mcintyre
ohio
elections
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october
decided
april
petitioner
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distributed
leaflets
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parents
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school
tax
levy
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respondent
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california
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ohio
reasonableness
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page
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celebrezze
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first
nat
bank
boston
bellotti
law
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serve
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might
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justify
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ohio
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burden
pp
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bellotti
commented
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corporate
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buckley
valeo
approved
mandatory
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establish
constitutionality
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case
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literature
pp
stevens
delivered
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kennedy
souter
ginsburg
breyer
joined
ginsburg
filed
concurring
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thomas
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
scalia
filed
dissenting
opinion
rehnquist
joined
mcintyre
ohio
elections
justice
stevens
delivered
opinion
question
presented
whether
ohio
statute
prohibits
distribution
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campaign
literature
law
abridging
freedom
speech
within
meaning
first
amendment
mcintyre
ohio
elections
april
margaret
mcintyre
distributed
leaflets
persons
attending
public
meeting
blendon
middle
school
westerville
ohio
meeting
superintendent
schools
planned
discuss
imminent
referendum
proposed
school
tax
levy
leaflets
expressed
mcintyre
opposition
levy
suggestion
text
message
false
misleading
libelous
mcintyre
ohio
elections
composed
printed
home
computer
paid
professional
printer
make
additional
copies
handbills
identified
author
others
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express
views
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parents
tax
payers
except
help
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son
friend
placed
leaflets
car
windshields
school
parking
lot
mcintyre
acted
independently
mcintyre
distributed
handbills
official
school
district
supported
tax
proposal
advised
unsigned
leaflets
conform
ohio
election
laws
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mcintyre
appeared
another
meeting
next
evening
handed
handbills
proposed
school
levy
defeated
next
two
elections
finally
passed
third
try
november
five
months
later
school
official
filed
complaint
ohio
elections
commission
charging
mcintyre
distribution
unsigned
leaflets
violated
ohio
code
mcintyre
ohio
elections
commission
agreed
imposed
fine
franklin
county
common
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reversed
finding
mcintyre
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act
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statute
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decision
ohio
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statutory
predecessor
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considered
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citing
state
babst
ohio
mcintyre
ohio
elections
dissenting
judge
thought
intervening
decision
talley
california
invalidated
city
ordinance
prohibiting
anonymous
leafletting
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ohio
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pet
cert
ohio
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distribute
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law
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voters
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anderson
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thereof
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first
national
bank
boston
bellotti
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sort
survive
constitutional
scrutiny
ohio
mcintyre
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elections
mcintyre
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litigation
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amount
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petitioner
executor
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claim
grant
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presented
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suggest
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wise
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anonymity
author
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exclude
work
product
protections
first
amendment
anonymous
pamphlets
leaflets
brochures
even
books
played
important
role
progress
mankind
talley
california
great
works
literature
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produced
authors
writing
assumed
names
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mcintyre
ohio
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readers
curiosity
public
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work
art
author
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decide
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disclose
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anonymity
may
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social
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entry
accordingly
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decision
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anonymous
like
decisions
concerning
omissions
additions
content
publication
aspect
freedom
speech
protected
first
amendment
mcintyre
ohio
elections
mcintyre
ohio
elections
iii
mcintyre
ohio
elections
ohio
statute
however
contain
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limitation
applies
unsigned
documents
designed
influence
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election
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los
angeles
ordinance
prohibited
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place
circumstances
reason
ohio
correctly
argues
talley
necessarily
control
disposition
case
must
therefore
decide
whether
extent
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amendment
protection
anonymity
encompasses
documents
intended
influence
electoral
process
ohio
places
principal
reliance
cases
anderson
celebrezze
storer
brown
burdick
takushi
reviewed
election
code
provisions
governing
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process
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anderson
supra
filing
deadlines
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supra
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access
burdick
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tashjian
republican
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connecticut
eligibility
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mcintyre
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elections
applying
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upheld
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code
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mcintyre
ohio
elections
indeed
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ohio
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occupies
core
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constitution
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expression
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bringing
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people
roth
although
first
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exposition
ideas
winters
new
york
practically
universal
agreement
major
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protect
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discussion
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includ
ing
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candidates
mills
alabama
reflects
profound
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commitment
principle
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public
issues
uninhibited
robust
new
york
times
sullivan
republic
people
sovereign
ability
citizenry
make
informed
choices
among
candidates
office
essential
identities
mcintyre
ohio
elections
elected
inevitably
shape
course
follow
nation
observed
monitor
patriot
roy
hardly
doubted
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guarantee
fullest
urgent
application
precisely
conduct
campaigns
political
office
buckley
valeo
law
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core
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speech
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restriction
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state
interest
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precedents
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applied
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ohio
elections
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ohio
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ohio
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mcintyre
ohio
elections
anonymous
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potential
appearance
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advantage
applies
leaflets
distributed
eve
election
opportunity
reply
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also
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months
advance
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matter
mcintyre
ohio
elections
character
strength
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interest
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argues
opinions
first
nat
bank
boston
bellotti
buckley
valeo
amply
support
constitutionality
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requirement
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case
controlling
former
concerned
scope
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amendment
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afforded
corporations
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concerned
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disclosure
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reversed
judgment
judicial
massachusetts
sustaining
state
law
mcintyre
ohio
elections
prohibited
corporate
expenditures
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proposals
massachusetts
held
first
amendment
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interests
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consistently
holding
today
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public
depend
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identity
source
whether
corporation
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made
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speech
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commented
dicta
prophylactic
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identification
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like
mcintyre
mcintyre
ohio
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reference
bellotti
prophylactic
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ohio
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undeniably
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ohio
provision
vi
mcintyre
ohio
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judgment
ohio
reversed
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tax
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newspapers
magazines
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facilities
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mailings
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types
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public
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advertising
flyers
handbills
nonperiodical
printed
matter
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appears
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items
size
nature
makes
unreasonable
add
identification
disclaimer
disclaimer
identification
paid
campaign
committee
shall
identified
words
paid
followed
name
address
campaign
committee
appropriate
officer
committee
identified
name
title
complaint
mcintyre
also
alleged
violations
two
provisions
ohio
code
charges
dismissed
american
names
mark
twain
samuel
langhorne
clemens
henry
william
sydney
porter
come
readily
mind
benjamin
mcintyre
ohio
elections
franklin
employed
numerous
different
pseudonyms
see
bruce
benjamin
franklin
biographical
critical
study
based
mainly
writings
ch
ed
distinguished
french
authors
voltaire
francois
marie
arouet
george
sand
amandine
aurore
lucie
dupin
british
authors
george
eliot
mary
ann
evans
charles
lamb
sometimes
wrote
elia
charles
dickens
sometimes
wrote
boz
also
published
assumed
names
indeed
believe
works
shakespeare
actually
written
earl
oxford
rather
william
shaksper
see
ogburn
mysterious
william
shakespeare
myth
reality
ed
see
schoenbaum
shakespeare
lives
ed
adhering
traditional
view
shaksper
fact
author
see
also
stevens
shakespeare
canon
statutory
construction
rev
commenting
competing
theories
though
requirement
might
provide
assistance
critics
evaluating
quality
significance
writing
indispensable
draw
analogy
nonliterary
context
practice
grading
law
school
examination
papers
blindly
system
professor
know
whose
paper
grading
indicates
evaluations
possible
indeed
perhaps
reliable
bias
associated
author
identity
prescinded
tradition
famously
embodied
federalist
papers
authored
james
madison
alexander
hamilton
john
jay
signed
publius
publius
opponents
also
tended
publish
pseudonyms
prominent
among
cato
believed
new
york
governor
george
clinton
centinel
probably
samuel
bryan
father
pennsylvania
judge
mcintyre
ohio
elections
legislator
george
bryan
federal
farmer
may
richard
henry
lee
virginia
member
continental
congress
signer
declaration
independence
brutus
may
robert
yates
new
york
justice
walked
constitutional
convention
storing
complete
forerunner
writers
war
english
pamphleteer
junius
whose
true
identity
remains
mystery
see
faragher
encyclopedia
colonial
revolutionary
america
positing
junius
may
sir
phillip
francis
letters
junius
widely
reprinted
colonial
newspapers
lent
considerable
support
revolutionary
cause
powell
mccormack
concurring
opinion
justice
harlan
added
words
state
says
ordinance
aimed
prevention
fraud
deceit
false
advertising
negligent
use
words
obscenity
libel
aid
detection
responsible
spreading
material
character
ordinance
limited
think
state
simply
say
circulation
anonymous
handbills
must
suppressed
order
identify
distributors
may
obnoxious
character
absence
substantial
showing
los
angeles
actual
experience
distribution
obnoxious
handbills
generality
remote
furnish
constitutionally
acceptable
justification
deterrent
effect
free
speech
ordinance
likely
talley
california
omitted
arguably
disclosure
requirement
places
significant
burden
advocates
unpopular
causes
defenders
status
quo
purposes
analysis
however
assume
statute
evenhandedly
burdens
speakers
legitimate
interest
remaining
anonymous
covered
documents
designed
promote
nomination
election
defeat
candidate
promote
adoption
defeat
issue
influence
voters
election
ohio
rev
code
ann
meyer
unanimously
applied
strict
scrutiny
invalidate
law
making
illegal
pay
petition
circulators
obtaining
signatures
place
initiative
state
ballot
mcintyre
ohio
elections
similarly
burson
freeman
although
law
issue
forbidding
speech
within
feet
entrance
polling
place
restriction
plurality
dissent
applied
strict
scrutiny
law
facially
restriction
political
speech
public
forum
slip
see
also
slip
kennedy
concurring
slip
stevens
dissenting
course
identity
source
helpful
evaluating
ideas
best
test
truth
power
thought
get
accepted
competition
market
abrams
holmes
dissenting
underestimate
common
man
people
intelligent
enough
evaluate
source
anonymous
writing
see
anonymous
know
anonymous
evaluate
anonymity
along
message
long
permitted
must
read
message
done
decide
responsible
valuable
truth
new
york
duryea
misc
striking
similar
new
york
statute
overbroad
section
provides
person
course
campaign
nomination
election
public
office
office
political
party
means
campaign
materials
including
sample
ballots
advertisement
radio
television
newspaper
periodical
public
speech
press
release
otherwise
shall
knowingly
intent
affect
outcome
campaign
following
use
title
office
currently
held
candidate
manner
implies
candidate
currently
hold
office
use
term
candidate
never
elected
primary
general
special
election
office
candidate
make
false
statement
concerning
formal
schooling
training
completed
attempted
candidate
degree
diploma
certificate
scholarship
grant
award
prize
honor
received
earned
held
candidate
period
time
candidate
attended
school
college
community
technical
school
institution
mcintyre
ohio
elections
make
false
statement
concerning
professional
occupational
vocational
licenses
held
candidate
concerning
position
candidate
held
received
salary
wages
make
false
statement
candidate
public
official
indicted
convicted
theft
offense
extortion
crime
involving
financial
corruption
moral
turpitude
make
statement
candidate
indicted
crime
subject
finding
ohio
elections
commission
without
disclosing
outcome
legal
proceedings
resulting
indictment
finding
make
false
statement
candidate
official
record
treatment
confinement
mental
disorder
make
false
statement
candidate
official
subjected
military
discipline
criminal
misconduct
dishonorably
discharged
armed
services
falsely
identify
source
statement
issue
statements
name
another
person
without
authorization
falsely
state
endorsement
opposition
candidate
person
publication
make
false
statement
concerning
voting
record
candidate
public
official
post
publish
circulate
distribute
otherwise
disseminate
false
statement
either
knowing
false
reckless
disregard
whether
false
concerning
candidate
designed
promote
election
nomination
defeat
candidate
used
section
voting
record
means
recorded
yes
vote
bill
ordinance
resolution
motion
amendment
confirmation
ohio
rev
code
ann
person
course
campaign
advocacy
opposition
adoption
ballot
proposition
issue
means
campaign
material
including
sample
ballots
advertisement
radio
television
newspaper
periodical
public
speech
press
release
otherwise
shall
knowingly
intent
affect
outcome
campaign
following
falsely
identify
source
statement
issue
statements
name
another
person
without
authorization
falsely
state
endorsement
opposition
ballot
proposition
issue
person
publication
post
publish
circulate
distribute
otherwise
disseminate
false
statement
either
knowing
false
acting
reckless
disregard
whether
false
designed
promote
adoption
defeat
ballot
proposition
issue
ohio
mcintyre
ohio
elections
rev
code
ann
said
regard
libel
many
election
code
provisions
prohibit
false
statements
candidates
extent
provisions
may
underinclusive
ohio
courts
also
enforce
tort
defamation
see
varanese
gall
ohio
applying
standard
new
york
times
sullivan
ohio
public
official
libel
claim
arising
advertisement
like
forms
election
fraud
ohio
directly
attacks
problem
libel
extent
anonymity
ban
serves
interest
merely
supplement
stressed
importance
distinction
buckley
valeo
treating
expenses
expenses
incurred
campaign
volunteers
contributions
made
candidate
campaign
direction
candidate
staff
forecloses
avenue
abuse
without
limiting
actions
voluntarily
undertaken
citizens
independently
candidate
campaign
omitted
mcintyre
ohio
elections
contrast
limits
expenditures
express
advocacy
candidates
made
totally
independently
candidate
campaign
unlike
contributions
independent
expenditures
may
well
provide
little
assistance
candidate
campaign
indeed
may
prove
counterproductive
absence
prearrangement
coordination
expenditure
candidate
agent
undermines
value
expenditure
candidate
also
alleviates
danger
expenditures
given
quid
pro
quo
improper
commitments
candidate
rather
preventing
circumvention
contribution
limitations
severely
restricts
independent
advocacy
despite
substantially
diminished
potential
abuse
risk
corruption
perceived
cases
involving
candidate
elections
automobile
workers
cio
simply
present
popular
vote
public
issue
first
nat
bank
boston
bellotti
omitted
illinois
explained
people
white
struck
similar
statute
implicit
state
justification
concern
public
misinformed
election
swayed
strength
anonymous
smear
campaign
candidate
meaningfully
respond
statute
upheld
ground
however
sweeps
within
net
great
deal
anonymous
speech
completely
unrelated
concern
first
place
statute
time
limit
applies
literature
circulated
two
months
prior
election
well
distributed
two
days
statute
also
prohibits
anonymous
literature
supporting
opposing
candidates
also
referenda
public
question
clearly
victim
character
assassination
mcintyre
ohio
elections
deciding
whether
novel
restrictive
gloss
first
amendment
comports
constitution
precedents
need
survey
outer
boundaries
amendment
protection
corporate
speech
address
abstract
question
whether
corporations
full
measure
rights
individuals
enjoy
first
amendment
bellotti
passage
continued
occasion
consider
case
whether
different
circumstances
justification
restriction
speech
inadequate
applied
individuals
might
suffice
sustain
restriction
applied
corporations
unions
like
entities
corporate
advertising
unlike
methods
participation
political
campaigns
likely
highly
visible
identification
source
advertising
may
required
means
disclosure
people
able
evaluate
arguments
subjected
see
buckley
harriss
addition
emphasized
buckley
prophylactic
effect
requiring
source
communication
disclosed
bellotti
one
provisions
addressing
contributions
campaign
committees
requires
identification
person
expenditures
made
committee
behalf
committee
within
calendar
year
aggregate
amount
value
excess
amount
date
purpose
expenditure
name
address
office
sought
candidate
whose
behalf
expenditure
made
reprinted
mcintyre
ohio
elections
buckley
interest
also
serves
distinguish
harriss
upheld
limited
disclosure
requirements
lobbyists
activities
lobbyists
direct
access
elected
representatives
undisclosed
may
well
present
appearance
corruption
note
also
federal
act
constitutional
face
may
constitutional
applications
cf
brown
socialist
workers
campaign
comm
ohio
holding
ohio
disclosure
requirements
unconstitutional
applied
minor
political
party
historically
object
harassment
government
officials
private
parties
buckley
exempting
minor
parties
disclosure
requirements
show
reasonable
probability
compelled
disclosure
party
contributors
names
subject
threats
harassment
reprisals
either
government
officials
private
parties
mcintyre
ohio
elections
justice
ginsburg
concurring
dissent
stirring
appreciation
democratic
values
see
opinion
unguided
bedrock
principle
tradition
case
law
see
post
margaret
mcintyre
case
seems
bears
marked
resemblance
margaret
gilleo
case
mary
grace
three
decisions
believe
sound
hardly
sensational
applications
first
amendment
jurisprudence
calf
always
cow
decision
finds
unnecessary
overintrusive
inconsistent
american
ideals
state
imposition
fine
individual
leafleteer
within
local
community
spoke
mind
sometimes
mcintyre
ohio
elections
name
thereby
hold
state
may
larger
circumstances
require
speaker
disclose
interest
disclosing
identity
appropriately
leaving
open
matters
presented
mcintyre
handbills
recognizes
state
interest
protecting
election
process
might
justify
limited
identification
requirement
ante
convincingly
explained
ohio
lacks
cause
inhibiting
leafletting
issue
ibid
see
city
ladue
gilleo
held
city
ladue
prohibit
homeowner
gilleo
display
small
sign
lawn
window
opposing
war
persian
gulf
grace
lone
picketer
stood
sidewalk
front
sign
containing
text
first
amendment
prompting
us
exclude
public
sidewalks
statutory
ban
display
flag
banner
device
grounds
grace
mcintyre
ohio
elections
justice
thomas
concurring
judgment
agree
majority
conclusion
ohio
election
law
ohio
rev
code
ann
inconsistent
first
amendment
apply
however
different
methodology
case
instead
asking
whether
honorable
tradition
anonymous
speech
existed
throughout
american
history
value
anonymous
speech
might
determine
whether
phrase
freedom
speech
press
originally
understood
protected
anonymous
political
leafletting
believe
first
amendment
government
shall
make
law
abridging
freedom
speech
press
amdt
interpreting
free
speech
press
clauses
must
guided
original
meaning
constitution
written
instrument
meaning
alter
meant
adopted
means
south
carolina
long
recognized
meaning
constitution
must
necessarily
depend
words
constitution
meaning
mcintyre
ohio
elections
intention
convention
framed
proposed
adoption
ratification
conventions
several
rhode
island
massachusetts
pet
see
also
ins
chadha
seek
original
understanding
interpret
speech
press
clauses
read
religion
clauses
first
amendment
framers
discuss
precise
question
issue
turned
history
reveals
contemporaneous
understanding
establishment
clause
guarantees
lynch
donnelly
line
must
draw
permissible
impermissible
one
accords
history
faithfully
reflects
understanding
founding
fathers
abington
school
dist
schempp
brennan
concurring
see
also
lee
weisman
slip
scalia
dissenting
ii
mcintyre
ohio
elections
little
doubt
framers
engaged
anonymous
political
writing
essays
federalist
papers
published
pseudonym
publius
famous
example
outpouring
anonymous
political
writing
occurred
ratification
constitution
course
simple
fact
framers
engaged
certain
conduct
necessarily
prove
forbade
prohibition
government
see
post
scalia
dissenting
case
however
historical
evidence
indicates
americans
opposed
attempts
require
anonymous
authors
reveal
identities
ground
forced
disclosure
violated
freedom
press
example
earliest
famous
american
experience
freedom
press
zenger
trial
centered
around
anonymous
political
pamphlets
case
involved
printer
john
peter
zenger
refused
reveal
anonymous
authors
published
attacks
crown
governor
new
york
governor
council
discover
identity
authors
prosecuted
zenger
seditious
libel
see
alexander
brief
narrative
case
trial
john
peter
zenger
katz
mcintyre
ohio
elections
ed
although
case
set
colonies
afire
example
jury
refusing
convict
defendant
seditious
libel
crown
authorities
also
signified
early
moment
extent
anonymity
freedom
press
intertwined
early
american
mind
revolutionary
ratification
periods
framers
understanding
relationship
anonymity
freedom
press
became
explicit
example
continental
congress
attempted
discover
identity
anonymous
article
pennsylvania
packet
signed
name
leonidas
leonidas
actually
benjamin
rush
attacked
members
congress
causing
inflation
throughout
engaging
embezzelment
fraud
letters
delegates
congress
gawalt
gephart
eds
elbridge
gerry
delegate
massachusetts
moved
haul
printer
newspaper
congress
answer
questions
concerning
leonidas
several
members
congress
rose
oppose
gerry
motion
ground
invaded
freedom
press
merriweather
smith
virginia
rose
quoted
offending
article
approval
finished
declaration
hen
liberty
press
shall
restrained
liberties
people
end
henry
laurens
notes
debates
july
supporting
smith
john
penn
north
carolina
argued
writer
doubt
good
designs
liberty
press
restrained
ibid
end
arguments
persuaded
assembled
delegates
sat
mute
response
gerry
motion
neither
printer
dr
rush
ever
appeared
congress
answer
publication
teeter
press
freedom
public
printing
pennsylvania
journalism
mcintyre
ohio
elections
least
one
state
legislatures
shared
congress
view
freedom
press
protected
anonymous
writing
also
upper
house
new
jersey
state
legislature
attempted
punish
author
satirical
attack
governor
college
new
jersey
princeton
signed
work
cincinnatus
hixson
isaac
collins
quaker
printer
century
america
attempting
enforce
crime
seditious
libel
state
legislative
council
ordered
isaac
collins
printer
editor
newspaper
article
appeared
reveal
author
identity
refusing
collins
declared
comply
conceive
betray
trust
reposed
far
acting
faithful
guardian
liberty
press
apparently
state
assembly
agreed
anonymity
protected
freedom
press
voted
support
editor
publisher
frustrating
council
orders
governor
new
jersey
william
livingston
work
writing
anonymous
articles
defended
right
publish
anonymously
part
freedom
press
pseudonym
scipio
livingston
wrote
several
articles
attacking
legislature
failure
lower
taxes
accused
state
officer
stealing
losing
state
funds
british
invasion
new
jersey
scipio
letter
printer
gazette
responding
allegations
officer
called
upon
scipio
avow
publication
give
real
name
tucker
scipio
mar
gazette
livingston
replied
series
defending
liberty
press
although
livingston
first
defended
anonymity
encouraged
authors
discuss
politics
without
fear
reprisal
ultimately
invoked
liberty
press
guardian
anonymous
political
writing
hope
mcintyre
ohio
elections
tucker
seriously
bent
upon
total
subversion
political
system
scipio
wrote
pray
may
man
free
country
convey
thro
press
sentiments
publick
grievances
without
obliged
send
certified
copy
baptismal
register
prove
name
scipio
liberty
press
iv
apr
gazette
sure
controversy
among
newspaper
editors
publishing
anonymous
articles
pamphlets
controversy
resolved
manner
indicates
freedom
press
protected
author
anonymity
tempest
began
federalist
writing
anonymously
expressed
fear
emissaries
foreign
enemies
attempt
scuttle
constitution
fill
ing
press
objections
proposal
boston
independent
chronicle
documentary
history
ratification
constitution
kaminski
saladino
eds
hereinafter
documentary
history
called
upon
printers
refrain
publishing
author
chooses
remain
concealed
ibid
benjamin
russell
editor
prominent
federalist
newspaper
massachusetts
centinel
immediately
adopted
policy
refusing
publish
pieces
unless
author
provided
identity
handed
publick
required
massachusetts
centinel
days
later
massachusetts
gazette
announced
emulate
example
set
massachusetts
centinel
massachusetts
gazette
issue
gazette
carried
article
claiming
requiring
anonymous
writer
leave
name
printer
anyone
wished
know
identity
informed
appears
perfectly
reasonable
perfectly
consistent
liberty
press
citizen
massachusetts
gazette
federalists
expressed
similar
mcintyre
ohio
elections
thoughts
philadelphia
see
philadelphia
mechanic
philadelphia
independent
gazetteer
galba
philadelphia
independent
gazetteer
jewel
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gazetteer
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policy
decided
publish
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articles
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light
upon
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thought
government
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criticism
raised
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force
behind
demand
bill
rights
indicates
believed
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press
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right
author
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articles
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shared
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reflected
federalists
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liberty
press
opposition
russell
declaration
centered
philadelphia
three
philadelphia
papers
published
citizen
piece
run
massachusetts
gazette
response
one
leading
writers
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farmer
attacked
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policy
views
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printers
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press
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ohio
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way
letter
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farmer
complete
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ed
another
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launched
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russell
defenders
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press
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affairs
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scheme
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driven
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press
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essay
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gazetteer
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eyes
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attempts
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press
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see
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according
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policies
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freedom
massachusetts
boston
liberty
press
completely
abolished
hence
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people
short
time
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limited
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attack
repeated
widely
throughout
new
york
one
writer
exclaimed
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effort
suppress
anonymity
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doctrine
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press
whose
truth
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acknowledged
detector
new
york
journal
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history
detector
proceeded
proclaim
russell
policy
introduction
first
trait
slavery
country
ibid
responding
federalist
editorial
policy
rhode
island
wrote
liberty
press
liberty
every
person
present
enjoys
privilege
infinite
importance
fought
mcintyre
ohio
elections
bled
attempt
aristocratical
gentry
every
person
name
published
write
proposed
federal
constitution
given
many
us
alarm
argus
providence
chronicle
edward
powars
editor
boston
american
herald
proclaimed
pages
remain
free
open
parties
boston
american
herald
boston
independent
chronicle
solon
accused
russell
attempting
undermine
freedom
independence
sentiments
never
checked
free
country
essential
existance
free
governments
controversy
federalist
attempts
prohibit
anonymous
political
speech
significant
several
reasons
first
clearly
believed
right
author
publish
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political
articles
pamphlets
protected
liberty
press
second
although
printers
editorial
policies
constitute
state
action
believed
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merely
flexing
governmental
powers
fully
exercise
upon
constitution
ratification
third
perhaps
significantly
appears
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agreed
critique
philadelphia
opposition
ban
strongest
record
newspaper
adopted
policy
city
state
aside
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massachusetts
centinel
federalist
massachusetts
gazette
moreover
two
papers
bark
worse
bite
face
widespread
criticism
appears
russell
retreated
policy
put
readily
reprinted
several
anonymous
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essays
show
claims
suppressed
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press
foundation
truth
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history
mcintyre
ohio
elections
likewise
massachusetts
gazette
refused
release
names
writers
requested
ibid
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attempts
ban
anonymity
followed
sharp
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name
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press
open
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retreat
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must
conclude
federalists
believed
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press
included
right
publish
without
revealing
author
name
iii
large
quantity
newspapers
pamphlets
framers
produced
various
crises
generation
show
remarkable
extent
framers
relied
upon
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break
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britain
revolutionaries
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authorities
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writers
choose
names
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point
view
invoke
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classical
modern
crusaders
agelong
struggle
tyranny
schlesinger
prelude
independence
thus
leaders
struggle
independence
adopt
descriptive
names
mcintyre
ohio
elections
common
sense
farmer
true
patriot
historical
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cato
name
used
many
refer
roman
cato
cato
letters
mucius
scaevola
practice
even
prevalent
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outpouring
political
argument
commentary
accompanied
ratification
constitution
besides
publius
prominent
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signed
articles
pamphlets
names
american
citizen
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landholder
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replied
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centinel
brutus
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farmer
impartial
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see
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debate
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publishing
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appear
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may
special
reasons
practice
publishing
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articles
pamphlets
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disuse
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one
might
infer
custom
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speech
arose
response
unusual
conditions
period
revolution
ratification
elections
per
se
either
candidates
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issues
records
first
federal
elections
indicate
however
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pamphlets
newspaper
articles
remained
mcintyre
ohio
elections
favorite
medium
expressing
views
candidates
pennsylvania
example
writers
federalist
candidates
wrote
names
numa
pompilius
friend
agriculture
trade
good
laws
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centinel
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centinel
real
patriot
true
federalists
mechanic
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german
federalist
see
generally
documentary
history
first
federal
elections
pp
jensen
becker
eds
appears
practice
major
substantial
records
today
see
massachusetts
maryland
virginia
new
york
seems
actual
names
used
rarely
usually
candidates
wanted
explain
positions
electorate
use
anonymous
writing
extended
issues
well
candidates
ratification
constitution
issue
discussed
via
anonymous
writings
press
james
madison
alexander
hamilton
example
resorted
pseudonyms
famous
helvidius
pacificus
debates
president
washington
declaration
neutrality
war
british
french
see
hamilton
pacificus
june
papers
alexander
hamilton
syrett
ed
madison
helvidius
papers
james
madison
mason
et
al
eds
anonymous
writings
continued
republican
papers
aurora
federalists
organs
gazette
least
election
thomas
jefferson
see
generally
smith
freedom
fetters
iv
mcintyre
ohio
elections
join
majority
analysis
deviates
settled
approach
interpreting
constitution
superimposes
modern
theories
concerning
expression
upon
constitutional
text
whether
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works
literature
voltaire
george
eliot
published
anonymously
irrelevant
analysis
sheds
light
phrases
free
speech
free
press
meant
people
drafted
ratified
first
amendment
similarly
whether
certain
types
expression
value
today
little
significance
important
whether
framers
believed
anonymous
speech
sufficiently
valuable
deserve
protection
bill
rights
although
majority
faithfully
follows
approach
speech
regulations
need
undertake
analysis
original
understanding
provides
answer
like
justice
scalia
loath
overturn
century
practice
shared
almost
believe
historical
evidence
framing
outweighs
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tradition
interpreting
provisions
constitution
believed
bound
text
constitution
intent
drafted
ratified
hold
less
standard
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speech
mcintyre
ohio
elections
press
clauses
reviewing
weight
historical
evidence
seems
framers
understood
first
amendment
protect
author
right
express
thoughts
political
candidates
issues
anonymous
fashion
majority
adopted
analysis
largely
unconnected
constitution
text
history
concur
judgment
recognized
little
difficulty
today
state
action
problem
considered
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conduct
supporting
constitution
preview
tyranny
come
new
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government
noted
earlier
several
pieces
support
appeared
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newspaper
philadelphia
independent
gazetteer
immediately
answered
two
philadelphia
freeman
journal
accused
federalists
preventing
freedom
enquiry
truth
honour
never
dreads
tyrants
tyranny
never
endure
documentary
history
see
mason
objections
constitution
virginia
journal
debate
constitution
bailyn
ed
martin
genuine
information
maryland
gazette
men
may
made
exception
general
practice
attended
philadelphia
convention
refused
sign
constitution
leaders
fight
ratification
men
may
believed
owed
personal
explanation
constituents
decision
sign
mcintyre
ohio
elections
justice
scalia
chief
justice
joins
dissenting
time
political
branches
government
political
parties
reflect
popular
desire
leave
decisionmaking
authority
today
decision
moves
opposite
direction
adding
legacy
inflexible
central
mandates
irrevocable
even
congress
imposed
constitutional
jurisprudence
opinion
reads
though
addressing
peculiar
law
like
los
angeles
municipal
ordinance
issue
talley
california
invalidates
species
protection
election
process
exists
variety
forms
every
state
except
california
pedigree
dating
back
end
century
preferring
views
english
utilitarian
philosopher
john
stuart
mill
ante
considered
judgment
american
people
elected
representatives
coast
coast
discovers
hitherto
unknown
engaging
electoral
politics
dissent
imposition
imperatives
demonstrably
american
people
today
inadequate
mcintyre
ohio
elections
reason
believe
society
begat
first
amendment
fourteenth
question
posed
present
case
easiest
sort
answer
adhere
society
traditional
view
constitution
bears
original
meaning
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view
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question
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carry
back
time
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adopted
recollect
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manifested
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instead
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meaning
may
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text
invented
conform
probable
one
passed
jefferson
letter
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johnson
june
writings
thomas
jefferson
lipscomb
ed
technique
simple
application
government
conduct
claimed
violate
bill
rights
fourteenth
amendment
shown
upon
investigation
engaged
without
objection
time
bill
rights
fourteenth
amendment
adopted
doubt
example
laws
libel
obscenity
violate
freedom
speech
first
amendment
refers
existed
universally
approved
application
principle
unchanging
constitution
also
simple
enough
extreme
government
conduct
issue
engaged
time
adoption
ample
evidence
reason
engaged
thought
violate
right
embodied
constitutional
guarantee
racks
thumbscrews
well
known
instruments
inflicting
pain
use
regarded
cruel
punishments
present
case
lies
two
extremes
anonymous
electioneering
prohibited
law
mcintyre
ohio
elections
fact
widely
practiced
earlier
date
understandable
legacy
revolutionary
era
political
dissent
produce
governmental
reprisal
need
dwell
upon
evidence
since
described
length
today
concurrence
see
ante
thomas
concurring
judgment
practice
anonymous
electioneering
may
less
general
fourteenth
amendment
adopted
least
late
respectable
enough
engaged
abraham
lincoln
see
beveridge
abraham
lincoln
pp
uncollected
works
abraham
lincoln
wilson
ed
prove
anonymous
electioneering
used
frequently
establish
constitutional
right
quite
obviously
every
restriction
upon
expression
exist
ipso
facto
unconstitutional
else
modern
election
laws
involved
burson
freeman
buckley
valeo
prohibited
mention
categories
modern
antinoise
regulation
sort
involved
kovacs
cooper
ward
rock
racism
modern
regulation
sort
involved
cox
new
hampshire
evidence
anonymous
electioneering
regarded
constitutional
right
sparse
far
aware
evidence
generally
regarded
nonexistent
concurrence
points
freedom
press
objections
made
refusal
federalist
newspapers
publish
unsigned
essays
opposing
proposed
constitution
ground
might
work
foreign
agents
see
ante
thomas
concurring
judgment
course
every
partisan
cry
freedom
press
accepted
valid
constitution
mcintyre
ohio
elections
unrecognizable
one
generalize
particular
cries
first
amendment
protection
newspapers
restriction
upon
leaving
aside
however
fact
governmental
action
involved
point
inasmuch
editorial
proscription
anonymity
applied
thus
vice
viewpoint
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hence
comment
philadelphiensis
quoted
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see
pretty
plainly
federalists
excellent
regulation
press
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ante
quoting
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essay
independent
gazetteer
complete
storing
ed
concurrence
recounts
examples
defense
anonymity
name
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press
single
one
involves
context
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imposed
connection
free
democratic
election
issue
many
moreover
zenger
trial
ante
leonidas
controversy
continental
congress
ante
action
new
jersey
legislative
council
isaac
collins
ante
issue
anonymity
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unquestionably
issue
whether
criticism
government
punished
state
thus
sum
total
historical
evidence
marshalled
concurrence
principle
constitutional
entitlement
anonymous
electioneering
partisan
claims
debate
ratification
almost
like
election
restriction
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newspaper
editors
violates
freedom
speech
absence
historical
testimony
concerning
point
us
hardly
remarkable
issue
governmental
prohibition
upon
anonymous
electioneering
mcintyre
ohio
elections
particular
opposed
government
prohibition
upon
anonymous
publication
general
simply
never
arose
indeed
probably
never
arose
even
abstract
question
whether
electoral
openness
regularity
worth
governmental
restriction
upon
normal
right
anonymous
speech
idea
close
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regulation
electoral
process
modern
phenomenon
arriving
country
late
see
burson
freeman
supra
difficult
case
determining
meaning
constitution
accepted
existence
governmental
restrictions
sort
issue
demonstrates
constitutionality
neither
nonexistence
clearly
attributed
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objections
case
constitutional
adjudication
necessarily
involves
history
judgment
judgment
whether
government
action
challenge
consonant
concept
protected
freedom
case
freedom
speech
press
existed
constitutional
protection
accorded
present
case
absent
indication
inclined
agree
concurrence
society
used
anonymous
political
debate
regularly
regard
constitutional
even
moderate
restrictions
made
improve
election
process
however
want
evidence
common
practice
since
doubt
fourteenth
amendment
war
back
revolution
indication
weighty
sort
widespread
longstanding
traditions
people
principles
liberty
fundamental
enough
embodied
within
constitutional
guarantees
readily
erased
nation
consciousness
governmental
practice
become
general
throughout
particularly
one
mcintyre
ohio
elections
validation
long
accepted
usage
bears
strong
presumption
constitutionality
us
section
enacted
general
assembly
state
ohio
almost
years
ago
see
act
may
ohio
leg
acts
even
time
adoption
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earliest
statute
sort
adopted
massachusetts
little
years
fourteenth
amendment
ratified
less
similar
laws
end
world
war
today
every
state
union
except
california
one
mcintyre
ohio
elections
district
columbia
see
code
ann
federal
government
advertising
relating
candidates
federal
office
concerned
see
universal
mcintyre
ohio
elections
long
established
american
legislative
practice
must
given
precedence
think
historical
academic
speculation
regarding
restriction
assuredly
go
heart
free
speech
said
ignored
tradition
old
almost
widespread
texas
johnson
held
unconstitutional
state
law
prohibiting
desecration
flag
see
also
eichman
cases
merely
stand
proposition
tradition
alter
core
meaning
constitutional
guarantee
said
johnson
bedrock
principle
underlying
first
amendment
government
may
prohibit
expression
idea
simply
society
finds
idea
offensive
disagreeable
prohibition
expression
contempt
flag
whether
contemptuous
words
see
street
new
york
burning
flag
came
said
within
bedrock
principle
law
issue
contrast
forbids
expression
idea
merely
requires
identification
speaker
idea
uttered
electoral
context
periphery
first
amendment
like
law
issue
burson
took
guidance
tradition
upholding
constitutional
attack
restrictions
upon
electioneering
vicinity
polling
places
see
mcintyre
ohio
elections
plurality
opinion
scalia
concurring
judgment
ii
three
basic
questions
must
answered
decide
case
two
readily
answered
precedents
third
readily
answered
common
sense
decent
regard
practical
judgment
familiar
elections
first
question
whether
protection
election
process
justifies
limitations
upon
speech
constitutionally
imposed
generally
talley
california
invalidated
flat
ban
anonymous
leafletting
controls
decision
cases
plainly
answer
question
affirmative
indeed
suggest
justification
regulation
compelling
protection
electoral
process
rights
even
basic
illusory
right
vote
undermined
wesberry
sanders
state
compelling
interest
preserving
integrity
election
process
eu
san
francisco
cty
democratic
central
significant
found
interest
protecting
electoral
process
approved
prohibition
political
speech
entirely
areas
impede
process
burson
supra
plurality
opinion
mcintyre
ohio
elections
second
question
relevant
decision
whether
right
anonymity
prominent
value
constitutional
system
even
protection
electoral
process
purchased
expense
answer
clear
several
cases
held
peculiar
circumstances
compelled
disclosure
person
identity
unconstitutionally
deter
exercise
first
amendment
associational
rights
see
brown
socialist
workers
campaign
comm
ohio
bates
little
rock
naacp
alabama
ex
rel
patterson
cases
acknowledge
general
right
anonymity
even
right
part
citizens
ignore
particular
laws
challenge
rather
recognized
right
exemption
otherwise
valid
disclosure
requirements
part
someone
show
reasonable
probability
compelled
disclosure
result
threats
harassment
reprisals
either
government
officials
private
parties
last
quotation
buckley
valeo
per
curiam
prescribed
similar
exemption
upholding
disclosure
requirements
federal
election
campaign
act
answer
case
law
provides
fear
tyranny
majority
ante
concern
ersecuted
groups
sects
time
time
throughout
history
able
criticize
oppressive
practices
laws
either
anonymously
ante
quoting
talley
anonymity
still
enjoyed
require
without
utterly
destroying
useful
disclosure
laws
record
case
contains
even
hint
mcintyre
feared
threats
harassment
reprisals
indeed
placed
name
fliers
meant
place
see
app
mcintyre
ohio
elections
existence
generalized
right
anonymity
speech
rejected
lewis
publishing
morgan
held
newspapers
desiring
privilege
second
class
postage
required
provide
postmaster
general
publish
statement
names
addresses
editors
publishers
business
managers
owners
rejected
argument
first
amendment
forbade
requirement
disclosure
provision
gave
rise
case
still
exists
see
still
enforced
postal
service
one
several
federal
laws
seemingly
invalidated
today
opinion
unprecedented
protection
anonymous
speech
even
virtue
establishing
clear
albeit
erroneous
rule
law
announced
statute
burdens
core
political
speech
requires
exacting
scrutiny
must
narrowly
tailored
serve
overriding
state
interest
ante
ordinarily
kiss
death
opinion
goes
proclaim
soothingly
unhelpfully
state
enforcement
interest
might
justify
limited
identification
requirement
ante
see
also
ante
ginsburg
concurring
hold
state
may
larger
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list
side
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foreign
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prohibitions
upon
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elections
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ch
representation
people
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elected
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mcintyre
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mcintyre
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