albertini
argued
april
decided
june
title
makes
unlawful
reenter
military
base
ordered
reenter
officer
command
charge
thereof
respondent
received
commanding
officer
hickam
air
force
base
hawaii
letter
bar
letter
forbidding
reenter
base
without
written
permission
commanding
officer
designate
letter
issued
respondent
companion
entered
base
destroyed
government
property
respondent
friends
entered
hickam
base
annual
open
house
armed
forces
day
respondent
companions
engaged
peaceful
demonstration
criticizing
nuclear
arms
race
respondent
took
photographs
displays
open
house
disrupt
activities
commanding
officer
directed
chief
security
police
individuals
cease
demonstration
informed
believed
one
individuals
involved
barred
hickam
respondent
companions
escorted
base
respondent
subsequently
convicted
federal
district
violating
appeals
reversed
holding
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first
amendment
right
enter
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house
base
transformed
temporary
public
forum
held
section
applies
respondent
conduct
viewed
light
ordinary
meaning
statutory
language
respondent
violated
reentered
hickam
moreover
legislative
history
purpose
protecting
government
property
relation
national
defense
support
statute
application
respondent
merit
respondent
contentions
allow
indefinite
exclusion
military
base
instead
applies
reentry
occurs
within
reasonable
period
time
person
ejection
apply
military
base
open
general
public
purposes
attending
open
house
reentry
unlawful
person
knows
conduct
violates
extant
order
return
whereas
respondent
subjectively
believe
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open
house
contrary
valid
order
barring
reentry
assertion
respondent
lacked
notice
reentry
prohibited
implausible
since
bar
letter
indicate
applied
public
access
hickam
restricted
uncertainty
regard
might
eliminated
sought
accord
bar
letter
permission
reenter
commanding
officer
pp
appeals
erred
holding
first
amendment
bars
respondent
conviction
violating
reentry
open
house
flower
distinguished
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base
generally
public
forum
hickam
become
public
forum
merely
base
used
communicate
ideas
information
open
house
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regardless
whether
hickam
constituted
public
forum
day
open
house
respondent
exclusion
violate
first
amendment
fact
respondent
previously
received
valid
bar
letter
distinguished
general
public
provided
reasonable
ground
excluding
base
general
exclusion
recipients
bar
letters
military
open
houses
violate
first
amendment
asserted
ground
exclusion
greater
essential
furtherance
government
interests
security
military
installations
exclusion
holders
bar
letters
circumstances
promotes
important
government
interest
assuring
security
military
installations
nothing
first
amendment
requires
military
commanders
wait
persons
subject
valid
bar
order
entered
military
base
see
conduct
properly
open
house
pp
since
appeals
address
whether
facts
case
application
bar
letter
respondent
patently
arbitrary
violate
due
process
decide
issue
delivered
opinion
burger
white
blackmun
powell
rehnquist
joined
stevens
filed
dissenting
opinion
brennan
marshall
joined
post
david
strauss
argued
cause
briefs
solicitor
general
lee
assistant
attorney
general
trott
deputy
solicitor
general
wallace
john
de
pue
major
robert
lee
charles
sims
argued
cause
respondent
brief
burt
neuborne
william
harrison
yvonne
chotzen
justice
delivered
opinion
question
presented
whether
respondent
may
convicted
violating
makes
unlawful
reenter
military
base
barred
commanding
officer
respondent
attended
open
house
military
base
nine
years
commanding
officer
ordered
reenter
without
written
permission
appeals
ninth
circuit
held
respondent
convicted
violating
first
amendment
right
enter
military
base
open
house
granted
certiorari
reverse
events
underlying
case
date
respondent
companion
entered
hickam
air
force
base
hickam
hawaii
ostensibly
present
letter
commanding
officer
instead
obtained
access
secret
air
force
documents
destroyed
documents
pouring
animal
blood
acts
respondent
convicted
conspiracy
injure
government
property
violation
respondent
also
received
bar
letter
commander
hickam
informing
forbidden
reenter
confines
installation
without
written
permission
commander
officer
designated
issue
permit
reentry
app
cf
greer
spock
bar
letter
directed
respondent
quoted
statute
provides
whoever
within
jurisdiction
goes
upon
military
naval
coast
guard
reservation
post
fort
arsenal
yard
station
installation
purpose
prohibited
law
lawful
regulation
whoever
reenters
found
within
reservation
post
fort
arsenal
yard
station
installation
removed
therefrom
ordered
reenter
officer
command
charge
thereof
shall
fined
imprisoned
six
months
respondent
entered
hickam
may
base
annual
open
house
armed
forces
day
day
members
public
ordinarily
enter
hickam
permission
allowed
enter
portions
base
view
displays
aircraft
military
equipment
enjoy
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provided
military
nonmilitary
performers
press
releases
issued
base
declared
hile
hickam
normally
closed
base
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open
public
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armed
forces
day
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house
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announcements
similarly
proclaimed
public
invited
free
four
friends
respondent
attended
open
house
order
engage
peaceful
demonstration
criticizing
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arms
race
companions
gathered
front
bomber
display
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banner
reading
carnival
death
passed
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respondent
took
photographs
displays
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activities
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house
commander
hickam
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major
jones
chief
security
police
base
told
individuals
cease
demonstration
respondent
approached
military
police
commander
informed
major
jones
believed
one
individuals
involved
demonstration
barred
hickam
respondent
companions
apprehended
escorted
base
information
filed
july
charged
respondent
violating
may
unlawfully
knowingly
reentered
hickam
air
force
base
previously
ordered
reenter
officer
command
respondent
convicted
bench
trial
sentenced
three
months
imprisonment
appeal
respondent
challenged
conviction
three
grounds
first
argued
written
permission
reenter
based
advertisements
inviting
public
attend
open
house
second
respondent
contended
bar
letter
ineffective
violated
due
process
finally
argued
presence
hickam
open
house
protected
first
amendment
appeals
rejected
respondent
first
argument
found
unnecessary
consider
due
process
arguments
conviction
must
reversed
appeals
held
hickam
transformed
temporary
public
forum
open
house
military
exclude
respondent
forum
ii
order
granting
certiorari
asked
parties
address
additional
question
hether
respondent
attendance
open
house
hickam
air
force
base
may
kind
reentry
congress
intended
prohibit
although
issue
raised
parties
passed
upon
appeals
address
ascertain
whether
construction
statute
fairly
possible
constitutional
question
may
avoided
grace
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crowell
benson
courts
applying
criminal
laws
generally
must
follow
plain
unambiguous
meaning
statutory
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garcia
turkette
nly
extraordinary
showing
contrary
intentions
legislative
history
justify
departure
language
garcia
supra
proposition
altered
simply
application
statute
challenged
constitutional
grounds
statutes
construed
avoid
constitutional
questions
interpretative
canon
license
judiciary
rewrite
language
enacted
legislature
heckler
mathews
conclusion
purporting
exercise
judicial
restraint
trench
upon
legislative
powers
vested
congress
art
constitution
locke
proper
respect
powers
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accurately
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legislative
purpose
park
fly
dollar
park
fly
turning
statute
involved
conclude
applies
respondent
conduct
relevant
portion
statute
makes
unlawful
person
reenter
military
base
ordered
commanding
officer
unless
statutory
language
emptied
ordinary
meaning
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violated
terms
reentered
hickam
contrary
bar
letter
respondent
however
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apply
attendance
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house
three
reasons
first
contends
allow
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base
instead
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person
reentered
within
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ejected
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second
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intend
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base
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house
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finally
argues
reentry
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person
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extant
order
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none
arguments
persuasive
legislative
history
although
sparse
fully
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respondent
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enacted
virtually
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form
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revision
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federal
penal
laws
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mar
ch
stat
war
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existing
prohibitions
sabotage
congressional
reports
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pt
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statute
history
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argues
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second
paragraph
involved
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within
year
issuance
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order
asserts
recent
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letters
hickam
limited
period
agree
prosecution
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order
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policy
believe
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onto
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time
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process
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regulations
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order
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houses
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public
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legislative
intent
punish
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bases
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first
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already
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cf
heckler
chaney
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principle
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thought
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international
minerals
chemical
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house
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entry
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indicated
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letter
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moreover
dissenting
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person
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base
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person
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note
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first
amendment
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base
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greer
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expression
found
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first
amendment
right
hold
signs
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hickam
armed
forces
day
appeals
considered
whether
military
rely
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letter
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power
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bases
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generalized
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speeches
distribute
leaflets
military
bases
even
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open
public
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clarified
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civilian
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letter
time
arrest
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sam
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antonio
texas
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traffic
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person
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shuttlesworth
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hickam
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military
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amendment
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perry
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