perez
argued
march
decided
april
petitioner
convicted
loan
sharking
activities
unlawfully
using
extortionate
means
collecting
attempting
collect
extension
credit
violation
title
ii
consumer
credit
protection
act
conviction
affirmed
appeal
challenges
constitutionality
statute
ground
congress
power
control
local
activity
loan
sharking
held
title
ii
consumer
credit
protection
act
within
congress
power
commerce
clause
control
activities
affecting
interstate
commerce
congress
findings
adequate
support
conclusion
loan
sharks
use
extortionate
means
collect
payments
loans
class
largely
controlled
organized
crime
substantially
adverse
effect
interstate
commerce
pp
affirmed
douglas
delivered
opinion
burger
black
harlan
brennan
white
marshall
blackmun
joined
stewart
filed
dissenting
opinion
post
albert
krieger
argued
cause
petitioner
briefs
joel
finkelstein
solicitor
general
griswold
argued
cause
brief
assistant
attorney
general
wilson
beatrice
rosenberg
marshall
tamor
golding
justice
douglas
delivered
opinion
question
case
whether
title
ii
consumer
credit
protection
act
stat
et
seq
supp
construed
applied
petitioner
permissible
exercise
congress
powers
commerce
clause
constitution
petitioner
conviction
trial
jury
sentence
affirmed
appeals
one
judge
dissenting
granted
petition
writ
certiorari
importance
question
presented
affirm
judgment
petitioner
one
species
commonly
known
loan
sharks
congress
found
large
part
control
organized
crime
extortionate
credit
transactions
defined
characterized
use
threat
use
violence
criminal
means
enforcement
ample
evidence
showing
petitioner
loan
shark
used
threat
violence
method
collection
loaned
money
one
miranda
owner
new
butcher
shop
making
advance
repaid
installments
per
week
weeks
paying
rate
six
eight
weeks
petitioner
increased
weekly
payment
two
months
miranda
asked
additional
loan
made
agreement
miranda
pay
week
weeks
petitioner
increased
weekly
payment
miranda
objected
petitioner
told
customer
refused
pay
ended
hospital
miranda
paid
months
petitioner
increased
demands
weekly
miranda
paid
advised
end
week
petitioner
need
miranda
made
payment
paying
suppliers
faced
payment
next
week
sold
butcher
shop
petitioner
pursued
miranda
first
making
threats
miranda
wife
telling
miranda
castrated
miranda
make
payments
petitioner
said
turning
collections
people
nice
put
hospital
pay
negotiations
went
miranda
finally
saying
pay
week
petitioner
said
enough
miranda
steal
sell
drugs
necessary
get
money
pay
loan
went
jail
better
going
hospital
broken
back
legs
added
sent
hospital
family
moment
want
people
petitioner
arrest
followed
miranda
wife
employee
gave
evidence
petitioner
testify
call
witnesses
petitioner
attack
constitutionality
act
starting
motion
dismiss
indictment
constitutional
question
substantial
one
two
loan
shark
amendments
bill
became
act
proposed
house
one
congressman
poff
virginia
cong
rec
another
one
congressman
mcdade
pennsylvania
house
debates
include
long
article
new
york
times
magazine
january
connection
loan
shark
organized
crime
gruesome
stirring
episodes
related
following
prelude
loan
shark
indispensable
underworld
takes
black
money
tainted
derivation
gambling
narcotics
rackets
turns
white
funneling
channels
legitimate
trade
exacts
usurious
interest
doubles
money
time
special
decrees
imposition
impossible
penalties
greases
way
underworld
takeover
entire
businesses
become
law
amendment
take
long
stride
federal
government
toward
occupying
field
general
criminal
law
toward
exercising
general
federal
police
power
permit
prosecution
federal
well
state
courts
typically
state
offense
believe
alexander
hamilton
though
federalist
astonished
deep
entrenchment
rights
performing
fundamental
function
come
conservative
quarter
house
provisions
raised
serious
questions
responsibilities
nonetheless
importance
problem
senate
conferees
agreed
house
provision
organized
crime
operates
national
scale
one
principal
sources
revenue
organized
crime
comes
loan
sharking
win
battle
organized
crime
must
strike
source
revenue
give
justice
department
additional
tools
deal
problem
problem
simply
solved
alone
must
bring
play
full
resources
federal
government
chief
justice
marshall
gibbons
ogden
wheat
said
genius
character
whole
government
seem
action
applied
external
concerns
nation
internal
concerns
affect
generally
completely
within
particular
state
affect
necessary
interfere
purpose
executing
general
powers
government
completely
internal
commerce
state
may
considered
reserved
state
wickard
filburn
soon
followed
unanimous
held
wheat
grown
wholly
home
consumption
constitutionally
within
scope
federal
regulation
wheat
production
though
never
marketed
interstate
supplied
need
grower
otherwise
satisfied
purchases
open
market
said
ven
appellee
activity
local
though
may
regarded
commerce
may
still
whatever
nature
reached
congress
exerts
substantial
economic
effect
interstate
commerce
irrespective
whether
effect
might
earlier
time
defined
direct
indirect
congress
sometimes
left
courts
determine
whether
intrastate
activities
prohibited
effect
commerce
sherman
act
sometimes
left
administrative
board
agency
determine
whether
activities
sought
regulated
prohibited
effect
case
interstate
commerce
act
national
labor
relations
act
whether
come
within
statutory
definition
prohibited
act
federal
trade
commission
act
sometimes
congress
said
particular
activity
affects
commerce
present
act
safety
appliance
act
railway
labor
act
passing
validity
legislation
class
last
mentioned
function
courts
determine
whether
particular
activity
regulated
prohibited
within
reach
federal
power
italics
added
class
activities
test
employed
atlanta
motel
sustain
act
congress
requiring
hotel
motel
accommodations
negro
guests
act
declared
inn
hotel
motel
establishment
provides
lodging
transient
guests
affects
commerce
per
se
exercise
power
commerce
clause
sustained
ur
people
become
increasingly
mobile
millions
people
races
traveling
state
state
negroes
particular
subject
discrimination
transient
accommodations
travel
great
distances
secure
often
unable
obtain
accommodations
call
upon
friends
put
overnight
conditions
become
acute
require
listing
available
lodging
negroes
special
guidebook
impressive
array
testimony
discrimination
restaurants
direct
highly
restrictive
effect
upon
interstate
travel
negroes
resulted
said
discriminatory
practices
prevent
negroes
buying
prepared
food
served
premises
trip
except
isolated
unkempt
restaurants
unsatisfactory
often
unpleasant
conditions
obviously
discourages
travel
obstructs
interstate
commerce
one
hardly
travel
without
eating
likewise
said
discrimination
deterred
professional
well
skilled
people
moving
areas
practices
occurred
thereby
caused
industry
reluctant
establish
class
activities
regulated
class
within
reach
federal
power
courts
power
excise
trivial
individual
instances
class
maryland
wirtz
extortionate
credit
transactions
though
purely
intrastate
may
judgment
congress
affect
interstate
commerce
analogous
situation
justice
holmes
speaking
unanimous
said
hen
necessary
order
prevent
evil
make
law
embrace
precise
thing
prevented
may
westfall
case
officer
state
bank
member
federal
reserve
system
issued
fraudulent
certificate
deposit
paid
funds
state
bank
argued
loss
reserve
bank
justice
holmes
replied
every
fraud
like
one
us
weakens
member
bank
therefore
weakens
system
setting
present
case
local
loan
sharks
interstate
crime
findings
congress
quite
adequate
ground
mcdade
amendment
house
already
noted
one
ultimately
adopted
stated
congressman
mcdade
grew
profound
study
organized
crime
ramifications
implications
undertaken
congressmen
cong
rec
results
study
included
report
urban
poor
organized
crime
submitted
house
august
revealed
organized
crime
takes
million
year
america
poor
alone
see
cong
rec
congressman
mcdade
also
relied
challenge
crime
free
society
report
president
commission
law
enforcement
administration
justice
february
stated
loan
sharking
second
largest
source
revenue
organized
crime
one
way
underworld
obtains
control
legitimate
businesses
congress
also
knew
new
york
report
investigation
loan
shark
racket
see
cong
rec
report
shows
loan
shark
racket
controlled
organized
criminal
syndicates
either
directly
partnership
independent
operators
instances
racket
organized
three
echelons
top
underworld
bosses
providing
money
principal
lieutenants
turn
distribute
money
operators
make
actual
individual
loans
loan
sharks
serve
source
funds
bookmakers
narcotics
dealers
racketeers
victims
racket
include
classes
rich
poor
businessmen
laborers
victims
often
coerced
commission
criminal
acts
order
repay
loans
loan
sharking
organized
underworld
obtained
control
legitimate
businesses
including
securities
brokerages
banks
exploited
ven
extortionate
credit
transactions
purely
intrastate
character
nevertheless
directly
affect
interstate
foreign
commerce
shortly
conference
bill
adopted
congress
senate
committee
held
hearings
loan
sharking
testimony
made
available
members
house
see
cong
rec
essence
reports
hearings
summarized
embodied
formal
congressional
findings
supplied
congress
knowledge
loan
shark
racket
provides
organized
crime
second
lucrative
source
revenue
exacts
millions
pockets
people
coerces
victims
commission
crimes
property
causes
takeover
racketeers
legitimate
businesses
see
generally
cong
rec
mentioned
detail
economic
financial
social
setting
problem
revealed
congress
infer
congress
need
make
particularized
findings
order
legislate
relate
history
act
detail
answer
impassioned
plea
petitioner
involved
loan
sharking
traditionally
local
activity
appears
instead
loan
sharking
national
setting
one
way
organized
interstate
crime
holds
guns
heads
poor
rich
alike
syphons
funds
numerous
localities
finance
national
operations
affirmed
footnotes
organized
crime
interstate
international
character
activities
involve
many
billions
dollars
year
directly
responsible
murders
willful
injuries
person
property
corruption
officials
terrorization
countless
citizens
substantial
part
income
organized
crime
generated
extortionate
credit
transactions
extortionate
credit
transactions
characterized
use
express
implicit
threat
use
violence
criminal
means
cause
harm
person
reputation
property
means
enforcing
repayment
among
factors
rendered
past
efforts
prosecution
almost
wholly
ineffective
existence
exclusionary
rules
evidence
stricter
necessary
protection
constitutional
rights
extortionate
credit
transactions
carried
substantial
extent
interstate
foreign
commerce
means
instrumentalities
commerce
even
extortionate
credit
transactions
purely
intrastate
character
nevertheless
directly
affect
interstate
foreign
commerce
section
supp
provides
part
extortionate
extension
credit
extension
credit
respect
understanding
creditor
debtor
time
made
delay
making
repayment
failure
make
repayment
result
use
violence
criminal
means
cause
harm
person
reputation
property
person
extortionate
means
means
involves
use
express
implicit
threat
use
violence
criminal
means
cause
harm
person
reputation
property
person
decision
followed
beckman
mall
bender
wickard
haley
ohio
see
supra
see
supra
justice
stewart
dissenting
congress
surely
power
commerce
clause
enact
criminal
laws
protect
instrumentalities
interstate
commerce
prohibit
misuse
channels
facilities
interstate
commerce
prohibit
regulate
intrastate
activities
demonstrably
substantial
effect
interstate
commerce
statute
us
man
convicted
without
proof
interstate
movement
use
facilities
interstate
commerce
facts
showing
conduct
affected
interstate
commerce
think
framers
constitution
never
intended
national
government
might
define
crime
prosecute
wholly
local
activity
enactment
federal
criminal
laws
order
sustain
law
view
able
least
say
congress
rationally
concluded
loan
sharking
activity
interstate
attributes
distinguish
substantial
respect
local
crime
enough
say
loan
sharking
national
problem
crime
national
problem
enough
say
loan
sharking
interstate
characteristics
crime
may
interstate
setting
circumstance
loan
sharking
adverse
impact
interstate
business
distinguishing
attribute
interstate
business
suffers
almost
criminal
activity
shoplifting
violence
streets
unable
discern
rational
distinction
loan
sharking
local
crime
escape
conclusion
statute
beyond
power
congress
enact
definition
prosecution
local
intrastate
crime
reserved
ninth
tenth
amendments