ex parte burrus argued decided may lambertson petitioner john schomp respondent miller application thomas burrus exercise original jurisdiction writ habeas corpus relieve custody unlawful imprisonment declares held brad slaughter marshal state nebraska jail omaha said state virtue order district district upon filing petition rule entered served upon slaughter show cause said writ habeas corpus issue rule slaughter made return return says said petitioner custody virtue order judgment able elmer dundy judge district nebraska copy order hereto attached forms part return aforesaid writ attaches return correct copy whole proceedings controversy brought judgment order aforesaid holds said thomas burrus custody subject pursuance aforesaid order said judgment submits whether entitled discharge prayed retur signed slaughter marshal district nebraska substance record shows louis miller town oxford county butler state ohio citizen state father child named evelyn estelle miller born day october wife died may wife residing nemaha county state nebraska wife lying sick measles ultimately died child taken directions physician residence grandfather thomas burrus catherine burrus wife residents said nemaha county citizens state nebraska since time miller married house home well prepared take care child desired care custody made frequent demands said thomas catherine burrus deliver uniformly refused circumstances miller made application day april hon elmer dundy district judge district nebraska writ habeas corpus recover care custody child reciting circumstances hereinbefore stated also matters tending show home burrus fit place child brought upon petition writ issued defendant burrus wife appeared judge dundy regular term district stated fact care custody infant short time birth still taken good care capable taking good care much attached attached claimed right continue custody control child eight nine years old afterwards day june judge dundy made order said evelyn miller child improperly detained kept thomas burrus catherine burrus said evelyn miller awarded care custody father louis miller petitioner said burrus wife produce child within five days date said order order appeal taken dircuit district judge brewer decided neither circuit jurisdiction hear case appeal remitted case district december order made reciting heard argument counsel motion stay proceedings dismiss cause want jurisdiction opinion cause properly judge jurisdiction ordering stay proceedings theretofore granted terminated judgment made day june carried effect appears order delivery child father obeyed presence miller started omaha home ohio child petitioner burrus wife got train crossed missouri river train reached council bluffs state iowa opposite side river made efforts secure possession child result efforts father proceeded somewhat state iowa defendants taking possession child violence father returned state nebraska thereupon burrus wife called district writ attachment contempt disoby ing orders contempt burrus committed imprisonment three months county jail custody marshal nebraska imprisonment seeks relieved present proceedings foundation claim right relieved neither district nebraska judge dundy judge jurisdiction whatever original case habeas corpus question present case power writ inquire mere errors committed district progress case satisfied errors exist save alleged error assumption jurisdiction case whether jurisdiction existed therefore sole question us question extent authority courts use writ habeas corpus means releasing persons held unlawful custody always clouded less doubt uncertainty constitution declaring privilege writ habeas corpus shall suspended unless cases rebellion invasion public safety may require added exalted estimate writ always held country england fourteenth section act establishing judicial courts declared courts shall power issue writs scire facias habeas corpus writs specially provided statute may necessary exercise respective jurisdictions agreeable principles usages law either justices well judges district courts shall power grant writs habeas corpus purpose inquiry cause commitment provided writs habeas corpus shall case extend prisoners jail unless custody color authority committed trial necessary brought testify seen section may many writs specifically provided statute shall within powers courts framers statute careful mention specifically writs scire facias habeas corpus make special provisions regard latter power courts issue writs said must necessary exercise jurisdiction respective courts agreeable principles usages law reference writ habeas corpus expressly enacted either justices well judges district courts shall power grant writ purpose inquiry cause commitment latter clause inter preted occasionally authorizing issuing writ case person imprisoned confined order purposes inquiry cause commitment proviso proceeding upon idea first clause order issuing writ must necessary exercise jurisdiction issues declares writ case extend prisoners jail unless custody color authority committed trial necessary brought testify statute course left cases prisoners confinement order state authorities without benefit writ courts justices judges law remained condition events connected nullification proceedings south carolina officers engaged collecting revenue performing duties state reason subjected laws south carolina imprisonment recent case cunningham neagle ante occasion review course legislation congress subject writ habeas corpus mainly found revised statutes reference provisions protecting individual liberty persons citizens subjects citizens foreign governments illegal imprisonment state authority necessary go field occasion sufficient say net result discussion courts justices judges courts authorized issue writ habeas corpus case party imprisoned held custody act done authority laws imprisonment violation constitution supposed violation law nations cases federal courts judges jurisdiction make inquiry matter language statute prisoner brought matter inquired justice judge shall party law justice require law therefore never every person held unlawful imprisonment right invoke aid courts release writ habeas corpus order obtain benefit writ procure issued justice judge right order issue made appear upon application writ founded upon matter justifies exercise federal authority necessary enforcement rights constitution laws treaties true perhaps judge asked issue writ need critical looking petition application clear grounds exercise jurisdiction prisoner brought justice judge power make full inquiry cause commitment detention enable correct errors defects petition writ issued upon hearing finally determined tribunal prisoner brought whether imprisonment custody violation constitution laws treaties cases subject decided courts country altogether accord think fair statement law stands present time statutes decisions subject considered much ability ex parte mccardle wall case although speaking mainly jurisdiction way appeal yet made following observation reference act february recently passed language statute addition authority already conferred several courts justices judges said courts shall power grant writs habeas corpus cases person may restrained liberty violation constitution treaty law shall lawful person restrained liberty apply either said js tices judges writ habeas corpus application shall writing verified affidavit shall set forth facts concerning detention party applying whose custody detained virtue claim authority known said justice judge application shall made shall forthwith award writ habeas corpus unless shall appear petition party deprived liberty contravention constitution laws reference statute chief justice chase speaking case said legislation comprehensive character brings within habeas corpus jurisdiction every every judge every possible case privation liberty contrary national constitution treaties laws impossible widen jurisdiction jurisdiction system appeal applied provision statute reproduced others subject section revised statutes ex parte dorr application made writ habeas corpus bring body thomas dorr rhode island whose behalf alleged held sentence death violation constitution laws law existing subject powers warding writs habeas corpus fourteenth section judiciary act already recited construing section said power given courts section issue writs scire facias habeas corpus regards writ habeas corpus restricted proviso cases prisoner custody color authority committed trial necessary brought testify clear language section illustration seem unnecessary words proviso unambiguous admit one construction qualify restrict preceding provisions section indisputable neither judge thereof issue habeas corpus bring prisoner custody sentence execution state purpose used witness immaterial whether imprisonment civil criminal process motion habeas corpus overruled account limited power federal courts issue writs habeas corpus various statutes referred ex parte neagle since passed among rest one construed ex parte mccardle clear language chief justice chase original limitation upon power remains except extended statute others subject case us pretense child restrained liberty grandfather witheheld possession control father virtue authority possession child violation constitution law treaty whole subject ofthe domestic relations husband wife parent child belongs laws laws right control possession child contested father grandfather one regard neither congress authority special jurisdiction whether one entitled possession depend upon act congress treaty constitution case barry mercein instructive subject barry subject queen great britain married american lady birth two children separated barry residing nova scotia wife state new york barry made application first chancery new york writ habeas corpus recover possession daughter case people mercein paige chancellor walworth refused relief asked saying writ habeas corpus ad subjiciendum however either common law provisions revised statutes new york proper mode instituting proceeding try legal right party guardianship infant barry made application circuit southern district new york case heard judge betts see fed delivered careful able opinion furnished us held exercise function parens patriae therefore jurisdiction matter virtue statute petitioner case alleged born subject queen great britain residing nova scotia wife daughter mary mercein citizen state new york mother daughter held custody child violation law judge betts able opinion discusses jurisdiction courts generally especially circuit regard case like result stated prior petitioner made application exercise original jurisdiction writ habeas corpus declared case class assume original jurisdiction ground exercise appellate jurisdiction presented therefore refused application ex parte barry judgment circuit judge betts barry brought case writ error motion made dismiss case want jurisdiction case elaborately argued opinion delivered chief justice taney said argument upon motion power circuit award writ habeas corpus case like fully discussed bar question us unless power writ error judgment given circuit affirm reverse may find correct otherwise proceeds say appellate jurisdiction governed amount value controversy adds case us controversy father mother infant daughter living separate claiming right custody care society child matter dispute evidently utterly incapable reduced pecuniary standard value rises superior money considerations barry mercein far question whether custody child brought litigation circuit even citizenship opposing parties ordinarily confers jurisdiction matter left undecided case barry mercein obviously although statutes since enlarged jurisdiction circuit courts declaring shall original cognizance concurrent courts several state civil suits arising constitution laws treaties made shall made authority difficulty removed provision already said custody guardianship parent child arise constitution laws treaties dependent whether diverse citizenship parties contesting right custody child courts give jurisdiction courts determine question never decided award necessary decide case order violation petitioner imprisoned contempt judgment circuit judgment district district apparently studied effort record us treat proceeding one district district nebraska also one judge apprehend must considered worth judgment district order delivery child father order imprisonment present petitioner contempt made jurisdiction founded upon citizenship parties though original petition miller father child amended judgment rendered show citizen state ohio defendants burrus wife citizens nebraska perceived averment aids parties present case district courts jurisdiction reason citizenship parties therefore ground jurisdiction habeas corpus case child delivered father entirely without jurisdiction already said relations father child matters governed laws writ habeas corpus used judges justices courts except cases appropriate jurisdiction course mean jurisdiction cases issue writ habeas corpus jurisdiction reason matter thing case jurisdiction enfore means writ whatever therefore may held powers circuit courts cases kind necessary citizenship exists contestants gives jurisdiction matters parties law equity matter exceeds value know statute provision law authority thority intended conferred upon district take cognizance case kind either ground citizenship ground found case according view subject whole proceeding district judge district coram non judice void attempt enforce judgment attachment imprisonment burrus contempt order equally void ex parte rowland petitioner therefore entitled discharge rule slaughter marshal made absolute writ habeas corpus issue necessary release brewer dissents footnotes see barry fed published request one justice