california
medical
assn
fec
argued
january
decided
june
one
provision
federal
election
campaign
act
act
prohibits
individuals
unincorporated
associations
contributing
per
calendar
year
multicandidate
political
committee
related
provision
makes
unlawful
political
committees
knowingly
accept
contributions
exceeding
limit
appellant
california
medical
association
cma
unincorporated
association
doctors
appellant
california
medical
political
action
committee
calpac
political
committee
formed
cma
registered
appellee
federal
election
commission
fec
cma
calpac
notified
impending
enforcement
proceeding
fec
alleged
violations
together
individual
members
filed
declaratory
judgment
action
federal
district
challenging
constitutionality
provisions
subsequently
fec
filed
enforcement
proceeding
district
cma
calpac
pleaded
affirmative
defenses
constitutional
claims
raised
declaratory
judgment
action
pursuant
special
expedited
review
provisions
act
district
enforcement
proceeding
still
pending
certified
constitutional
questions
raised
declaratory
judgment
action
appeals
rejected
constitutional
claims
upheld
challenged
limit
annual
contributions
appellants
sought
review
direct
appeal
pursuant
held
judgment
affirmed
pp
affirmed
justice
marshall
delivered
opinion
respect
parts
ii
iv
concluding
jurisdiction
appeal
merit
fec
contention
view
overlapping
provisions
act
judicial
review
declaratory
judgment
actions
enforcement
proceedings
congress
failed
provide
mechanism
coordinating
cases
constitutional
issues
raised
parties
declaratory
judgment
action
enforcement
proceeding
direct
appeal
limited
situations
enforcement
proceedings
pending
since
otherwise
litigants
like
appellants
disrupt
delay
enforcement
proceedings
undermine
functioning
federal
courts
neither
statutory
language
legislative
history
indicates
congress
intended
limitation
pp
section
violate
equal
protection
component
fifth
amendment
ground
alleged
appellants
corporation
labor
union
contributions
segregated
political
fund
unlimited
act
unincorporated
association
contribution
multicandidate
political
committee
limited
without
violating
equal
protection
appellants
contention
ignores
fact
act
whole
imposes
far
fewer
restrictions
individuals
unincorporated
associations
corporations
unions
differing
restrictions
placed
individuals
unincorporated
associations
one
hand
corporations
unions
reflect
congressional
judgment
entities
differing
structures
purposes
therefore
may
require
different
forms
regulation
order
protect
integrity
political
process
pp
justice
marshall
joined
justice
brennan
justice
white
justice
stevens
concluded
part
iii
violate
first
amendment
nothing
limits
amount
cma
members
may
independently
expend
order
advocate
political
views
rather
provision
restrains
amount
cma
may
contribute
calpac
speech
proxy
cma
seeks
achieve
contributions
calpac
sort
political
advocacy
buckley
valeo
found
entitled
full
first
amendment
protection
since
calpac
receives
contributions
persons
year
appellants
claim
calpac
merely
mouthpiece
cma
untenable
calpac
instead
separate
legal
entity
receives
funds
multiple
sources
engages
independent
political
advocacy
first
amendment
rights
contributor
infringed
limitations
amount
may
contribute
campaign
organization
advocates
views
candidacy
particular
candidate
buckley
valeo
supra
rights
contributor
similarly
impaired
limits
amount
may
give
multicandidate
political
committee
calpac
advocates
views
candidacies
number
candidates
moreover
challenged
contribution
restriction
contrary
appellants
claim
appropriate
means
congress
seek
protect
integrity
contribution
restrictions
upheld
buckley
valeo
pp
justice
blackmun
concluded
challenged
contribution
limitation
violate
first
amendment
broader
necessary
achieve
governmental
interest
preventing
actual
potential
corruption
pp
rick
zimmerman
argued
cause
appellants
briefs
david
willett
charles
steele
argued
cause
appellees
brief
kathleen
imig
perkins
bruce
ennis
filed
brief
american
civil
liberties
union
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
louis
cohen
stephen
hut
roger
witten
kenneth
guido
ellen
block
filed
brief
common
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
affirmance
justice
marshall
delivered
opinion
respect
parts
ii
iv
delivered
opinion
respect
part
iii
justice
brennan
justice
white
justice
stevens
joined
case
consider
whether
provisions
federal
election
campaign
act
stat
amended
et
seq
ed
supp
iii
limiting
amount
unincorporated
association
may
contribute
multicandidate
political
committee
violate
first
amendment
equal
protection
component
fifth
amendment
concluding
contribution
limits
constitutional
affirm
judgment
appeals
ninth
circuit
california
medical
association
cma
unincorporated
association
approximately
doctors
residing
california
cma
formed
california
medical
political
action
committee
calpac
calpac
registered
political
committee
federal
election
commission
subject
provisions
federal
election
campaign
act
relating
multicandidate
political
committees
one
provision
prohibits
individuals
unincorporated
associations
cma
contributing
per
calendar
year
multicandidate
political
committee
calpac
related
provision
act
makes
unlawful
political
committees
calpac
knowingly
accept
contributions
exceeding
limit
october
federal
election
commission
found
reason
believe
cma
violated
act
making
annual
contributions
calpac
excess
calpac
unlawfully
accepted
contributions
informal
conciliation
efforts
failed
commission
april
authorized
staff
institute
civil
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action
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calpac
secure
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act
early
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commission
impending
enforcement
action
cma
calpac
together
two
individual
members
organizations
filed
declaratory
judgment
action
district
northern
district
california
challenging
constitutionality
statutory
contribution
limitations
upon
commission
enforcement
action
based
several
weeks
later
commission
filed
enforcement
action
district
second
suit
cma
calpac
pleaded
affirmative
defenses
constitutional
claims
raised
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judgment
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may
pursuant
special
expedited
review
provisions
act
set
forth
ed
supp
iii
district
certified
constitutional
questions
raised
appellants
declaratory
judgment
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appeals
ninth
circuit
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pretrial
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may
divided
appeals
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en
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rejected
appellants
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claims
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limit
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amicus
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liberties
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