dept air force rose argued october decided april air force academy honor code administered cadet committee cadets pledge lie steal cheat tolerate among number anyone cadet investigatory team finds hearing honor board concerning suspected violation warranted accused may call witnesses cadet observers attend board consisting eight members may adjudge guilt unanimous vote may least six members concur grant guilty cadet discretion returns squadron good standing cadet found guilty without discretion may resign request hearing board officers trial honor board hearing confidential committee prepares summary posted squadron bulletin boards distributed among academy faculty officials discretion cases names deleted guilty cases names deleted posting deferred cadet left academy ethics code violations less serious breaches handled informally though similarly confidential basis respondents present former student law review editors researching article denied access case summaries honors ethics hearings identifying data deleted brought suit compel disclosure freedom information act foia department air force certain academy officers hereinafter collectively agency district without camera inspection granted agency motion summary judgment ground summaries matters related solely internal personnel rules practices agency thus exempted mandatory disclosure exemption foia appeals reversed holding exemption inapplicable agency made contention district rejected case summaries fell within exemption constituting personnel medical files similar files disclosure constitute clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy appeals disagreeing district approach hold agency without prior inspection turn summaries respondents proper names removed exemption covered part summaries held agency maintained statutory burden district sustaining action means affidavits testimony inquiry required agency produce summaries camera inspection cooperating district redacting records delete personal references identifying information held limited statutory exemptions obscure basic policy disclosure secrecy dominant legislative objective foia pp exemption generally apply matters summaries involved genuine important public interest pp phrasing exemption reflected congressional dissatisfaction internal management exemption former administrative procedure act generally designed senate report made clear delineate one hand trivial matters substantial matters public might legitimate interest pp public substantial concern academy administration discipline procedures affect training air force officers military careers pp exemption create blanket exemption personnel files respect files similar files congress enunciated policy judicially enforced involving balancing public private interests regardless whether documents whose disclosure sought personnel similar files nondisclosure sanctioned unless showing clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy redaction documents permit disclosure nonexempt portions appropriate exemption pp even personnel files considered wholly exempt disclosure exemption without regard whether disclosure constitute clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy case summaries category although constituted similar files relating discipline cadets disclosure implicating similar privacy values pp appeals err ordering agency produce case summaries district camera examination procedure represents workable compromise individual rights preservation public rights overnment information statutory goal exemption pp limitation exemption cases clearly unwarranted invasions privacy indicates congress intend matter exempted disclosure merely guaranteed disclosure trigger recollection identity person whatever congress vested courts responsibility determining de novo whether exemption properly invoked pp respondents request access summaries personal references identifying information deleted respected confidentiality interests embodied exemption comported academy tradition confidentiality pp brennan delivered opinion stewart white marshall powell joined burger post blackmun post rehnquist post filed dissenting opinions stevens took part consideration decision case deputy solicitor general friedman argued cause petitioners briefs solicitor general bork assistant attorney general lee acting assistant attorney general jaffe allan abbot tuttle leonard schaitman donald etra barrington parker argued cause respondents brief melvin wulf john shattuck justice brennan delivered opinion respondents student editors former student editors new york university law review researching disciplinary systems procedures military service academies article law review denied access petitioners case summaries honor ethics hearings personal references identifying information deleted maintained air force academy honor ethics code reading files although academy practice post copies summaries squadron bulletin boards throughout academy distribute copies academy faculty administration officials thereupon respondents brought action freedom information act amended ed supp district southern district new york petitioners department air force air force officers supervise cadets air force academy hereinafter collectively agency district granted petitioner agency motion summary judgment without first requiring production case summaries inspection holding unreported opinion case summaries even deletions personal references identifying information matters related solely internal personnel rules practices agency exempted mandatory disclosure statute appeals second circuit reversed holding exempt case summaries mandatory disclosure agency argued alternatively however case summaries constituted personnel medical files similar files disclosure constitute clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy exempted mandatory disclosure district held exemption inapplicable case summaries concluded disclosure summaries without names identifying information subject former cadet public identification stigma possibility identification another former cadet context academy practice distribution official posting summaries constitute invasion personal privacy proscribed pet cert appeals disagreed approach stating ignores certain practical realities militated conclusion agency internal dissemination summaries lessens concerned cadets right privacy embodied exemption six refused hold one hand either agency must without prior inspection turn summaries respondents proper names removed hand exemption six covers part summaries issue rather appeals held agency carried burden district imposed act sustain ing action means affidavits testimony inquiry required agency must produce summaries camera inspection cooperate judge redacting records delete personal references identifying information think highly likely combined skills agency applied summaries yield edited documents sufficient purpose sought sufficient well safeguard affected persons legitimate claims privacy ibid footnotes omitted district made factual findings respecting administration honor ethics codes academy see pet cert nn honor code enrolled cadets pledge lie steal cheat tolerate among us anyone honor code administered honor committee composed academy cadets suspected violations code referred chairman honor committee appoints investigatory team advice legal adviser evaluates facts determines whether hearing honor board eight cadets warranted team finds hearing warranted case closed finds hearing accused cadet may call witnesses testify behalf cadet squadron may ordinarily send two cadets observe board may return guilty finding upon unanimous vote verdict guilty certain circumstances board may grant guilty cadet discretion vote six eight members required verdict guilty discretion equivalent finding cadet returned cadet squadron good standing verdict guilty without discretion results one three alternative dispositions cadet may resign academy request hearing board officers request trial announcement verdict honor committee chairman reminds cadets present hearing matters discussed hearing confidential discussed outside room anyone honor representative case summary consisting brief statement usually one page significant facts prepared committee said copies summaries posted squadron bulletin boards throughout academy distributed among academy faculty administration officials cadets instructed read summaries unless need beyond mere curiosity know contents reading files covered notice official use case summaries discretion cases circulated names deleted guilty cases guilty cadet name deleted summary posting bulletin boards deferred guilty cadet left academy ethics code violations breaches conduct less serious honor code violations administration ethics code cases generally less structured though similar many instances ethics cases handled informally cadet squadron commander squadron ethics representative individual concerned cases necessarily written complete file maintained case written summary placed back honor code reading files determined value cadet population distribution ethics code summaries substantially honor code summaries confidentiality maintained academy custom practice ii discussion may conveniently begin emphasizing basic thrust freedom information act ed supp canvassed subject length three years ago epa mink need briefly review history act revises public disclosure section administrative procedure act revision deemed necessary section generally recognized falling far short disclosure goals came looked upon withholding statute disclosure statute mink supra congress therefore structured revision whose basic purpose reflected general philosophy full agency disclosure unless information exempted clearly delineated statutory language hereinafter make crystal clear congressional objective words appeals pierce veil administrative secrecy open agency action light public scrutiny congress provided nothing act read authorize withholding information limit availability records public except specifically stated consistently objective act repeatedly official information shall made available public public inspection mink supra however exemptions compelled disclosure nine number set forth limited exemptions obscure basic policy disclosure secrecy dominant objective act exemptions explicitly made exclusive mink supra must narrowly construed vaughn rosen app app soucie david app sum said mink supra without question act broadly conceived seeks permit access official information long shielded unnecessarily public view attempts create judicially enforceable public right secure information possibly unwilling official hands subsection part scheme represents congressional determination types information executive branch must option keep confidential chooses senate committee explained easy task balance opposing interests impossible one either success lies providing workable formula encompasses balances protects interests yet places emphasis fullest responsible disclosure iii phrasing exemption traceable congressional dissatisfaction exemption disclosure former administrative procedure act matter relating solely internal management agency sweep wording led withholding agencies disclosure matter rang ing important insignificant hereinafter earlier effort minimizing sweep introduced congress applied internal management exemption matters required published federal register agency orders records exempted public disclosure information related solely internal personnel rules practices agency distinction highlighted senate report reference latter tightly drawn exempting language final action taken congress senate passed bill reached house late action renegotiation board bannercraft clothing bill introduced senate became law dropped internal management exemption matters required published federal register consolidated exemptions single subsection thus legislative history plainly evidences congressional conclusion wording exemption internal personnel rules practices narrower reach administrative procedure act exemption internal management matters end inquiry house senate reports bill finally enacted differ upon scope narrowed exemption senate report stated exemption relates internal personnel rules practices agency examples may rules personnel use parking facilities regulations lunch hours statements policy sick leave like matters related solely internal personnel rules practices agency operating rules guidelines manuals procedure government investigators examiners exempt disclosure exemption cover matters internal management employee relations working conditions routine administrative procedures withheld present law might appear nonetheless house report reference perating rules guidelines manuals procedure supports much broader interpretation exemption senate report circumscribed examples argument recently considered rejected judge wilkey speaking appeals district columbia circuit vaughn rosen app congress intended exemption interpreted narrowly specifically view house report carries potential exempting wide swath information category operating rules guidelines manuals procedure house report exemption cover matters internal management employee relations working conditions routine administrative procedures yet gives precious little guidance matters covered exemption although equally terse senate report indicates line sought drawn one minor trivial matters substantial matters might subject legitimate public interest standard guide agency need apply certainty consistency clarity reinforcing interpretation clear legislative intent foia assure public access governmental records whose disclosure significantly harm specific governmental interests soucie david app result repeatedly stated policy act requires disclosure requirements construed broadly exemptions narrowly ibid vaughn rosen app thus faced conflict legislative history recognized principal purpose foia requires us choose interpretation favoring disclosure second major consideration favoring reliance upon senate report fact committee report houses congress house unanimously passed senate bill without amendment therefore conference committee necessary reconcile conflicting provisions viewing legislative history must wary relying upon house report even statements house sponsors views differ expressed senate professor davis said basic principle quite elementary content law must depend upon intent houses one see generally davis administrative law treatise unanimously passing senate bill without amendment house denied senate committee entire senate opportunity object concur interpretation written house report voiced floor colloquy case choose rely upon senate report district also concluded case senate report surer indication congressional intent pet cert appeals found unnecessary take firm stand issue concluding difference approach house senate reports affect result different conclusions two courts applying senate report interpretation centered upon disagreement materiality public significance operation honor ethics codes district based conclusion determination honor ethics codes definition meant control people agency operation honor code possibly affect anyone outside sphere voluntary participation limited function publication academy pet cert appeals hand concluded senate construction exemption two case summaries clearly fall outside ambit uch summaries substantial potential public interest outside government agree approach conclusion appeals implication general public academy administration discipline obvious particularly light unique role military said military contexts equal application constitutes specialized community governed separate discipline civilian orloff willoughby internal law command obedience invests military officer particular position responsibility parker levy within discipline accuracy effect superior command depends critically upon specific customary reliability subordinates instinctive obedience subordinates depends upon unquestioned specific customary reliability superior importance considerations maintenance force able ready fight effectively renders undeniably significant public role military moreover essential integrity critical military relationship civilian direction since purpose honor ethics codes administered enforced air force academy ingrain ethical reflexes basic responsibilities future air force officers select candidates apparently unlikely serve standards follows nature instruction adequacy inadequacy significantly related substantive public role air force academy indeed public stake operation codes affect training future air force officers military careers underscored agency proclamations importance codes academy educational training program thus appeals said agree respondents drawn attention various items newspaper excerpts press conference academy officer white house press release illustrate extent general concern working cadet honor code press conference press release show interest generated least enhanced acts government course even without official encouragement interest treatment cadets whose education publicly financed furnish good portion country future military leadership indeed sectors society including cadets stake fairness system leads many instances forced resignation cadets study involved case bears additional witness degree professional academic interest academy system discipline factor differentiate summaries matters daily routine like working hours words exemption two relate solely internal personnel rules practices agency emphasis appeals opinion iv additional questions involved determination whether exemption exempts case summaries mandatory disclosure personnel medical files similar files disclosure constitute clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy first question whether clause disclosure constitute clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy modifies personnel medical files similar files agency argues exemption distinguishes personnel similar files exempting personnel files similar files whose disclosure constitutes clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy case summaries sought personnel files reading determined case summaries personnel files agency argues judicial inquiry end appeals therefore erred remanding determination whether disclosure redaction constitute clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy agency argue suggested distinction personnel similar files either district appeals opinions courts treat exemption making distinction personnel similar files application clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy requirement district held identifying connection individual casts personnel medical similar files within protection sixth exemption pet cert appeals stated dealing personnel similar files key words course clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy agree views find nothing wording exemption legislative history support agency claim congress created blanket exemption personnel files judicial interpretation uniformly reflected view reason exist nondisclosure absence showing clearly unwarranted invasion privacy whether documents filed personnel similar files see wine hobby usa irs rural housing alliance dept agriculture app vaughn rosen app getman nlrb app congressional concern protection kind confidential personal data usually included personnel file abundantly clear congress also made clear nonconfidential matter insulated disclosure merely stored agency personnel files rather congress sought construct exemption require balancing individual right privacy preservation basic purpose freedom information act open agency action light public scrutiny device adopted achieve balance limited exemption privacy threatened clearly unwarranted invasions personal privacy house senate reports read disclosing congressional purpose eschew blanket exemption personnel similar files require balancing interests either case thus house report limitation clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy provides proper balance protection individual right privacy preservation public right government information excluding kinds files disclosure might harm individual similarly senate report phrase clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy enunciates policy involve balancing interests protection individual private affairs unnecessary public scrutiny preservation public right governmental information plainly congress strike balance personnel files confine courts striking balance similar files contrary congress enunciated single policy enforced cases courts involve balancing private public interests conclusion appeals district columbia circuit medical files conclusion equally applicable personnel files exemption act covers medical files disclosure constitute clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy purely medical file withheld authority exemption district ultimately determine dispute whether exemption properly invoked ackerly ley app ellipses original congress recent action amending freedom information act make explicit agreement judicial decisions requiring disclosure nonexempt portions otherwise exempt files consistent conclusion thus supp provides ny reasonably segregable portion record shall provided person requesting record deletion portions exempt subsection supp added explicitly authorize camera inspection matter claimed exempt determine whether records part thereof shall withheld emphasis supplied senate report accompanying legislation explains without distinguishing personnel medical files similar files effect require courts look beneath label file record withholding information challenged files involved courts examine records require disclosure portions purposes exemption withheld apply example deletion names identifying characteristics individuals cases serve underlying purpose exemption exempts personnel medical files similar files disclosure constitute clearly unwarranted invasion privacy cong rec moreover even agree personnel files wholly exempt disclosure exemption clear case summaries sought lack attributes personnel files commonly understood two attributes case summaries require characterized similar files first relate discipline cadet personnel even air force regulations show single factor insufficient characterize summaries personnel files supports conclusion similar second significantly disclosure summaries implicates similar privacy values said appeals identification disciplined cadets possible consequence even anonymous disclosure expose formerly accused men lifelong embarrassment perhaps disgrace well practical disabilities loss employment friends see generally wine hobby usa irs rural housing alliance dept agriculture app robles epa summaries collected honor ethics code reading files academy honor records contain vast amounts personal data constitute kind profile individual ordinarily found personnel file showing example born names parents lived time time high school school records results examinations evaluations work performance moreover access files drastically limited customarily true personnel files supervisory personnel directly involved individual apart personnel department frequently thus excluding even individual contrary case summaries name names except guilty cases widely disseminated examination fellow cadets contain facts except pertain alleged violation honor ethics codes justified academy solely value educational instructional tool better train military officers discharge important exacting functions documents treated agency manner reasonably claimed within common congressional meaning constitutes personnel file exemption agency argues secondly even taking case summaries files clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy qualification applies appeals nevertheless improperly ordered agency produce case summaries district camera examination eliminate information result identifying cadets involved honor ethics code violations argument substance recognition appeals harm might result cadets disclosure demonstrates ineffectiveness excision names identifying facts means maintaining confidentiality persons named government reports brief petitioners contention merit first argument implies congress barred disclosure case conclusion guaranteed disclosure trigger recollection identity person whatever ignores congress limitation exemption cases clearly unwarranted invasions personal privacy second congress vested courts responsibility ultimately determine de novo dispute whether exemption properly invoked order constrain agencies withholding nonexempt matters yet seen case histories appeals therefore correct holding function examination must discharged first instance district ackerly ley app rural housing alliance dept agriculture supra striking balance whether order disclosure part case summaries district determining whether disclosure entail clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy may properly discount probability light academy tradition keep identities confidential within academy respondents sought disclosure consistent tradition request access summaries personal references identifying information deleted respected confidentiality interests embodied exemption appeals recognized however constitutes identifying information regarding subject cadet must weighed viewpoint public also vantage familiar fellow cadets academy staff aspects career academy despite summaries distribution within academy many group earlier access summaries may never identified particular cadet may wholly forgotten encounter academy discipline risk privacy interests former cadet particularly one remained military posed identification otherwise unknowing former colleagues instructors rejected trivial nevertheless conclude consideration policies underlying freedom information act open public business public view clearly unwarranted invasion privacy result requires affirmance holding appeals although one guarantee know hold tongues particularly years later time may eroded fabric cadet loyalty sufficed protect privacy stage proceedings enjoining district opinion deletion personal references identifying information sufficient safeguard privacy summaries disclosed respondents hold therefore agreement appeals camera procedure ordered statutory goal exemption six workable compromise individual rights preservation public rights government information sure redaction eliminate risks identifiability human approximation risks degree imperfection consequences exposure identity admittedly severe redaction familiar technique contexts exemptions disclosure act intended practical workable concepts epa mink moreover repeat exemption protect disclosure every incidental invasion privacy disclosures constitute clearly unwarranted invasions personal privacy affirmed footnotes upon respondent rose request documents academy officials gave copies honor code honor reference manual lesson plans honor hearing procedures various materials explaining honor ethics codes denied access case summaries however grounds even names deleted ome cases may recognized reader circumstances alone without identity cadet given way determining facts used app appeal secretary air force secretary letter administrative assistant refused disclosure case summaries ground exempted disclosure exemption freedom information act air force regulations cfr ii app freedom information act ed supp provides pertinent part agency shall make available public information follows except respect records made available paragraphs subsection agency upon request records reasonably describes records made accordance published rules stating time place fees procedures followed shall make records promptly available person complaint district district complainant resides principal place business agency records situated district columbia jurisdiction enjoin agency withholding agency records order production agency records improperly withheld complainant case shall determine matter de novo may examine contents agency records camera determine whether records part thereof shall withheld exemptions set forth subsection section burden agency sustain action section apply matters related solely internal personnel rules practices agency personnel medical files similar files disclosure constitute clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy reasonably segregable portion record shall provided person requesting record deletion portions exempt subsection section authorize withholding information limit availability records public except specifically stated section respondents also sought access complete study resignations academy graduates air force agency claimed study exempted disclosure concerning memorandums letters available law party agency litigation agency district held since study already offered dissemination public agency waived rights exemption accordingly granted respondents partial summary judgment requiring agency disclose complete study respondents pet cert agency complied order stokes brennan hawkes irs stern richardson supp dc consumers union veterans administration supp sdny appeal dismissed moot benson gsa supp wd aff exemption apparently raised appeal honor reference handbook air force cadet wing recites former secretary war newton baker said inexact untruthful soldier trifles lives fellow men honor government young officer needs able trust men commander times expensive increasingly complex weapons systems officer must rely fellow officers airmen safety safety men app see note freedom information act assessment rev note comments proposed amendments section administrative procedure act freedom information bill notre dame law see also vaughn rosen app leventhal concurring agency suggests disclosure identities disciplined cadets release case summaries weaken honor ethics codes principally cadets less likely report misconduct assured absolute confidentiality reports even assuming speculation raises argument exemption rather exemption alone unpersuasive light deletion process ordered appeals conducted remand report time broad philosophy freedom information enacted law necessary protect certain equally important rights privacy respect certain information government files medical personnel records easy task balance opposing interests impossible one either necessary conclude protect one interests must necessity either abrogated substantially subordinated success lies providing workable formula encompasses balances protects interests yet places emphasis fullest responsible disclosure see generally general exemption category information much practical separate statutes protecting type personal record limitation clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy provides proper balance emphasis supplied senate report well speaks general exemption held within bounds use limitation clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy vaughn rosen app soucie david app ftc app accord rural housing alliance dept agriculture app cf supp providing extent required prevent clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy agency may delete identifying details makes available publishes opinion statement policy interpretation staff manual instruction senate report amendment cited evident approval decision appeals case remanding district redaction case summaries accommodate dual interests pp brief petitioners sparse legislative history precise scope intended term personnel files detail suggests congress intended particular characterization critical application exemption quite clear committee reports primary concern congress drafting exemption provide confidentiality personal matters files maintained department health education welfare selective service veterans administration moreover senate report principal source bill ultimately enacted freedom information act exemption particular specifically refers files personnel files see also hearings house committee government operations analysis agency comments air force regulations force time decisions drew distinction personnel medical files cfr files similar medical personnel files cfr clearly categorized case summaries among latter examples similar files containing reports records material pertaining personnel matters administrative action including disciplinary action may taken taken cfr ii fed reg emphasis supplied appeals decision regulations amended inter alia deleting last four words cfr ii fed reg alteration event insignificant point addition qualification considered significant determination robles epa getman nlrb app national labor relations board treasury department urged hearings act clearly clearly unwarranted qualification exemption deleted see hearings subcommittee administrative practice procedure senate committee judiciary treasury nlrb hearings subcommittee house committee government operations treasury nlrb see also hearings supra department defense objecting heavy burden showing clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy see also hearings supra testimony clark mollenhoff vice chairman sigma delta chi committee advancement freedom information advocating retention clearly exemption terms objected nevertheless retained proper balance keep scope exemption within bounds legislative history amendment exemption applies investigatory files compiled law enforcement purposes stands marked contrast sess originally amended passed senate cong rec although originally passed house cong rec exemption amended exempt investigatory files compiled law enforcement purposes extent production constitute clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy meet one several conditions response presidential request delete clearly unwarranted amendment interests personal privacy conference committee dropped clearly cong rec letters president ford kennedy letters president ford cong moorhead bill enacted reported conference committee stat appeals held argument raised agency courts broad equitable power decline order release disclosure damage public interest substantial one context exemption since exemption requires exercise large measure discretion agency renewed argument supp one prime shortcomings administrative procedure act view congress passed freedom information act precisely provided judicial remedy unauthorized withholding agency records epa mink legislative history clear exemption directed threats privacy interests palpable mere possibilities house report explains exemption intended exclude files disclosure might harm individual detailed government records individual identified applying individual emphasis supplied senate report balance drawn exemption clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy clause one protection individual private affairs unnecessary public scrutiny preservation public right governmental information emphasis supplied appeals cited examples revenue rulings collected cumulative bulletin internal revenue service american bar association opinions professional ethics chief justice burger dissenting hard cases make bad law unusual cases surely potential make even worse law today basis highly unusual request information unique governmental process military academy honor system interprets definitively substantial significant part major federal statute governing balance public right know privacy individual citizen view makes case carry much jurisprudential baggage consequently basic congressional intent protect reasonable balance availability information custody government particular individual right privacy undermined addition district courts burdened task congress intended case compel us decide whether summaries issue personnel files whether files categorized beyond proviso exemption disclosure constitute clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy even assuming arguendo government must show summaries subject foregoing standard quite clear view disclosure material issue constitutes invasion matter excision process attempted federal judge correctly notes congress enacting exemption intended strike proper balance protection individual right privacy preservation public right government information excluding kinds files disclosure might harm individual acknowledged necessity balance however view blandly ignores thereby frustrates congressional intent refusing weigh realistically grave consequences implicit release particular information form relatively inconsequential claim need material alleged complaint opinions long recognized opprobrium civilian military segments society attribute allegations dishonor among commissioned officers armed forces see parker levy quoting orloff willoughby stigma society imposes individual accepted position trust abused erasable realistic sense passage time even subsequent exemplary conduct absence broken sword torn epaulets rogue march military ritual lessen indelibility stigma significantly cadets midshipmen inchoate officers traditionally held high standards subjected stigma commissioned officers involved matters overtones dishonor indeed mode punitive separation result officers cadets dismissal ellman moreover appeals noted unrealistic conclude cases finding guilty discretion exonerates cadet anything purely technical legal sense term admittedly requires release documents subject camera inspection power excising parts admits attempt sanitize summaries still leave distinct possibility individual still identifiable thereby injured light congress recent manifest concern privacy act supp governmental respect privacy citizens indeed difficult attribute congress willingness subject individual citizen risk possible severe damage reputation simply permit law students invade individual privacy prepare law journal article definition clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy equated protect ing individual private affairs unnecessary public scrutiny emphasis supplied otherwise rendered meaningless moreover excision ineffectual accomplishing legislative intent protecting individual affairs unnecessary public scrutiny place intolerable burden upon district view congress never intended inflict although amendments freedom information act require ny reasonably segregable portion record supp otherwise exempt provided nothing legislative history original act amendments require district construct effect new document yet excision process mandated require sweeping reconstruction material end product constitute entirely new document provision freedom information act contemplates federal district judge acting rewrite editor original material holding indeed fair reflection congressional intent confronted legislative reaction conflict seeming passion privacy comparable passion needless invasions privacy accordingly reverse judgment appeals noted orloff willoughby president commission uses words reposing special trust confidence patriotism valor fidelity abilities appointee officer may punitively dismissed equivalent dishonorable discharge found guilty offense general regardless limitations placed punishment offense committed enlisted personnel manual see generally goodwin op atty article uniform code military justice example commissioned officer cadet midshipman convicted conduct unbecoming officer gentleman shall punished may direct emphasis supplied concerned freedom information act ed supp two exemptions provided recent past hesitated consistently provide force congressionally mandated exemptions see faa administrator robertson renegotiation board grumman aircraft nlrb sears roebuck epa mink see also renegotiation board bannercraft clothing today fear opposite act second exemption extends matters related solely internal personnel rules practices agency doubt department air force including faculty staff supervise cadets air force academy qualifies agency within meaning recognizes ante thought however matters concern established honor codes military academies codes long existence part military society tradition see parker levy disciplining cadets move along education clearly qualify internal personnel practices agency nature smacks personnel personnel problems practices agency internal business public exemption afforded thus although find great support language second exemption petitioners position makes obvious common sense hold district act second exemption applies case summaries respondent rose ardently desired removes eager grasp accept rationale appeals majority existence substantial potential public interest outside government makes case summaries less related solely internal personnel rules practices surely public interest secondary byproduct measure sole relationship primary concept summaries involve discipline fitness training cadets administered enforced basis cadets exist wholly apart formal system uniform code military justice act sixth exemption equally supportive petitioners result opposite reaches today exemption applies matters personnel medical files similar files disclosure constitute clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy specific reference personnel files said applies equally addition sixth exemption covers similar files disclosure constitute clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy added restrictive phrase applies personnel surely medical files similar files see robles epa emphasis personnel files medical files similar files extent privacy invasion latter unwarranted exemption personnel files medical files clear unembellished almost inconceivable willing today attach qualification phrase medical files thereby open public recognized almost essence ultimate privacy law long established privilege establishes anyone even minimal contact practice medicine surely agree extension judicial construction reasoning another appeals ackerly ley app referred seemingly approved ante case summaries something less personnel files proposition accept surely similar personnel files invaded afford instance clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy hard imagine something personal seems blinding realities concludes rose demands result invasions personal privacy cadets concerned regard less unwarranted redaction impractical solution judicial rationalization case summaries posted squadron bulletin boards throughout academy ante copies distributed faculty administration officials invasion invasion publication restricted academy grounds private public portions facilities disseminated corps alone faculty administration part academy general pedagogical disciplinary purpose program sure may appear large number academy family area confinement important reasoning must apply awkwardly seems five two posting places indeed one add see little assistance legislative history often case history cuts ways particularly confusing struggle ante demonstrates finally note candid recognition personal risks involved ante today decision course makes risks reality cadet particularly one remained military risks imposed upon individual return questionable benefit public personal benefit respondent rose often pendulum swings far fear today strikes severe blow honor codes system operate former cadets concerned sad see old institutions mortally wounded passing away individuals placed jeopardy embarrassment lesser incidents long past reverse judgment appeals justice rehnquist dissenting although case requires consideration claim right privacy arises quite different context recent decisions paul davis case custodians public records chose disseminate one subjects record claimed fourteenth amendment constitution prohibited custodian custodian records petitioner department air force chosen disseminate records decision effect challenged citizen freedom information act act opinion dissenting opinion chief justice point requires federal courts balance claim right access information consequent clearly unwarranted invasion personal privacy reasons stated part dissenting opinion chief justice agree act contemplate virtual reconstruction records guise excision segregable part record therefore agree chief justice justice blackmun absence redaction sixth exemption act applicable judgment appeals reversed