arizona washington argued october decided february respondent found guilty murder arizona trial granted new trial prosecution withheld exculpatory evidence defense beginning new trial trial judge extended argument granted prosecutor motion mistrial predicated improper prejudicial comment defense counsel opening statement evidence hidden respondent first trial judge expressly find manifest necessity mistrial expressly state considered alternative solutions arizona refused review mistrial ruling respondent sought writ habeas corpus federal district agreeing defense counsel opening statement improper held respondent placed jeopardy granted writ state trial judge failed find manifest necessity mistrial appeals affirmed held although extent possible juror bias measured trial judges might proceeded trial giving jury appropriate cautionary instructions nevertheless overriding interest evenhanded administration justice requires highest degree respect accorded trial judge decision declare mistrial based assessment prejudicial impact defense counsel opening statement pp record supports conclusion trial judge exercised sound discretion declaring mistrial appearing acted responsibly deliberately accorded careful consideration respondent interest trial concluded single proceeding therefore mistrial order supported high degree necessity required case kind pp since record provides sufficient justification trial judge mistrial ruling ruling subject collateral attack federal simply judge failed make explicit finding manifest necessity mistrial avoid valid double jeopardy plea articulate record factors informed deliberate exercise discretion pp stevens delivered opinion burger stewart powell rehnquist joined blackmun concurred result white filed dissenting opinion post marshall filed dissenting opinion brennan joined post stephen neely argued cause filed brief petitioner ed bolding argued cause respondent brief frederick klein justice stevens delivered opinion arizona trial judge granted prosecutor motion mistrial predicated improper prejudicial comment defense counsel opening statement subsequent habeas corpus proceeding federal district held double jeopardy clause protected defendant another trial appeals ninth circuit affirmed questions presented whether record reflects kind necessity mistrial ruling avoid valid plea double jeopardy whether plea must nevertheless allowed arizona trial judge fully explain reasons mistrial ruling respondent found guilty murdering hotel night clerk superior pima county ordered new trial prosecutor withheld exculpatory evidence defense arizona affirmed new trial order unpublished opinion respondent second trial began january voir dire examination prospective jurors prosecutor made reference fact witnesses whose testimony jurors hear testified proceedings four years earlier defense counsel told prospective jurors evidence hidden respondent last trial opening statement made point forcefully hear testimony notwithstanding fact trial may matter prosecutor hid statements give lawyer george saying man spanish speaking give statements hid hear evidence suppressed hidden prosecutor case hear evidence purposely withheld hear misconduct county attorney time withheld evidence arizona granted new trial case app following morning prosecutor renewed mistrial motion fortified evening research argued theory basis new trial ruling brought attention jury prejudice jury repaired cautionary instructions mistrial manifest necessity defense counsel stated still prepared authority supporting belief opinion admissible argued comment invited prosecutor reference witnesses earlier testimony prejudice avoided curative instructions extended argument trial judge expressed concern possibility erroneous mistrial ruling preclude another trial ultimately trial judge granted motion stating ruling based upon defense counsel remarks opening statement concerning arizona opinion trial judge expressly find manifest necessity mistrial expressly state considered alternative solutions concluded none adequate arizona refused review mistrial ruling respondent filed petition writ habeas corpus district district arizona alleging another trial violate double jeopardy clause reviewing transcript state proceeding hearing arguments counsel federal district judge noted arizona trial judge canvassed record possibility alternatives mistrial expressed view granting mistrial motion judge required find manifest necessity exists granting record contained finding federal judge prepared make finding granted writ agreed state however defense counsel opening statement improper ninth circuit also characterized opening statement improper affirmed absent finding manifest necessity explicit consideration alternatives unwilling infer jury prevented arriving fair impartial verdict concurring opinion two judges noted question manifest necessity argued argument mistrial motion concerned question whether opening statement improper concluded absent findings manifest necessity existed quite possible grant mistrial based fact impropriety counsel conduct established without reaching question whether nevertheless fair trial persuaded appeals applied inappropriate standard review mistrial rulings kind attached undue significance form ruling therefore reverse ii state may put defendant jeopardy twice offense benton maryland constitutional protection double jeopardy unequivocally prohibits second trial following acquittal public interest finality criminal judgments strong acquitted defendant may retried even though acquittal based upon egregiously erroneous foundation see fong foo innocence accused confirmed final judgment constitution conclusively presumes second trial unfair jeopardy attaches judgment becomes final constitutional protection also embraces defendant valued right trial completed particular tribunal reasons valued right merits constitutional protection worthy repetition even first trial completed second prosecution may grossly unfair increases financial emotional burden accused prolongs period stigmatized unresolved accusation wrongdoing may even enhance risk innocent defendant may convicted danger unfairness defendant exists whenever trial aborted completed consequently general rule prosecutor entitled one one opportunity require accused stand trial unlike situation trial ended acquittal conviction retrial automatically barred criminal proceeding terminated without finally resolving merits charges accused variety circumstances may make necessary discharge jury trial concluded circumstances invariably create unfairness accused valued right trial concluded particular tribunal sometimes subordinate public interest affording prosecutor one full fair opportunity present evidence impartial jury yet view importance right fact frustrated mistrial prosecutor must shoulder burden justifying mistrial avoid double jeopardy bar burden heavy one prosecutor must demonstrate manifest necessity mistrial declared objection defendant words manifest necessity appropriately characterize magnitude prosecutor burden reason justice story classic formulation test quoted provide guidance decision wide variety cases nevertheless words describe standard applied mechanically without attention particular problem confronting trial judge indeed manifest key word necessity interpreted literally instead contrary teaching webster assume degrees necessity require high degree concluding mistrial appropriate question whether high degree reached answered easily kinds cases others one extreme cases prosecutor requests mistrial order buttress weaknesses evidence although time english judges served stuart monarchs exercising power discharge jury whenever appeared crown evidence insufficient convict prohibition double jeopardy evolved country plainly intended condemn abhorrent practice noted dinitz double jeopardy clause protect defendant governmental actions intended provoke mistrial requests thereby subject defendants substantial burdens imposed multiple prosecutions bars retrials conduct judge prosecutor threatens arassment accused successive prosecutions declaration mistrial afford prosecution favorable opportunity convict defendant extreme mistrial premised upon trial judge belief jury unable reach verdict long considered classic basis proper mistrial argument jury inability agree establishes reasonable doubt defendant guilt therefore requires acquittal uniformly rejected country instead without exception courts held trial judge may discharge genuinely deadlocked jury require defendant submit second trial rule accords recognition society interest giving prosecution one complete opportunity convict violated laws moreover situation especially compelling reasons allowing trial judge exercise broad discretion deciding whether manifest necessity justifies discharge jury one hand discharges jury deliberations may produce fair verdict defendant deprived valued right trial completed particular tribunal fails discharge jury unable reach verdict protracted exhausting deliberations exists significant risk verdict may result pressures inherent situation rather considered judgment jurors retrial defendant barred whenever appellate views necessity mistrial differently trial judge danger latter cognizant serious societal consequences erroneous ruling employ coercive means break apparent deadlock rule frustrate public interest judgments trial judge decision declare mistrial considers jury deadlocked therefore accorded great deference reviewing persuaded along spectrum trial problems may warrant mistrial vary amenability appellate scrutiny difficulty led mistrial case also falls area trial judge determination entitled special respect case trial judge ordered mistrial defendant lawyer made improper prejudicial remarks opening statement jury although respondent insists evidence prosecutorial misconduct admissible matter arizona law therefore opening statement proper regard issue foreclosed respondent failure proffer arizona precedent supportive contention state interpretation law buttressed consistent opinion federal district appeals cf bishop wood therefore start premise defense counsel comment improper may affected impartiality jury recognize extent possible bias measured district quite correct believing trial judges might proceeded trial giving jury appropriate cautionary instructions strict literal sense mistrial necessary nevertheless overriding interest evenhanded administration justice requires accord highest degree respect trial judge evaluation likelihood impartiality one jurors may affected improper comment consistent course decision cases involving possible juror bias supports conclusion simmons involved possibility bias caused newspaper story describing letter written defense counsel denying charge third party one jurors acquainted defendant without determining truth falsity charge without examining jurors ascertain influence story upon trial judge declared mistrial considered impossible future consideration case jury true independence freedom action part juror necessary fair trial accused affirmed holding judge justified concluding publication letter made impossible jury act independence freedom part juror requisite fair trial issue parties thompson concluded mistrial required revealed one trial jurors served grand jury indicted defendant since possible grand jury heard evidence perhaps even less presented trial since juror question may actual bias defendant record demonstrate mistrial strictly necessary doubt however validity conclusion possibility bias justified mistrial improper opening statement unquestionably tends frustrate public interest judgment reached impartial tribunal indeed statements create risk often present individual juror bias situation entire panel may tainted trial judge course may instruct jury disregard improper comment extreme cases may discipline counsel even remove trial dinitz actions however necessarily remove risk bias may created improper argument unless unscrupulous defense counsel allowed unfair advantage trial judge must power declare mistrial appropriate cases interest orderly impartial procedure impaired deterred exercising power concern time reviewing disagreed assessment trial situation retrial automatically barred adoption stringent standard appellate review area therefore seriously impede trial judge proper performance duty order protect integrity trial take prompt affirmative action stop professional misconduct compelling institutional considerations militating favor appellate deference trial judge evaluation significance possible juror bias seen heard jurors voir dire examination judge familiar evidence background case trial listened tone argument delivered observed apparent reaction jurors short far conversant factors relevant determination reviewing possibly see wade hunter iii conclusion trial judge decision declare mistrial based assessment prejudicial impact improper argument entitled great deference course end inquiry noted earlier constitutionally protected interest inevitably affected mistrial decision trial judge therefore must always temper decision whether abort trial considering importance defendant able conclude confrontation society verdict tribunal might believe favorably disposed fate jorn harlan order ensure interest adequately protected reviewing courts obligation satisfy words justice story trial judge exercised sound discretion declaring mistrial thus trial judge acts irrationally irresponsibly cf jorn supra see illinois somerville action condoned review record indicates case defense counsel aired improper highly prejudicial evidence jury possible impact trial judge best position assess trial judge act precipitately response prosecutor request mistrial contrary evincing concern possible double jeopardy consequences erroneous ruling gave defense counsel prosecutor full opportunity explain positions propriety mistrial therefore persuaded record trial judge acted responsibly deliberately accorded careful consideration respondent interest trial concluded single proceeding since exercised sound discretion handling sensitive problem possible juror bias created improper comment defense counsel mistrial order supported high degree necessity required case kind neither party right case decided jury may tainted bias circumstances public interest fair trials designed end judgments must prevail defendant valued right trial concluded first jury impaneled iv one final matter requires consideration absence explicit finding manifest necessity appears determinative district may appeals courts regarded omission critical required much since record provides sufficient justification ruling failure explain ruling completely render constitutionally defective review trial decision course facilitated findings explanation reasons supporting decision matter desirable procedural assistance may constitutionally mandated case cf cupp naughten basis trial judge mistrial order adequately disclosed record includes extensive argument counsel prior judge ruling state trial judge mistrial declaration subject collateral attack federal simply failed find manifest necessity words articulate record factors informed deliberate exercise discretion judgment appeals reversed footnotes prosecutor reference context asking venire whether able credit testimony witness inconsistencies present testimony given earlier proceedings conceive opinion arizona case admissible basis whatsoever bolding really try additional work honor try find law believe admissible corroborative testimony jury hear afraid know stop getting point trying county attorney office county attorney office conduct whatever last case simply going allow trial goes sorely tempted grant state motion time bolding well honor sorry happens tells examine witness decision furnish law says yes come abide decision honor working like reserve right present outside hearing jury another time believe credible evidence thinking know top head opinion evidence experts evidence believe truly corroborative evidence jury hear certainly like reserve right present find written law allow type testimony honor evidence app worked stage yet think necessary bring evidence apparently counsel made opening statement prepared support admissibility testimony legal authority prosecutor cure honor mistrial state well aware position taking wrong mistrial proper man walks know expressed concern mr butler respondent filed special action proceeding nature writ mandamus prohibition see rev stat rules procedure special actions rule petition writ habeas corpus respondent also moved trial dismiss quash information petitioner raise question adequacy respondent exhaustion available state remedies app district indicated simple statement trial judge effect manifest necessity mistrial sufficed defeat double jeopardy claim opinion appeals judge kilkenny stated absence clear abuse normally inclined uphold discretionary orders nature usual case trial judge observed event heard counsel made specific findings circumstances mistrial declaration accompanied finding jury longer render impartial verdict lightly set aside opinion originally released stated decline imply impropriety jury completely prevented arriving fair impartial verdict app subsequently amended opinion delete word completely sentence originally written opinion implied probability jury prejudice sufficient ground mistrial certainty prejudice suffice description right quoted justice harlan plurality opinion jorn illinois somerville formulated justice black opinion wade hunter complete sentence identifies right sometimes subordinate larger interest trial end judgment said enough show defendant valued right trial completed particular tribunal must instances subordinated public interest fair trials designed end judgments ibid reprosecution mistrial unnecessarily declared trial obviously subjects defendant personal strain insecurity regardless motivation underlying trial judge action jorn supra justice black stated green underlying idea one deeply ingrained least system jurisprudence state resources power allowed make repeated attempts convict individual alleged offense thereby subjecting embarrassment expense ordeal compelling live continuing state anxiety insecurity well enhancing possibility even though innocent may found guilty emphasis added carsey app judge leventhal described subtle changes state testimony initially favorable defendant may occur course successive prosecutions government witnesses came drop testimony impressions favorable defendant thus key prosecution witness last person see appellant deceased together began testifying acted evening like newlyweds honeymoon without unfriendly word spoken ended saying first time four trials words firm possibly harsh cross also note police officer readily acquiesced two hung jury trials appellant hysterical later withheld characterization shift though less dramatic means inconsequential view significance appellant condition time made statement inconsistent later told another officer stated illinois somerville supra determination trial abort criminal proceeding jeopardy attached one lightly undertaken since interest defendant fate determined jury first impaneled weighty one lack demonstrable additional prejudice preclude defendant invocation double jeopardy bar absence important countervailing interest proper judicial administration opinion announcing judgment jorn supra justice harlan explained rigid application particular tribunal principle unacceptable criminal trial even best circumstances complicated affair manage readily apparent mechanical rule prohibiting retrial whenever circumstances compel discharge jury without defendant consent high price pay added assurance personal security freedom governmental harassment mechanical rule provide whether phrase manifest necessity evident necessity see winsor queen cockburn imperious necessity see downum used meaning apparently think cases nature law invested courts justice authority discharge jury giving verdict whenever opinion taking circumstances consideration manifest necessity act ends public justice otherwise defeated exercise sound discretion subject impossible define circumstances render proper interfere sure power used greatest caution urgent circumstances plain obvious causes right order discharge security public faithful sound conscientious exercise discretion rests cases upon responsibility judges oaths office perez wheat see wade hunter proceeding terminated military necessity simmons possible juror bias perez supra hung jury noted illinois somerville perez formulation consistently adhered subsequent decisions abjures application mechanical formula judge propriety declaring mistrial varying often unique situations arising course criminal trial english courts long recognized truth proposition hung jury context rule taken literally seems command confinement jury till death agree avoid consequence exception introduced practice blackstone described words except case evident necessity exception expressed given rise doubts necessity equivocal word meaning either irresistible compulsion high degree need interested objecting discharge jury verdict disputed whether discharge necessary stricter sense word dispute meaning word necessity exception rule source main questions raised upon writ error substance answered decide meaning word exception rule apply meaning facts appearing record assume clear discharge jury verdict may lawful time circumstances reference facts record hold judge first trial law power discharge jury verdict high degree need discharge made evident mind facts ascertained define degree need without standard comparison approach nearer precision describing degree high degree wider sense word might denoted necessity winsor queen supra whitebread tr see also queen charlesworth eng friedland double jeopardy sigler double jeopardy douglas almanac liberty reaction rule developed england judge discharge jury prior verdict except cases evident necessity winsor queen supra however example judge discharged jury key witness crown refused testify see queen charlesworth supra accused nevertheless retried jeopardy attached english rule winsor queen supra queen charlesworth supra friedland supra reigns latter sovereigns stuart family different rule prevailed jury case might discharged purpose better evidence future day power exercised benefit crown doctrine abhorrent every principle safety security receive least countenance courts country time james ii since revolution doctrine came examination rule laid lord coke revived state garrigues example prosecutor proceeds trial aware key witnesses available give testimony mistrial later granted reason second prosecution barred downum prohibition double jeopardy unquestionably forbids prosecutor use first proceeding trial run case note twice jeopardy yale justice douglas noted downum supra harassment accused successive prosecutions declaration mistrial afford prosecution favorable opportunity convict examples jeopardy attaches downum supra public interest fair judgments recent origin take upon without consent parties discharge jury satisfied fully considered case agree hope judge shrink taking course jury agree coerce personal suffering expose parties danger verdict result conviction minds jury produced suffering mind body queen charlesworth eng perez wheat logan moss glenn keerl montana dreyer illinois noted however rationale deference hung jury situation trial best position assess factors must considered making necessarily discretionary determination whether jury able reach verdict continues deliberate record reveals trial judge failed exercise sound discretion entrusted reason deference appellate disappears thus trial judge acts reasons completely unrelated trial problem purports basis mistrial ruling close appellate scrutiny appropriate cf gordy course express opinion regarding whether failure prosecutor hand brady brady maryland material defense first trial deliberate inadvertent decision arizona granting respondent new trial opinion specifically address matter simply accept purpose analysis respondent characterization failure disclose evidence misconduct respondent relies state burruell arizona decision supportive admissibility tr oral arg case however simply stands proposition witness may impeached evidence tending show interest giving testimony favorable state defendant undoubtedly proper defense counsel use statements suppressed first trial second trial nothing burruell suggest fact suppression admissible purpose second trial example suggestion individual juror bias may possible replace juror alternate concurring opinion dinitz chief justice burger emphasized narrow purpose scope legitimate opening statement state evidence presented make easier jurors understand follow relate parts evidence testimony whole occasion argument make statements supported proof relates significant elements case professional misconduct moreover fundamentally unfair opposing party allow attorney standing prestige inherent officer present jury statements susceptible proof intended influence jury reaching verdict considerations must least weighty federal considering state prisoner collateral challenge conviction ground violated double jeopardy clause reviews determination state trial judge juror bias case defense counsel made brief reference voir dire fact evidence withheld defense previous trial later voir dire prosecutor expressed concern trial judge jurors aware fact respondent obtained new trial prosecution failed produce evidence might prejudiced state response prosecutor concern trial judge conducted inquiry whether jurors knew reason new trial inquiry revealed jurors aware reason new trial opening statements followed however defense counsel leave matter jurors conjecture instead explicitly stated hear testimony showing arizona granted respondent new trial prosecutor deliberately withheld exculpatory evidence defense following completion opening argument prosecutor moved mistrial argument prosecutor motion defense counsel insisted evidence prosecutorial misconduct prior proceeding admissible impeachment purposes although offer authority support novel proposition indicated judge appreciate opportunity find written law allow type testimony evidence supra trial judge remarked conceive basis admission evidence tempted grant prosecutor request immediately defense counsel injection prosecutorial misconduct issue trial supra act precipitately rather proceeding caution giving defense counsel benefit doubt app trial judge reserved ruling admissibility question first denied mistrial motion avoiding hasty decision despite conviction evidence improper trial judge plainly acting concern double jeopardy interests implicated improvident mistrial following day prosecutor renewed motion trial judge heard extensive argument sides regarding propriety defense counsel opening statement need mistrial defense counsel contended prejudice might resulted references prosecutorial misconduct cured cautionary instructions prosecutor argued alternative inadequate remove risk taint two considerations determinative add support conclusion first crowded calendars throughout nation impose constant pressure judges finish business hand generally interest trial completed promptly possible interest frequently parallels constitutionally protected interest accused trial concluded particular tribunal second respondent attempt demonstrate specific prejudice mistrial ruling harm always accompanies retrial cf mcneal hollowell morris cas cc mass justice curtis held even jury sworn late challenge juror bias pointed neither party vested right corrupt prejudiced juror fit sit judgment case wade hunter see nn accompanying text supra appeals concerned trial judge may granted state mistrial motion comments defense counsel improper without considering possible impact comments impartiality jurors think concern unwarranted shortly defense counsel made first brief reference withholding evidence earlier trial judge indicated concern regarding possible poisoning panel addition sides argued question juror bias offered views whether action short mistrial suffice eliminate risk taint finally trial judge indicated awareness grave consequences erroneous mistrial ruling unwilling assume judge otherwise acted responsibly deliberately simply neglected consider one central issues presented mistrial motion argued parties made ruling justice white dissenting agree appeals failure state trial judge express legal standard declared mistrial without examination record sufficient reason infer constitutional error foreclosing second trial opinion townsend sain contrary course full scale exposition proper approach followed federal determining whether writ habeas corpus issued petition state prisoner addressed situation state trial judge making challenged ruling articulate constitutional standard acted concluded coequal responsibilities state federal judges administration federal constitutional law think district judge may ordinary case articulation properly assume state trier fact applied correct standards federal law facts absence evidence reason suspect incorrect standard fact applied silent record sufficient basis concluding state judge committed constitutional error mere possibility error enough warrant habeas corpus relief appeals well district therefore error granting relief without examination record determine whether use incorrect legal standard sufficiently indicated something beyond mere silence whether declaration mistrial appeals said normally inclined uphold least absence clear abuse discretion constitutionally vulnerable however undertake examination record first instance rather vacate judgment appeals direct remand case district make initial judgment correct legal standard whether writ issue disagreement disposition leads dissent justice marshall justice brennan joins dissenting disagreement majority narrow one fully concur view constitutional protection double jeopardy clause embraces defendant valued right trial completed particular tribunal since second prosecution inevitably increases financial emotional burden accused prolongs period stigmatized unresolved accusation wrongdoing may even enhance risk innocent defendant may convicted ante omitted reasons also agree mistrial declared defendant objections new trial permissible termination earlier trial justified manifest necessity prosecution must shoulder heavy burden demonstrating high degree necessity ante quarrel proposition reviewing courts must accord substantial deference trial judge determination prejudicial impact improper opening statement great leave alternative mistrial secure ends public justice ante part ways assumption assessment prejudicial impact improper argument ante sufficient support need mistrial may implied record courts found apparent face record termination trial justified manifest necessity means ends public justice fulfilled perez wheat see also ante defense counsel improper remarks occupied one page lengthy opening statement despite fact prosecutor vigorously interrupted opening statement numerous points assert various objections made objection remarks formed basis mistrial argument defense counsel visibly obvious impact jurors uttered hard believe prosecutor waited opening statement finished luncheon recess concluded making objection known although distance absence express findings impossible determine precise extent defense counsel remarks may prejudiced jury state circumstances set forth suggest prejudice may minimal subject cure less drastic alternatives example jury instructed disregard mention prior legal rulings irrelevant issues hand consider evidence testimony exhibits admitted witnesses stand doubt whether instructions alone suffice cure taint jury questioned extent prejudice given anticipated length trial almost two weeks unlikely jury appropriately instructed first found defense counsel erred opening statement prejudice dissipated deliberations begin reasons impossible conclude finding necessity implicit mere grant mistrial majority concedes ante express determination evaluation trial degree prejudice caused improper remarks exploration possible alternatives drastic solution declaring mistrial indeed express indication face record trial aware dictates perez doctrine two days mistrial motion argued entire thrust trial questions comments determine whether legal basis admitting evidence arizona ruling prosecution earlier trial suppressed evidence exculpatory respondent ruling defense counsel adverted opening statement tenor remarks throughout including statement declaring mistrial suggests question considered admissibility doubt trial exploration evidentiary question conscientious deliberate majority infers care trial must aware correct legal standard governing permissibility retrials following mistrials must impliedly though expressly made requisite findings necessity deliberation trial dealt evidentiary issue however highlights failure address believe must key inquiry whether mistrial abrogation defendant constitutionally protected interest completing trial particular tribunal jorn plurality opinion harlan wade hunter way secure public interest disposition charges propose constitution invariably requires trial judge make findings necessity record justify declaration mistrial defendant objections example nature error one make reversal conviction appeal certainty illinois somerville appropriate finding may implied declaration mistrial manifest necessity doctrine require view record make clear either meaningful practical alternatives mistrial trial scrupulously considered available alternatives found wanting termination proceedings see jorn supra illinois somerville supra marshall dissenting record demonstrated neither need mistrial plain obvious perez importance affirmative indication trial made relevant findings apparent chaos conducting trial welter administrative well legal concerns must occupy mind trial judge easy overlook legal rule relevant factor rendering decision requirement statement record addressed need mistrial ensure appropriate consideration given efficacy alternatives mistrial decisions based upon improper partly adequate criteria particular relevance moreover facilitate proper appellate habeas review avoiding need speculate basis decision terminate trial considerations special force mistrial sought ground jury bias resulting trial counsel error trial uniquely situated evaluate seriousness prejudice see ante failure contemporaneously may preclude meaningful subsequent determination whether mistrial properly granted defendant objection thus necessity mistrial manifest face record hold record must clearly indicate trial made considered choice among available alternatives explored alternatives record made finding substantial incurable prejudice manifest necessity different case one agree majority reasoning result ambiguous record however absence finding indeed express indication trial applied doctrine leaves open substantial possibility fact need terminate proceedings high degree necessity required mistrial may properly granted reading record inconsistent principle therefore affirm judgment appeals proposition essentially unremarkable truism findings fact trial may set aside appeal unless clearly erroneous review appropriate deference must given trial opportunity judge credibility witnesses see fed rule civ proc zenith radio hazeltine research determination alternative mistrial cure prejudice created improper opening statement part one law case sort based primarily factual evaluation extent particular jury prejudiced contrary majority implication ante nn courts hold absence express findings relating necessity mistrial dispositive rather rulings district appeals based respective conclusions record independently determined jury prevented arriving fair impartial verdict therefore finding manifest necessity implicit record see app district view prejudice cured cautionary instruction agree majority appeals applied inappropriate standard review expressly recognized power discharge jury discretionary trial absence clear abuse normally uphold discretionary orders nature noted usual case trial judge observed event heard counsel made specific findings circumstances mistrial declaration accompanied finding jury longer render impartial verdict lightly set aside ibid see app recognized majority search implied finding prejudice sufficient warrant mistrial mere error either prosecutor defense insufficient provide high degree necessity ante required permit retrial following grant mistrial defendant objections see dinitz quoting jorn plurality opinion harlan mean suggest curative instructions always even generally sufficient cure prejudice resulting evidentiary errors see bruton quoting krulewitch jackson concurring particularly error one prosecutor must shown harmless beyond reasonable doubt order conviction sustained see chapman california however must recognized cases legion convictions upheld despite jury exposure improper material relating defendant past conduct often curative instructions found sufficient dispel prejudice see bloom tuttle concurring plante cert denied roland driver beasley app cert denied see also hoffman cert denied prosecutor closing argument referring accused liar crook wheeler dealer improper harmless error instructions may found cured prosecutorial error relating defendant past misconduct beyond reasonable doubt surely considered deciding whether subject defendant second trial defense error referring past misconduct prosecution see tr voir dire defendant counsel respect instant case differs markedly situation thompson discussed ante upon discovery one petit jurors served grand jury indicating defendant trial immediately announced insisted gentlemen way left discharge jury ground record defense counsel objected juror participation also objected discharge jury arguing entitled acquittal placed jeopardy trial view clearly correct juror remained panel despite counsel objection conviction reversed case trial held jury discharged new jury impaneled without violating double jeopardy clause affirmed thus trial repeatedly challenged defense counsel theories admissibility arizona ruling see app refer manifest necessity question defense counsel nature curative instructions might propounded otherwise indicate consciousness mere error either side insufficient warrant grant mistrial defense objections see supra based upon defense counsel remarks opening statement concerning arizona opinion effect reasons new trial motion mistrial granted app noted appeals circumstances argument mistrial motion ruling make quite possible grant mistrial based fact impropriety counsel conduct established without reaching question whether nevertheless fair trial merrill concurring majority relies three aspects record support conclusion trial make evaluation prejudicial impact counsel remarks need mistrial correct error ante first trial aware double jeopardy consequences improvidently granted mistrial namely defendant may tried true none comments suggests concern propriety anything ruling evidentiary question see app second majority points fact counsel argued whether prejudice cured means mistrial argument occupied minuscule portion side discussion elicited comment response finally notes voir dire jury trial expressed concern poisoning panel allay concern jury questioned knowledge reasons new trial transcript voir dire however suggests questioning two purposes determine whether jurors knew second trial determine whether knowledge prejudice deliberations tr voir dire supra since jurors knew reason new trial inquiry made prejudice recognized time counsel separate issue none portions record establishes trial time made determination prejudice counsel opening statement cured instruction basis voir dire make determination see thompson discussed ante supra although every error require reversal upon conviction necessitates mistrial frequently high degree necessity required perez doctrine present may implied record expressed thereon error magnitude prompts mistrial see illinois somerville marshall dissenting moreover given wide variety situations may appropriate grant mistrial difficulty setting forth single standard provide meaningful guidance occasion statement reasons trial contribute development body rules precedents principles might useful providing guidance courts cf ex rel johnson chairman state bd parole vacated moot given importance respondent constitutionally protected interest avoiding unnecessary second trials jorn might even argued statement reasons explicitly relating need mistrial always required go far observe held numerous contexts governmental decisionmakers must state reasons decision particularly decision adverse constitutionally statutorily protected interests individual see morrissey brewer goldberg kelly simmons discussed ante trial explained length reasons conclusion manifest necessity mistrial indeed even thompson discussed ante supra trial finding way respond grand juror presence petit jury sufficiently indicated record exercise discretion informed manifest necessity standard