asarco kadish argued february decided may among things new enabling act granted arizona certain lands excluding mineral lands trust support public schools provided granted lands sold leased except upon compliance certain conditions regarding advertising bidding appraisal arizona incorporated conditions article constitution held original mineral land exclusion inapplicable lands known mineral time grant wyoming congress passed jones act extending terms original grant encompass mineral lands enabling act also amended clarify procedures leasing granted lands specific purposes latter amendment expressly extinguished restrictions leases granted lands development hydrocarbon substances arizona law governing mineral leases state lands require lands advertised appraised leased full appraised value rev stat ann respondents individual taxpayers state teachers association brought suit state land department others seeking declaration void ground comply provisions arizona constitution requesting appropriate injunctive relief petitioners mineral lessees state school lands intervened defendants trial upheld statute state reversed ruling unconstitutional invalid pertains nonhydrocarbon mineral leases remanded case trial inter alia enter judgment declaring invalid consider relief might appropriate held judgment affirmed affirmed justice kennedy delivered opinion respect parts iii iv concluding jurisdiction review decision pp arizona issued final judgment within meaning despite fact remanded case trial determine appropriate relief remand trial federal question whether past current leases valid since respondents appeal withdrew request accounting payment sums due past leases addition trial actions affect state ruling invalid thus judgment comes within two exceptions finality requirement set cox broadcasting cohn federal issue conclusive outcome proceedings federal questions come adjudicated state remaining issues give rise federal question pp state issued judgment interpreting federal law case plaintiffs original action lacked standing sue principles governing federal courts may exercise jurisdiction certiorari judgment causes direct specific concrete injury parties petition review long requisites article iii case controversy also met petitioners possess standing invoke authority since alleged decision poses serious immediate threat leases continuing validity injury traced state erroneous interpretation federal statutes injury redressed favorable decision moreover requisites case controversy met since parties remain adverse judgment altered tangible legal rights inappropriate vacate judgment ground respondents lacked federal standing brought suit initially remand appropriate proceedings since course render nugatory state proceedings effect imposing federal standing requirements state courts whenever adjudicate federal law issues whereas established traditions decisions recognize state courts bound article iii yet within power proper role render binding judgments issues subject review also inappropriate simply order dismissal leaving petitioners free bring declaratory judgment action federal raising claims since disposition likely defeat normal preclusive effects state judgment ground conclusions federal law subject federal review course also represent unnecessary partial inroad doctrine construction barring direct review lower federal courts decision reached highest state district columbia appeals feldman rooker fidelity trust particularly since petitioners already presented case controversy justiciable federal standards pp decision based adequate independent state ground defeat review federal issue although state opinion mentioned state constitution several times directed trial declare unconstitutional discussion focused solely federal statutes without ever mentioning state constitution apart enabling act moreover state explicitly considered bound decisions adopt plaintiffs construction described article state constitution simply rescript enabling act thus opinion references state constitution merely reflect holding rests state interpretation federal law divorce state constitutional issue questions pp section invalid nonhydrocarbon mineral leases since sale lease mineral lands granted arizona federal statutes must substantially conform mandatory requirements set enabling act pp grant lands enabling act conditioned statute clear express language upon specific requirements leasing selling lands petitioners reliance neel barker proposition since mineral lands originally exempt grant enabling act provisions apply lands later determined mineral nature flawed two respects first neel take account decision wyoming supra unknown mineral lands within grant second since lands within grant regarded unburdened mandatory conditions pp lands granted jones act also subject enabling act conditions read act language declares grant mineral lands thereunder shall effect prior grants nonmineral lands assuring title lands passed vested manner validity titles enabling act render language redundant since statute subsequently directly addresses vesting titles instead language achieved congress objective extending grant mineral lands confirming title similarly though mineral lands may sold rights mine remove minerals may leased state legislature may direct blanket authority lease minerals whatever terms wish long leases proceeds go schools rather authorizes regulate methods mineral leases made specify necessary desirable additional terms long leases comply enabling act dispositional requirements pp amendments enabling act confirm congress never removed original conditions contained act amendments congress reiterated formulation lands leased certain purposes state legislature may direct may prescribe amendment alter application lands amendment expressly extinguished restrictions hydrocarbon leases mineral leases tends confirm original restrictions remain force nonhydrocarbon leases pp justice kennedy joined chief justice justice stevens justice scalia concluded part suit dismissed outset federal rules apply since neither respondent taxpayers respondent teachers association original plaintiffs satisfied requirements bringing suit federal respondent taxpayers assertion deprived school trust funds millions dollars thereby resulting unnecessarily higher taxes respondent association allegations section imposes adverse economic impact members teachers special interest quality education state assert kind particular direct concrete personal injury necessary confer standing sue federal courts pp justice brennan joined justice white justice marshall justice blackmun agreeing question whether plaintiffs article iii standing irrelevant defendants invoke federal courts authority concluded unnecessary reach question standing plaintiffs pp daniel gribbon argued cause petitioners briefs william allen elizabeth foote burton apker howard twitty david baron argued cause respondents brief kevin lanigan christopher wright argued cause amicus curiae urging affirmance brief solicitor general fried assistant attorney general marzulla deputy solicitor general wallace robert klarquist carol williams briefs amici curiae urging reversal filed clinton campbell contractor phoenix brick yard calvin udall nancy rowen alaska miners association et al ronald zumbrun robin rivett brief amici curiae filed state california et al john van de kamp attorney general california jan stevens supervising deputy attorney general mary holt deputy attorney general joined attorneys general respective follows jim jones idaho marc racicot montana hubert humphrey iii minnesota hal stratton new mexico nicholas spaeth north dakota robert henry oklahoma roger tellinghuisen south dakota paul van dam utah kenneth eikenberry washington joseph meyer wyoming justice kennedy delivered opinion except part ultimate question decision whether arizona statute governing mineral leases state lands void conform federal laws originally granted lands arizona first however difficult question jurisdiction matter touches essential aspects proper relation state federal courts various individual taxpayers arizona education association represents approximately public schoolteachers throughout state brought suit arizona state seeking declaration state statute governing mineral leases state lands rev stat ann supp void also seeking appropriate injunctive relief state statute challenged ground comply methods congress required state follow lease sell lands granted new enabling act stat repeated arizona constitution suit brought arizona land department others asarco incorporated current mineral lessees state school lands permitted intervene defendants eventually trial certified case defendant class action arizona rule civil procedure defendant class consisted present future mineral lessees state lands trial upheld statute summary judgment respondents original plaintiffs appealed arizona reversed dissent one justice ruling statute unconstitutional invalid pertains nonhydrocarbon mineral leases kadish arizona state land remanded case trial instructions enter summary judgment respondents enter judgment declaring invalid consider relief might appropriate various mineral lessees filed petition certiorari granted review ii may undertake consider whether state legislation authorizing leases valid federal law must rule whether jurisdiction case parties amici raise three jurisdictional issues substance required course raise matters initiative necessary legitimate exercise judicial power confined statutes article iii constitution issues first whether judgment final second whether standing actual case controversy permits decision federal third whether decision unreviewable rests adequate independent state ground first jurisdictional question whether arizona issued final judgment case granted plaintiffs declaratory judgment state law governing mineral leases invalid remanded case trial determine relief appropriate amicus asserts validity existing leases remains issue trial may yet decide uphold leases ground made true value thus substantial conformity provisions enabling act stat even though leasing procedures comply every specific requirement act brief amicus curiae hereafter brief assertion correct judgment yet final within meaning lack jurisdiction case correct respondents originally sought declaratory judgment state law invalid injunction leases accounting payment sums due past leases withdrew last request appeal arizona see brief appellant kadish arizona state land thus remand trial federal question whether past current leases valid made substantial conformity terms enabling act course trial actions affect arizona ruling invalid accordingly judgment comes within two exceptions finality requirement set cox broadcasting cohn federal issue conclusive outcome proceedings see also duquesne light barasch addition federal questions come adjudicated state remaining issues contrary suggestion give rise federal question cox supra quoting radio station wow johnson second jurisdictional issue theoretical import though infrequent occurrence question whether federal standards case nonjusticiable outset original plaintiffs lacked standing sue whether may examine justiciability stage arizona courts heard case proceeded judgment judgment causes concrete injury parties seek first time invoke authority federal courts case contends case dismissed lack standing since neither respondent taxpayers respondent teachers association original plaintiffs satisfied requirements bringing suit federal outset essence question standing whether litigant entitled decide merits dispute particular issues warth seldin although standing outer dimensions prudential concept shaped decisions courts matter sound judicial policy subject control congress core becomes constitutional question standing basic aspect one controlling elements definition case controversy article iii see valley forge christian college americans separation church state brennan dissenting standing respondents filed suit federal trial level may resolved applying principles federal law question whether taxpayers citizens sufficient personal stake challenge laws general application injury distinct suffered general taxpayers citizens covers old familiar ground ordinary matter suits premised federal taxpayer status cognizable federal courts taxpayer interest moneys treasury shared millions others comparatively minute indeterminable effect upon future taxation payments funds remote fluctuating uncertain basis afforded judicial intervention frothingham mellon decided massachusetts mellon indicated conclusion may hold municipal taxpayers shown peculiar relation corporate taxpayer municipal corporation makes taxpayer interest application municipal revenues direct immediate frothingham supra citing crampton zabriskie yet likened state taxpayers federal taxpayers thus refused confer standing upon state taxpayer absent showing direct injury pecuniary otherwise doremus board education hawthorne showing made case respondent taxpayers allege special circumstances exceptions confer standing upon instead simply asserted arizona statute governing mineral leases deprived school trust funds millions dollars thereby resulting unnecessarily higher taxes complaint iii even first part assertion correct however pure speculation whether lawsuit result actual tax relief respondents prevail conceivable money might devoted education since education arizona financed solely school trust fund tr oral arg state might reduce supplement general funds provide programs possibility taxpayers receive direct pecuniary relief lawsuit remote fluctuating uncertain stated frothingham supra consequently claimed injury likely redressed favorable decision valley forge supra flaw defeats claim teachers association standing bring suit originally federal association members contend state law imposes adverse economic impact complaint iv yet even invalidation state law create increased revenue school trust funds near future issue much disputed allegations economic harm rest hypothetical assumptions taxpayer claims respondents prevailed increased revenues state leases available maybe taxes reduced maybe state reduce support sources money available schools unchanged even state devote money schools follow increase teacher salaries benefits policy decisions might made different ways governing officials depending perceptions wise state fiscal policy myriad circumstances whether association claims economic injury redressed favorable decision case depends unfettered choices made independent actors courts whose exercise broad legitimate discretion courts presume either control predict much less confidence concluding relief likely follow favorable decision cases like allen wright simon eastern kentucky welfare rights organization standing found lacking probable response private individuals explicit tax incentives judged uncertain satisfy redressability prong federal standing requirements petitioners also argue likelihood redressable injury increased recognized claims taxpayers teachers association rest upon independent contingencies implication cumulate probabilities event plaintiffs prevail either taxpayers receiving direct relief increased revenues teachers receiving indirect economic benefit higher funding schools reply brief petitioners line reasoning evokes two responses first avoid fundamental problem courts unable evaluate assurance likelihood decisions made certain way officials acting within broad legitimate discretion second doctrine standing sue kind gaming device surmounted merely aggregating allegations different kinds plaintiffs may claims remote speculative taken instead basic inquiry party seeking invoke authority federal courts warth supra whether party alleges personal injury fairly traceable challenged conduct likely redressed requested relief valley forge allegations economic injury put one side claims made taxpayers teachers association reduce something like association contention state law undermines quality education arizona complaint iv say certainty contention even likely correct claims raised moreover kind generalized grievances brought concerned citizens consistently held cognizable federal courts see los angeles lyons valley forge supra sierra club morton see also schlesinger reservists comm stop war richardson precedents demonstrate party may establish standing raising claims noneconomic injury see gladstone realtors village bellwood trafficante metropolitan life ins claims injury purely abstract even might understood lead psychological consequence presumably produced observation conduct one disagrees valley forge supra provide kind particular direct concrete injury necessary confer standing sue federal courts although members teachers association might argue special interest quality education arizona special interest alone confer federal standing cf sierra club supra argument succeed distinguishing members regard students parents various citizens review discloses basis find respondents satisfy requirements federal standing articulated precedents follows suit dismissed outset federal rule apply state judiciary chose different path right took account federal standing rules letting case go final judgment arizona courts result properly follows allocation authority federal system recognized often constraints article iii apply state courts accordingly state courts bound limitations case controversy federal rules justiciability even address issues federal law called upon interpret constitution case federal statute see pennell san jose lyons supra doremus secretary state md munson stevens concurring bateman arizona rehnquist chambers cf highland farms dairy agnew although state courts bound adhere federal standing requirements possess authority absent provision exclusive federal jurisdiction render binding judicial decisions rest interpretations federal law see grubb public utilities ohio indeed inferior federal courts required exist article iii supremacy clause explicitly judges every state shall bound federal law art vi cl question arises whether judgment rendered state courts circumstances support jurisdiction review case juncture petitioners allege specific injury stemming decree decree rests principles federal law petitioners insist result judgment case taken definite shape defined specific legal obligation one causes direct injury agree although respondents standing commence suit federal based allegations complaint party attempting invoke federal judicial power instead petitioners defendants case losing parties bring case thus seek entry federal courts first time lawsuit determine petitioners standing invoke authority federal dispute presents justiciable case controversy resolution petitioners hold mineral leases granted state law arizona invalidated although accounting sums due leases remains issue particular case undisputed decision reviewed poses serious immediate threat continuing validity leases virtue holding granted improper procedures invalid law state proceedings ended declaratory judgment adverse petitioners adjudication legal rights constitutes kind injury cognizable review state courts see nashville wallace petitioners faced actual threatened injury sufficiently distinct palpable support standing invoke authority federal warth petitioners contend us arizona decision rests erroneous interpretation federal statutes claim declaratory judgment sought secured respondents along relief may flow ruling invalid federal law agree petitioners reversal decision remove disabling effects upon circumstances conclude petitioners meet prong constitutional standing requirements parties first invoking authority federal courts shown personally ha suffered actual threatened injury result putatively illegal conduct party injury fairly traced challenged action likely redressed favorable decision valley forge citations omitted addition petitioners standing invoke authority affected prudential limitations identified prior cases indeed appears recognize force points see brief light decision petitioners may standing invoke authority federal also conclude record shows existence genuine case controversy essential exercise jurisdiction tileston ullman parties remain adverse valuable legal rights directly affected specific substantial degree decision question law wallace confronted certainly parties attempting secure abstract determination validity statute decision advising law uncertain hypothetical state facts might case example petitioners seeking review advisory opinion rendered specific mechanisms obtaining hypothetical ruling state state official proceedings judicial nature resulted final judgment altering tangible legal rights proceeding constitutes cognizable case controversy cf summers although petitioners satisfy requirements federal standing present actual case controversy decision contends showing insufficient support jurisdiction government suggests appropriate order dismissal petitioners free bring declaratory judgment action federal raising claims brief petitioners counter finds review judgment merits proper course vacate judgment remand appropriate proceedings tr oral arg done least occasions case becomes moot pending review state see defunis odegaard neither disposition appropriate vacate judgment ground respondents lacked federal standing brought suit initially disposition render nugatory entire proceedings state courts clear effect impose federal standing requirements state courts whenever adjudicate issues federal law judgments conclusive parties result however contrary established traditions prior decisions recognizing state courts bound article iii yet within power proper role render binding judgments issues federal law subject review addition doubt proper exercise authority vacate state judgment circumstances unacceptable paradox exercise jurisdiction confirm lack interfere state sovereign power vacating judgment rendered within proper authority case one committed exclusive jurisdiction federal courts authority grant writ announce solely may review case state lacked power decide first instance merely dismiss case leave judgment undisturbed different set problems ensue although judgment state issues federal law normally binds parties future suit even suit brought separately federal occasionally cautioned judgment may well bind parties state conclusions federal law subject federal review see doremus accept basis conclusive disposition issue federal law without review procedure constitute case controversy minnesota national tea responsible assuring state courts final arbiters important issues federal constitution fidelity nat bank trust kansas city swope proceeding state res judicata constitutional rights asserted might asserted proceeding eventually reviewed predominant interest promoted apparent exception normal preclusion doctrines assure binding application federal law uniform ultimately subject control see richardson ramirez may review declaratory judgment granted state conclusion unnecessarily permit state last resort quite contrary intention congress enacting invalidate state legislation federal constitutional grounds without possibility state officials adversely affected decision seeking review given likelihood dismissal case defeat normal preclusive effects state judgment however effect impose federal standing requirements state sought render binding decision issues federal law also denigrate authority state courts creating peculiar anomaly normal channels appellate review doctrine interprets ordinarily barring direct review lower federal courts decision reached highest state authority vested solely district columbia appeals feldman atlantic coast line locomotive engineers rooker fidelity trust urges proper course petitioners sue federal trial order readjudicate issues determined proceedings brief action essence attempt obtain direct review arizona decision lower federal courts represent partial inroad construction reasons believe inappropriate dismiss case stage disposition come cost much disrespect proceedings judgments also require petitioners commence new action federal vindicate rights federal law even though right present us case controversy justiciable federal standards cf wallace justiciable controversy less modified procedure appellant permitted present state courts instead adopt following rationale decision jurisdictional point state issued judgment case plaintiffs original action standing sue principles governing federal courts may exercise jurisdiction certiorari judgment state causes direct specific concrete injury parties petition review requisites case controversy also met unmindful paradox result respondents plaintiffs prevail merits succeeded obtaining federal determination unavailable action filed initially federal nonetheless although federal standing often turns nature source claim asserted way depends merits claim warth rule adopt necessary deference response petitioning parties seek forum redress real current injury stemming application federal law therefore conclude may properly decide case petitioners meet requirements federal standing valley forge parties first invoking authority federal courts case actual case controversy jurisdictional bar review circumstances already granted review believe proper course dismiss case vacate judgment undertake review federal issues merits last threshold procedural issue concerns possibility decision rested adequate independent state ground defeat review federal issues see fox film muller state mentioned state constitution several times opinion otherwise relied exclusively federal law including extended discussion applicable federal statutes legislative histories conclusion however arizona directed trial enter judgment declaring unconstitutional invalid pertains nonhydrocarbon mineral leases conclude opinion based adequate independent state ground discussion focuses solely federal statutes state constitution never mentioned apart enabling act arizona explicitly considered bound adopt construction advanced plaintiffs based prior decisions described article arizona constitution simply rescript enabling act light description references arizona constitution simply reflect holding rests state interpretation federal law although arizona free rest holding state constitution independent ground decision divorce state constitutional issue questions federal law see enterprise irrigation dist canal see also enabling act fundamental paramount law arizona quoting murphy state sum lack jurisdiction review decision iii issue merits whether arizona may lease mineral lands granted without meeting specific requirements imposed federal statute begin detailed review statutes question congress passed new enabling act stat authorized people territories form state governments among provisions enabling act granted arizona certain lands within every township support public schools congress provided however new state hold granted lands trust subject specific conditions set act stat conditions granted lands sold leased except highest bidder public auction following notice advertisements two newspapers weekly weeks leases term five years less exempt advertising requirement lands sold leased less values set appraisal required statute proceeds derived lands go permanent segregated fund interest principal spent support public schools arizona incorporated restrictions proposed constitution ariz art admitted union grant lands enabling act specifically excluded mineral lands stat gave rise uncertainty known unknown mineral lands lands minerals discovered grant two subsequent decisions held exclusion applied lands known mineral time grant unknown mineral lands granted act wyoming sweet holdings turn spawned numerous disputes whether lands known mineral time granted federal government see work braffet title lands many western doubt issue became difficult prove years passed accordingly congress passed jones act stat brief statute extended terms original grant lands western encompass mineral lands well congress also amended enabling act twice time clarify procedures leasing granted lands specific purposes see act june ch stat act june stat arizona law governing leasing state mineral lands enacted requires every lease provide payment state lessee royalty five per cent net value minerals produced claim rev stat ann supp require lands advertised appraised leased require lands leased full appraised value lands question granted arizona either terms enabling act jones act grant lands enabling act conditioned statute clear language upon specified requirements leasing selling lands act declares lands hereby granted shall said state held trust disposed whole part manner herein provided natural products money proceeds said lands shall subject trusts lands producing stat emphasis added disposition said lands money thing value directly indirectly derived therefrom manner contrary provisions act shall deemed breach trust disposition expressly stated null void unless made substantial conformity provisions act ibid requirements set forth act apply lands leaseholds timber products land ibid petitioners cite neel barker standing proposition mineral lands originally exempted congress grant made enabling act provisions sale lease granted lands apply lands later determined mineral nature proposition never tested federal flawed two respects first wyoming supra decided year mentioned discussed neel held unknown mineral lands within grant made congress second since lands granted authority enabling act regarded unburdened mandatory conditions consequence new mexico erred concluding congress intend grant state mineral lands follows state controlled restricted said act regard leasing said lands mineral purposes lands granted act granted subject conditions lands granted jones act subject conditions brief enactment passed address continuing problems associated dual regime adjudication title lands depend whether known mineral time federal government granted indeed formal title act confirming territories title lands granted aid common public schools stat jones act resolved problem dual regime simply extend ing prior grants lands embrace numbered school sections mineral character stat statute explicitly stated grant numbered mineral sections act shall effect prior grants numbered sections stat emphasis added petitioners make two points proper reading statute first argue effect language intended assure title lands passed vested manner validity title lands granted enabling act said nothing conditions upon lands granted second argue language jones act granted broad authority lease mineral deposits newly granted lands state state legislature may direct proceeds rentals royalties therefrom utilized support aid common public schools stat according petitioners therefore jones act impose restrictions mineral lands enabling act contrary explicitly repudiated restrictions newly granted lands agree reading jones act first suggested interpretation effect language render language redundant statute continues immediately additional clause directly addresses vest ing titles numbered mineral sections stat instead believe effect language independent meaning achieved congress stated objective extend ing grants encompass mineral lands onfirming title lands stat second language undermine conclusion jones act extended coverage enabling act express restrictions well grant lands section says though mineral lands may sold rights mine remove minerals reserved state may leased leases may undertaken state legislature may direct petitioners read containing sole dispositional restrictions newly granted lands read latter passage blanket authority lease minerals whatever terms wish set long proceeds leases go schools interpretation suffers several defects begin offer comprehensive understanding statutory regime section contains dispositional restrictions sale lease newly granted lands except provision mineral rights lands reserved state effect language extend dispositional restrictions enabling act lands granted jones act lands subject dispositional restrictions though mineral rights reserved inconsistent view lands granted jones act part school trust similarly state legislature may direct language blanket authority petitioners contend allow minerals leased little royalty thus leave room abuses establishment school trust designed prevent perhaps fundamental defect interpretation urged petitioners largely perpetuate dual regime congress sought eliminate enacting jones act interpretation restrictions enabling act continue apply unknown mineral lands apply known mineral lands result example leases involved case might proper jones act others improper enabling act critical difference rest determination made future point whether lands known mineral surely resolution congress intended passed statute neither sensible appealing one addition state legislature may direct language inconsistent express restrictions set forth enabling act given preceding restrictions sale minerals congress may thought necessary emphasize leases subject novel limitations instead retained authority given conditional grants made enabling act thus agree language properly viewed authorizing regulate methods mineral leases made specify additional terms leases thought necessary desirable long leases comply dispositional requirements set forth enabling act see language dispense restrictions sides place great deal emphasis later amendments enabling act occurred think language original grants lands arizona decisive basis decision subsequent amendments best illustrative later congress read original terms statute congress instance grant lands state certain specific conditions later conditions met lands vested succeed upsetting settled expectations belated effort render conditions onerous congress relax conditions upon lands granted previously course see nothing later amendments suggest done instead later amendments wholly consistent view congress granted lands subject conditions discussed previously never removed conditions amendments congress reiterated formulation lands leased certain purposes state legislature may direct act june ch stat may prescribe act june stat former amendment alter application lands products land remained passage directly followed state legislature may direct language latter amendment altered application manner tends confirm interpretation adopted expressly extinguished advertising bidding appraisal restrictions upon leases lands exploration development production oil gas hydrocarbon substances stat though upon leases purposes mineral leases thus subsequent history statutes extent indicates anything significance merely confirms original restrictions upon sale lease mineral lands contained enabling act jones act remain undiminished force iv concern integrity conditions imposed enabling act long evident alamo land cattle arizona conclude sale lease mineral lands granted state arizona federal statutes must substantially conform mandatory requirements set enabling act correct declaring rev stat ann supp invalid nonhydrocarbon mineral leases judgment arizona affirmed footnotes none precedents cited parties none found squarely point secretary state md joseph munson original defendant brought appeal defend constitutionality state statute declared unconstitutional state began evaluating standing original plaintiffs found meet requirements federal standing obviated inquiry true case revere massachusetts general hospital found original plaintiff met requirements imposed article iii refused invoke prudential limitation jus tertii least part avoid question leaving intact state judgment favor original plaintiff purportedly improper representative third party constitutional rights doremus board education hawthorne appeal brought state losing taxpayer plaintiff dismissed instance party seeking invoke authority federal courts found lack standing true taxpayer plaintiffs case well yet petitioners injured parties seek invoke authority meet federal standing requirements one possible distinction mineral leases leases lands purposes mineral rights difficult appraise might make enabling act provisions less helpful setting recognized long ago rights subject valuation condemnation proceedings whatever difficulties may making appraisals complete accuracy defeat existence market value mineral rights suffice reason depart ordinary requirements law imposes transactions montana warren reading jones act adopt may still traces dual regime though minimized example might argued right prospect mine remove minerals unknown mineral lands sold whereas rights known mineral lands since jones act prohibition regard limited lands additional grant made act stat need decide case however whether reading statute fair necessary wake enactment jones act experience new mexico instructive contemporaneous reading statute concerned act undermined whatever basis might decision neel barker new mexico government immediately petitioned congress authorize state plebiscite codify holding law response congress passed joint resolution effect joint resolution ch stat language resolution explicitly permitted new mexico waive advertising appraisal bidding requirements mineral leases explicit language conspicuously absent jones act decision lassen arizona highway bearing issues raised case lassen held arizona obliged follow enabling act specific requirements condemned land use highway program seeing need read act impose restrictions transfers abuses intended prevent likely occur trust may another effective fashion assured full compensation unlike public condemnation proceedings however private sales leases issue precisely kinds transactions addressed federal statutes ibid justice brennan justice white justice marshall justice blackmun join concurring part concurring judgment join part opinion disagree view expressed justice kennedy opinion plaintiffs particularly arizona education association standing also decision reach issue holds part question whether plaintiffs article iii standing irrelevant defendants invoke authority federal courts discussion standing question part therefore unnecessary chief justice rehnquist justice scalia joins concurring part dissenting part join part opinion also agree justice kennedy conclusion part respondents plaintiffs failed show sort injury fact necessary satisfy article iii standing requirements ante requirement tends assure legal questions presented resolved rarified atmosphere debating society concrete factual context conducive realistic appreciation consequences judicial action valley forge christian college americans separation church state absence standing disposes case requires dismissal appeal doremus board education hawthorne doremus dismissed appeal state taxpayers lacked standing says although doremus case good law plaintiffs lack standing lost state merits federal claim good law plaintiffs prevailed merits federal question state courts fact rule application necessarily mean wrong least require persuasive justification persuasive one provides opinion justifies result reaches saying judgment adverse petitioners form injury supplies article iii standing difficulty explanation petitioners mineral lessees defendants courts always able show judgment adverse position injure real sense defect proceedings far article iii standing concerned proceedings threaten injure petitioners operation enforcement challenged statute injure subsequent proceedings state obviously cured defect one course analogize proceedings certiorari commencement might called federal phase lawsuit say purpose petitioners like plaintiff filing suit federal district therefore petitioners standing respondents concern us stage litigation certainly mootness cases following munsingwear indicate judgment entered lower federal longer present effect parties review case direct vacation judgment lower courts present effect judgment parties may necessary condition continuing federal jurisdiction believe inevitably sufficient condition opinion makes much fact record shows existence genuine case controversy ante hese parties remain adverse ibid case law limiting federal standing depend conclusion parties adverse genuine case controversy lay sense terms see warth seldin valley forge christian college americans separation church state supra defunis odegaard linda richard cases parties emphatically adverse one another vigorously contended one another decided one suggested cases trumped friendly suits shortcoming failure plaintiffs establish actual injury result governmental action sought challenge federal grounds considered cases merits required us decide questions presented rarified atmosphere debating society plaintiffs simply generalized grievance governmental action claimed prohibited federal statute constitution really present case concerned fact applies doremus sauce goose well gander state courts remain free decide important questions federal statutory constitutional law without possibility review true think rather unremarkable proposition state courts render advisory decisions federal law binding force even within state see mass art lxxxv amending massachusetts constitution provide branch legislature well governor council shall authority require opinions justices judicial upon important questions law upon solemn occasions mich art either house legislature governor may request opinion important questions law upon solemn occasions constitutionality legislation enacted law effective date instance interpretation federal law may affect governance state thereby make people better worse yet none decisions federal law reviewable federal see reason fear dismissal present appeal lead legal landscape longer opportunity review many important decisions questions federal law therefore see reason bend article iii jurisprudence shape avoid largely imaginary problem