributed
government
failure
bring
suit
arguing
applied
redistricting
reapportionment
covered
act
government
stated
attorney
general
failure
bring
suit
cases
involving
reapportionment
redistricting
properly
viewed
undermining
section
cases
refuting
clear
congressional
intent
provision
given
broad
scope
assumed
past
silence
attorney
general
prepared
interpose
objection
changes
effected
memorandum
amicus
curiae
supra
moreover
indication
attorney
general
justice
department
officials
aware
boundary
changes
referred
dissenting
opinion
mention
appears
extensive
congressional
materials
justice
department
enforcement
activities
submitted
congress
relation
recent
extension
act
hearings
amendments
voting
rights
act
subcommittee
constitutional
rights
senate
committee
judiciary
sess
hearings
voting
rights
act
extension
subcommittee
house
committee
judiciary
ser
finally
attributing
significance
apparent
failure
government
act
particularly
hazardous
case
section
enacted
large
part
acknowledged
anticipated
inability
justice
department
given
limited
resources
investigate
independently
changes
respect
voting
enacted
subdivisions
covered
act
see
infra
reason
places
burden
affected
polities
submit
changes
prior
approval
department
may
unable
discover
investigate
changes
reported
circumstances
surprising
cast
serious
doubt
explicit
official
statements
department
interpretation
statute
table
reflects
fact
south
carolina
complied
rigorously
june
submitted
changes
approval
including
three
annexations
one
consolidation
approved
state
legislature
political
subdivisions
south
carolina
however
submitted
changes
initiative
georgia
subdivisions
submitted
changes
approval
including
one
annexation
one
consolidation
election
districts
two
changes
lines
election
districts
true
georgia
session
laws
reflect
numerous
annexations
submitted
attorney
general
also
true
georgia
session
laws
reflect
least
equal
number
changes
obviously
covered
interpretation
also
submitted
example
georgia
state
legislature
enacted
following
acts
applicable
one
municipality
submitted
attorney
general
four
acts
changing
voter
qualifications
municipal
elections
three
acts
changing
municipal
elections
paper
ballots
voting
machines
four
acts
completely
revising
municipal
election
codes
two
acts
requiring
majority
vote
instead
plurality
election
city
officials
georgia
state
legislature
enacted
following
acts
applicable
one
municipality
submitted
attorney
general
seven
acts
changing
dates
municipal
elections
increasing
terms
municipal
officials
one
act
creating
voter
residency
requirement
oath
taken
voters
one
act
changing
number
aldermen
requiring
majority
vote
election
aldermen
one
act
changing
voter
qualifications
one
act
completely
revising
municipal
election
code
exhaustive
list
even
two
years
remaining
four
covered
act
mississippi
alabama
louisiana
virginia
submitted
combined
total
changes
conclusion
drawn
unfortunate
record
one
state
regularly
complying
requirement
reason
canton
failure
conform
election
state
law
appear
record
oral
argument
appellee
counsel
stated
lapse
due
overlooking
law
hearings
subcommittee
house
committee
judiciary
ser
pp
hearings
senate
committee
judiciary
sess
pt
pp
cong
rec
remarks
tydings
remarks
celler
remarks
corman
opponents
act
also
recognized
severity
requirements
remarks
talmadge
remarks
willis
add
one
restriction
district
decides
new
election
required
canton
permitted
enforce
changes
new
election
obtain
federal
approval
justice
blackmun
chief
justice
joins
concurring
judgment
given
decision
allen
state
board
elections
case
cited
district
join
judgment
reversal
order
remand
justice
harlan
concurring
part
dissenting
part
role
case
correctly
recognizes
limited
determination
whether
voting
rights
act
supp
required
city
canton
obtain
federal
approval
way
proposed
run
elections
reason
unable
join
dissenting
opinion
justice
black
post
although
like
see
little
likelihood
changes
involved
discriminatory
purpose
effect
agree
substantially
reasons
gives
city
submitted
relocation
polling
places
federal
approval
agree
obliged
follow
course
respect
two
matters
issue
whether
congress
constitutionally
require
state
submit
changes
laws
federal
approval
cf
south
carolina
katzenbach
separate
opinion
black
voting
rights
act
purport
section
requires
submission
changes
respect
voting
seems
interpret
restriction
including
change
state
law
effect
voting
changes
type
potential
racial
discrimination
voting
ante
limitation
implied
latter
clause
prove
meaningless
practical
matter
given
change
effect
voting
set
circumstances
may
conceived
respect
almost
situation
change
bear
heavily
one
race
another
effect
therefore
requires
submission
change
effect
voting
think
plain
statutory
phrase
respect
voting
intended
limited
compass
legislative
history
voting
rights
act
examined
majority
opinion
separate
opinion
allen
state
board
elections
useful
purpose
served
retraversing
ground
covered
concluded
review
history
intended
reach
state
enactment
altered
election
law
covered
state
even
minor
way
opinions
allen
case
devoid
evidence
legislative
intent
go
beyond
state
election
law
reach
matters
annexations
affect
voting
incidentally
peripherally
fairley
patterson
decided
allen
remarks
solicitor
general
amicus
brief
case
plainly
distinguishable
basis
least
absence
contrary
administrative
interpretation
go
beyond
allen
hold
annexations
within
scope
assertion
attorney
general
fact
interpret
act
differently
seems
give
much
weight
passing
remark
assistant
attorney
general
cf
allen
state
board
elections
ii
fairley
patterson
held
change
election
districts
election
large
within
scope
question
determination
two
procedures
force
effect
november
interprets
quoted
phrase
mean
procedure
probably
followed
election
held
crucial
date
regardless
provisions
controlling
state
law
interpretation
wholly
unreasonable
find
unlikely
one
congress
preferred
thought
problem
resolution
hypothetical
factual
question
required
test
quite
inconvenient
unmanageable
attorney
general
district
district
columbia
far
scene
moreover
test
results
may
turn
seeming
fortuity
first
election
november
local
officials
forgot
controlling
statute
statewide
application
private
citizen
brought
suit
election
set
aside
barring
state
attempts
resurrect
statutes
interpret
procedure
force
effect
november
mean
procedure
required
state
law
interpretation
hold
change
election
wards
election
large
occurred
effective
date
state
statute
therefore
require
approval
iii
must
confess
somewhat
mystified
discussion
appropriate
remedy
case
reasons
set
partial
dissent
allen
direct
holding
new
elections
city
fails
obtain
approval
appropriate
federal
officials
within
reasonable
time
approval
forthcoming
see
justification
requiring
rerun
elections
see
opinion
justice
black
post
page
approval
forthcoming
fact
violation
federal
statute
interpreted
possibility
changes
discriminatory
purpose
effect
seem
require
new
elections
absence
exceptional
circumstances
foresee
event
district
entitled
guidance
score
provides
fact
attorney
general
expressed
opinion
merits
handful
border
changes
presented
rather
dismissing
within
scope
seems
entitled
little
weight
face
enormous
number
annexations
submitted
done
nothing
fiscal
year
beginning
july
municipal
annexations
south
carolina
report
secretary
state
south
carolina
none
submitted
approval
attorney
general
hearings
voting
rights
act
extension
subcommittee
house
committee
judiciary
ser
pp
georgia
session
laws
years
reveal
boundary
changes
georgia
cities
one
submitted
attorney
general
one
also
involved
redrawing
ward
lines
far
face
statute
act
march
laws
reveals
redrawing
ward
lines
may
completely
altered
political
map
city
case
hand
old
ward
lines
simply
extended
new
city
limits
assuming
statute
requires
determination
hypothetical
factual
question
thought
passed
district
first
instance
record
simply
sparse
reveal
statute
followed
whether
cause
operative
year
earlier
defendants
entitled
prevail
theory
plaintiffs
failed
come
forward
adequate
proof
procedure
force
effect
least
entitled
hearing
may
address
issue
justice
black
dissenting
south
carolina
katzenbach
upheld
voting
rights
act
legitimate
exercise
congressional
power
enforce
provisions
fifteenth
amendment
agreed
majority
congress
broad
power
fifteenth
amendment
enforce
ban
racial
discrimination
voting
however
dissented
vigorously
majority
conclusion
every
part
voting
rights
act
constitutional
fears
precipitated
dissent
katzenbach
fully
realized
case
majority
relying
katzenbach
actually
holds
city
canton
mississippi
little
town
persons
change
four
polling
places
election
aldermen
without
first
obtaining
federal
approval
section
voting
rights
act
provides
political
subdivision
subject
act
may
adopt
voting
law
election
practice
different
effect
november
without
first
going
way
washington
submit
proposed
change
attorney
general
obtain
favorable
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
stated
belief
dissents
katzenbach
allen
state
board
elections
section
voting
rights
act
violates
constitution
deprives
political
subdivisions
power
make
laws
govern
without
advance
federal
approval
constitution
founding
fathers
drafted
people
adopted
amended
believe
power
initiate
enforce
laws
easily
taken
away
case
poignantly
demonstrates
extent
federal
government
usurped
function
local
government
local
people
place
hands
district
district
columbia
attorney
general
thousand
miles
away
canton
mississippi
last
election
aldermen
city
canton
one
issue
held
procedures
used
election
used
election
four
five
alderman
elected
wards
two
wards
white
voters
majority
two
black
voters
majority
one
alderman
elected
large
city
adopted
three
changes
elections
detailed
consideration
changes
shows
pertained
solely
local
concerns
national
government
proper
interest
involve
racial
discrimination
polling
places
city
altered
four
local
polling
places
two
moved
old
polling
places
located
private
property
owners
longer
consent
use
property
voting
find
incredible
believe
congress
intended
people
canton
travel
washington
get
attorney
general
consent
rent
new
polling
places
another
polling
place
moved
old
one
sufficient
space
accommodate
voting
machines
finally
fourth
place
moved
courthouse
public
school
eliminate
interference
courtroom
proceedings
difficult
imagine
matter
peculiarly
exclusively
fit
local
determination
location
polling
places
election
town
aldermen
slightest
indication
changes
motivated
resulted
racial
discrimination
district
unanimously
agreed
undisputed
evidence
appellants
attack
changes
polling
places
merit
yet
majority
decided
city
canton
move
polling
places
without
first
submitting
proposed
change
politically
appointed
attorney
general
district
thousand
miles
away
presumably
majority
ready
hold
necessary
city
canton
change
ballots
voting
machines
without
obtaining
similar
federal
approval
dissent
utter
degradation
power
govern
affairs
boundary
extensions
majority
also
finds
canton
violated
act
making
three
separate
extensions
city
boundaries
extension
city
limits
added
negro
voters
voter
registration
rolls
annexation
added
white
voters
annexation
added
black
voters
white
voters
annexation
added
eight
black
voters
white
voters
sum
three
extensions
added
black
voters
white
voters
figures
must
viewed
relation
voting
population
city
january
white
voters
negro
voters
apparent
even
figures
included
voters
annexed
areas
additions
alter
racial
balance
voters
canton
moreover
undisputed
time
election
question
absolute
majority
voters
canton
black
finally
district
found
annexations
part
stratagem
deliberately
designed
overturn
black
majority
municipal
polls
view
constitution
prohibits
federal
government
requiring
federal
approval
state
laws
become
effective
proposals
congressional
veto
power
state
laws
made
constitutional
convention
overwhelmingly
rejected
fourteenth
amendment
alter
basic
structure
federal
system
government
fourteenth
amendment
bar
discrimination
account
race
give
federal
government
power
enforce
ban
racial
discrimination
case
congress
attempted
enforce
ban
racial
discrimination
requiring
submit
laws
practices
federal
approval
even
initiated
view
requirement
attempts
accomplish
constitutional
end
banning
racial
discrimination
means
requiring
submission
proposed
state
laws
attorney
general
violates
letter
spirit
constitution
goes
even
permits
use
unconstitutional
means
case
parties
shown
racial
discrimination
elections
congress
enacted
voting
rights
act
mississippi
passed
state
statute
requiring
cities
conduct
elections
aldermen
candidates
run
large
reason
revealed
record
city
canton
failed
comply
law
elections
aldermen
majority
holds
canton
violated
mississippi
law
elections
city
must
violate
law
future
elections
unless
officials
canton
secure
federal
permission
abide
admittedly
valid
law
state
view
congress
intend
constitution
permit
perversion
federal
system
government
majority
support
unprecedented
decision
grounds
racial
discrimination
beyond
comprehension
change
wards
election
discriminate
negroes
account
race
city
absolute
majority
negro
voters
one
vice
attempts
shortcut
federal
government
job
policing
racial
discrimination
voting
radically
curtailing
power
certain
conduct
elections
leaving
wholly
free
restraint
moreover
unnecessary
enforcement
voting
rights
act
serve
cause
irritation
pernicious
divisiveness
applies
mississippi
state
abridges
rights
citizens
account
race
proper
course
institute
suit
federal
discriminatory
practice
halted
course
proceedings
state
statute
practice
presumed
valid
attorney
general
prove
challenged
act
practice
discriminatory
discrimination
established
federal
government
power
fourteenth
amendment
supremacy
clause
interfere
state
conduct
affairs
act
attempts
reverse
proper
order
things
congress
presumes
presumption
upholds
state
statutes
regulating
voting
discriminatory
enjoins
enforcement
state
convince
distant
federal
judges
politically
appointed
officials
statute
discriminatory
permits
federal
government
suspend
effectiveness
enforcement
state
act
discrimination
proved
think
federal
government
without
power
suspend
state
statute
discrimination
proved
inevitable
effect
reversal
roles
happened
case
nondiscriminatory
state
practice
statute
voided
wholly
without
constitutional
authority
except
applied
southern
renewed
spirit
reconstruction
people
country
never
stand
perversion
separation
authority
state
federal
governments
never
new
york
california
required
come
begging
city
washington
enforce
valid
enactments
legislature
never
law
emerged
congressional
committee
applied
entire
people
jealous
local
governments
permit
bold
seizure
authority
finally
dissent
remedy
adopted
majority
adds
insult
injury
remanding
case
district
instructions
determine
whether
canton
required
hold
new
election
always
heretofore
rightly
hesitant
interfering
elections
even
grossest
abuses
majority
departs
many
precedents
restraint
election
cases
suggests
district
may
appropriate
invalidate
election
require
village
undergo
great
expense
tremendous
disruption
new
election
remand
case
inappropriate
least
two
reasons
first
majority
decision
predicated
upon
actual
discrimination
voters
city
canton
merely
upon
failure
seek
federal
approval
de
minimis
changes
election
machinery
majority
pretend
actual
discrimination
proved
case
citations
finding
civil
rights
commission
past
instances
racial
discrimination
statements
made
congressmen
supported
voting
rights
act
prove
discrimination
case
absence
affirmative
proof
racial
discrimination
believe
abuse
remedial
discretion
may
vested
federal
judiciary
compel
canton
hold
new
election
second
believe
remanding
case
brethren
neglecting
constitutional
duty
decide
issue
necessary
full
disposition
case
case
litigation
since
may
election
already
postponed
time
majority
mandate
acted
upon
district
disposed
jurisdictional
statement
inevitably
follow
canton
elections
around
corner
posture
require
new
election
remedy
constitutional
statutory
wrong
harsh
oppressive
punishment
wholly
unwarranted
facts
case
moreover
order
directing
new
election
shotgun
sanction
damaging
candidates
people
canton
useless
campaign
expenses
borne
white
black
candidates
town
property
sales
taxes
imposed
citizens
black
white
rich
poor
collect
tax
money
pay
expenses
new
election
need
remind
district
judges
elections
expensive
southern
towns
rich
convinced
majority
confront
issue
appropriate
remedy
void
election
compel
city
hold
new
election
contrary
election
upheld
alleged
violations
act
minor
clearly
technical
forget
easy
judges
order
new
elections
neither
easy
inexpensive
little
city
canton
comply
order
reasons
set
dissents
south
carolina
katzenbach
supra
allen
state
board
elections
supra
affirm
judgment
district
voting
rights
act
supp
see
debates
federal
convention
reported
james
madison
documents
illustrative
formation
union
american
chapter
laws
mississippi
provides
aldermen
shall
selected
vote
entire
electorate
municipality
municipalities
determine
select
one
alderman
four
wards
shall
select
one
candidates
alderman
particular
ward
shall
resident
said
ward
majority
vote
entire
electorate
municipality
strong
argument
made
statute
procedure
respect
voting
force
effect
november
case
officials
canton
prohibited
voting
rights
act
enforcing
absent
federal
approval
section
act
enforcement
reminiscent
treatment
accorded
colonies
british
king
colonies
complaints
july
refused
assent
laws
wholesome
necessary
public
good
forbidden
governors
pass
laws
immediate
pressing
importance
unless
suspended
operation
till
assent
obtained
suspended
utterly
neglected
attend
refused
pass
laws
accommodation
large
districts
people
unless
people
relinquish
right
representation
legislature
right
inestimable
formidable
tyrants
called
together
legislative
bodies
places
unusual
uncomfortable
distant
depository
public
records
sole
purpose
fatiguing
compliance
measures
declaration
independence
july
brothers
chief
justice
justice
blackmun
stated
iven
decision
allen
state
board
elections
join
judgment
case
admit
precisely
understand
mean
given
allen
neither
chief
justice
justice
blackmun
member
allen
decided
certainly
bound
past
mistakes
think
allen
mistake
yet
understand
given
allen
necessarily
means
agree
decided
case
believe
allen
wrongly
decided
overrule
moreover
believe
acceptance
decision
allen
necessitates
compelling
city
canton
seek
attorney
general
consent
either
changes
local
polling
places
changes
issue
case