leatherman
tarrant
county
nicu
argued
january
decided
march
petitioner
homeowners
filed
suit
respondents
local
officials
acting
official
capacity
county
two
municipal
corporations
alleging
conduct
local
police
officers
searching
homes
narcotics
violated
fourth
amendment
asserting
basis
municipal
liability
failure
adequately
train
police
officers
involved
federal
district
dismissed
complaints
failed
meet
heightened
pleading
standard
adopted
appeals
requires
complaints
municipal
corporations
cases
state
factual
detail
particularity
basis
claim
appeals
affirmed
held
federal
may
apply
heightened
pleading
standard
stringent
usual
pleading
requirements
federal
rule
civil
procedure
civil
rights
cases
alleging
municipal
liability
first
heightened
standard
justified
ground
relaxed
pleading
standard
eviscerate
municipalities
immunity
suit
subjecting
expensive
discovery
every
case
municipalities
although
free
respondeat
superior
liability
see
monell
new
york
city
dept
social
services
enjoy
absolute
qualified
immunity
suits
owen
city
independence
second
possible
square
heightened
standard
applied
case
liberal
system
notice
pleading
set
federal
rules
rule
requires
complaint
include
short
plain
statement
claim
showing
pleader
entitled
relief
rule
requires
greater
particularity
pleading
certain
actions
include
among
enumerated
actions
reference
complaints
alleging
municipal
liability
pp
reversed
remanded
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
unanimous
richard
gladden
argued
cause
pro
hac
vice
petitioners
briefs
gladden
brett
ringle
argued
cause
respondents
brief
respondents
tarrant
county
narcotics
intelligence
coordination
unit
et
al
dixon
holman
kevin
keith
filed
brief
respondent
city
grapevine
texas
tim
sralla
wayne
olson
filed
brief
respondent
city
lake
worth
texas
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
filed
state
texas
et
al
dan
morales
attorney
general
pryor
first
assistant
attorney
general
mary
keller
deputy
attorney
general
adrian
young
michael
hodge
sharon
felfe
ann
kraatz
assistant
attorneys
general
attorneys
general
respective
jurisdictions
follows
jimmy
evans
alabama
charles
cole
alaska
winston
bryant
arkansas
daniel
lungren
california
robert
marks
hawaii
robert
stephan
kansas
nicholas
spaeth
north
dakota
ernest
preate
pennsylvania
james
rhode
island
travis
medlock
south
carolina
mark
barnett
south
dakota
paul
van
dam
utah
jeffrey
amestroy
vermont
mary
sue
terry
virginia
mario
palumbo
west
virginia
james
doyle
wisconsin
joseph
meyer
wyoming
city
college
station
texas
catherine
locke
national
institute
municipal
law
officers
et
al
richard
ruda
texas
municipal
league
et
al
susan
horton
chief
justice
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
granted
certiorari
decide
whether
federal
may
apply
heightened
pleading
standard
stringent
usual
pleading
requirements
rule
federal
rules
civil
procedure
civil
rights
cases
alleging
municipal
liability
hold
may
review
decision
granting
motion
dismiss
therefore
must
accept
true
factual
allegations
complaint
see
gaubert
action
arose
two
separate
incidents
involving
execution
search
warrants
local
law
enforcement
officers
involved
forcible
entry
home
based
detection
odors
associated
manufacture
narcotics
one
homeowner
claimed
assaulted
officers
entered
another
claimed
police
entered
home
absence
killed
two
dogs
plaintiffs
sued
several
local
officials
official
capacity
county
two
municipal
corporations
employed
police
officers
involved
incidents
asserting
police
conduct
violated
fourth
amendment
constitution
stated
basis
municipal
liability
monell
new
york
city
dept
social
services
failure
bodies
adequately
train
police
officers
involved
see
canton
harris
district
northern
district
texas
ordered
complaints
dismissed
failed
meet
heightened
pleading
standard
required
decisional
law
appeals
fifth
circuit
fifth
circuit
turn
affirmed
judgment
dismissal
granted
certiorari
resolve
conflict
among
courts
appeals
concerning
applicability
heightened
pleading
standard
actions
alleging
municipal
liability
los
angeles
police
claim
municipal
liability
section
sufficient
withstand
motion
dismiss
even
claim
based
nothing
bare
allegation
individual
officers
conduct
conformed
official
policy
custom
practice
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
reverse
respondents
seek
defend
fifth
circuit
application
rigorous
pleading
standard
two
grounds
first
respondents
claim
municipalities
freedom
respondeat
superior
liability
see
monell
supra
necessarily
includes
immunity
suit
sense
respondents
assert
municipalities
different
state
local
officials
sued
individual
capacity
respondents
reason
relaxed
pleading
requirement
subject
municipalities
expensive
discovery
every
case
eviscerating
immunity
suit
disrupting
municipal
functions
argument
wrongly
equates
freedom
liability
immunity
suit
sure
reaffirmed
monell
municipality
held
liable
respondeat
superior
theory
contrary
respondents
assertions
protection
liability
encompass
immunity
suit
indeed
argument
flatly
contradicted
monell
later
decisions
involving
municipal
liability
monell
overruled
monroe
pape
insofar
held
local
governments
wholly
immune
suit
though
reserve
decision
whether
municipalities
entitled
form
limited
immunity
yet
took
issue
owen
city
independence
rejected
claim
municipalities
afforded
qualified
immunity
much
like
afforded
individual
officials
based
good
faith
agents
decisions
make
quite
clear
unlike
various
government
officials
municipalities
enjoy
immunity
suit
either
absolute
qualified
short
municipality
sued
held
liable
unless
municipal
policy
custom
caused
constitutional
injury
thus
occasion
consider
whether
qualified
immunity
jurisprudence
require
heightened
pleading
cases
involving
individual
government
officials
second
respondents
contend
fifth
circuit
heightened
pleading
standard
really
see
brief
respondents
tarrant
county
narcotics
intelligence
coordination
unit
et
al
fifth
circuit
heightened
pleading
requirement
misnomer
according
respondents
degree
factual
specificity
required
complaint
federal
rules
civil
procedure
varies
according
complexity
underlying
substantive
law
establish
municipal
liability
respondents
argue
plaintiff
must
plead
single
instance
misconduct
requirement
respondents
insist
consistent
plaintiff
rule
obligation
make
reasonable
inquiry
facts
examination
fifth
circuit
decision
case
makes
quite
evident
heightened
pleading
standard
purports
demanding
rule
pleading
complaint
pleading
kinds
claims
relief
see
rule
adopted
fifth
circuit
elliott
perez
described
language
cases
governmental
officials
involving
likely
defense
immunity
require
trial
judges
demand
plaintiff
complaints
state
factual
detail
particularity
basis
claim
necessarily
includes
defendant
official
successfully
maintain
defense
immunity
think
impossible
square
heightened
pleading
standard
applied
fifth
circuit
case
liberal
system
notice
pleading
set
federal
rules
rule
requires
complaint
include
short
plain
statement
claim
showing
pleader
entitled
relief
conley
gibson
said
effect
rule
meant
said
federal
rules
civil
procedure
require
claimant
set
detail
facts
upon
bases
claim
contrary
rules
require
short
plain
statement
claim
give
defendant
fair
notice
plaintiff
claim
grounds
upon
rests
omitted
phenomenon
litigation
municipal
corporations
based
claimed
constitutional
violations
employees
dates
decision
monell
supra
first
time
construed
allow
municipal
liability
perhaps
rules
rewritten
today
claims
municipalities
might
subjected
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specificity
requirement
rule
result
must
obtained
process
amending
federal
rules
judicial
interpretation
absence
amendment
federal
courts
litigants
must
rely
summary
judgment
control
discovery
weed
unmeritorious
claims
sooner
rather
later
judgment
appeals
reversed
case
remanded
proceedings
consistent
opinion
ordered
respondents
also
argue
certain
claims
barred
collateral
estoppel
according
respondents
petitioners
brought
unsuccessful
civil
rights
action
two
police
officers
allegedly
involved
one
incidents
petitioners
respond
adverse
ruling
litigation
currently
appeal
thus
final
collateral
estoppel
purposes
issue
neither
addressed
fifth
circuit
included
questions
presented
consider