keeton hustler magazine argued november decided march petitioner resident new york brought libel suit respondent magazine publisher hereafter respondent ohio corporation federal district new hampshire alleging jurisdiction reason diversity citizenship petitioner connection new hampshire circulation magazine assists producing respondent contacts new hampshire consist monthly sales copies nationally published magazine district dismissed suit ground due process clause fourteenth amendment forbade application new hampshire statute order acquire personal jurisdiction respondent appeals affirmed holding petitioner lack contact new hampshire rendered state interest redressing tort libel petitioner attenuated assertion personal jurisdiction respondent view single publication rule require award damages caused well new hampshire unusually long limitation period libel actions unfair assert jurisdiction respondent held respondent regular circulation magazines forum state sufficient support assertion jurisdiction libel action based contents magazine pp new hampshire jurisdiction complaint based circulation magazines satisfies due process clause requirement state assertion personal jurisdiction nonresident defendant predicated minimum contacts defendant state pp judging minimum contacts properly focuses relationship among defendant forum litigation shaffer heitner thus relevant jurisdictional inquiry petitioner seeking recover damages suffered one suit contacts respondent forum must judged light claim rather claim damages sustained new hampshire combination new hampshire interest redressing injuries occur within state interest cooperating applying single publication rule demonstrates propriety requiring respondent answer multistate libel action new hampshire pp potential unfairness applying new hampshire statute limitations aspects nationwide suit nothing jurisdiction adjudicate claims chance duration statutes limitations nonforum nothing contacts among respondent new hampshire suit pp fact petitioner limited contacts new hampshire defeat jurisdiction since plaintiff required minimum contacts forum state state permitted assert personal jurisdiction nonresident defendant plaintiff residence forum state separate jurisdictional requirement lack residence defeat jurisdiction established basis defendant contacts victim libel like victim tort may choose bring suit forum defendant certain minimum contacts maintenance suit offend traditional notions fair play substantial justice international shoe washington pp respondent continuously deliberately exploited new hampshire market must reasonably anticipate haled libel action based contents magazine since respondent charged knowledge single publication rule must anticipate suit seek nationwide damages unfairness calling respondent answer contents national publication wherever substantial number copies regularly sold distributed rehnquist delivered opinion burger white marshall blackmun powell stevens joined brennan filed opinion concurring judgment post norman roy grutman argued cause petitioner briefs jeffrey daichman stephen shapiro invitation argued cause amicus curiae support judgment lea brilmayer david kahn henry monaghan filed brief respondents briefs amici curiae urging affirmance filed motor vehicle manufacturers association robert stern stephen shapiro william crabtree edward good association american publishers bruce rich cbs et al robert sack douglas jacobs harvey lipton peter gould bruce sanford lawrence gunnels justice rehnquist delivered opinion petitioner kathy keeton sued respondent hustler magazine defendants district district new hampshire alleging jurisdiction libel complaint reason diversity citizenship district dismissed suit believed due process clause fourteenth amendment constitution forbade application new hampshire statute order acquire personal jurisdiction respondent appeals first circuit affirmed summarizing concerns statement new hampshire tail small wag large dog granted certiorari reverse petitioner keeton resident new york connection new hampshire circulation copies magazine assists producing magazine bears petitioner name several places crediting editorial work respondent hustler magazine ohio corporation principal place business california respondent contacts new hampshire consist sale copies hustler magazine state month see app petitioner claims libeled five separate issues respondent magazine published september may appeals opinion affirming district dismissal petitioner complaint held petitioner lack contacts new hampshire rendered state interest redressing tort libel petitioner attenuated assertion personal jurisdiction respondent appeals observed single publication rule ordinarily applicable multistate libel cases require award petitioner damages caused prevail suit even though bulk petitioner alleged injuries sustained outside new hampshire also stressed new hampshire unusually long limitations period libel actions new hampshire state petitioner suit filed circumstances appeals concluded unfair assert jurisdiction respondent new hampshire minimal interest applying unusual statute limitations awarding damages injuries nonresident occurring outside state particularly since petitioner suffered small proportion total claimed injury within state conclude appeals erred affirmed dismissal petitioner suit lack personal jurisdiction respondent regular circulation magazines forum state sufficient support assertion jurisdiction libel action based contents magazine even new hampshire courts thus district klaxon stentor apply single publication rule enable petitioner recover new hampshire action damages publications alleged libel throughout district found general course conduct circulating magazines throughout state purposefully directed new hampshire inevitably affected persons state app pet cert regular monthly sales thousands magazines stretch imagination characterized random isolated fortuitous therefore unquestionable new hampshire jurisdiction complaint based contacts ordinarily satisfy requirement due process clause state assertion personal jurisdiction nonresident defendant predicated minimum contacts defendant state see volkswagen woodson international shoe washington appeals acknowledged new hampshire adopted statute authorizing service process nonresident corporations whenever permitted due process clause thus requisites personal jurisdiction hustler magazine new hampshire present think three concerns advanced appeals whether considered singly together sufficiently weighty merit different result single publication rule new hampshire unusually long statute limitations plaintiff lack contacts forum state defeat jurisdiction otherwise proper new hampshire law due process clause judging minimum contacts properly focuses relationship among defendant forum litigation shaffer heitner see also rush savchuk thus certainly relevant jurisdictional inquiry petitioner seeking recover damages suffered one suit contacts respondent forum must judged light claim rather claim damages sustained new hampshire contacts respondent new hampshire must fair compel respondent defend multistate lawsuit new hampshire seeking nationwide damages copies five issues question even though small portion copies distributed new hampshire appeals expressed view new hampshire interest asserting jurisdiction plaintiff multistate claim minimal agree fairness haling respondent new hampshire depends extent whether respondent activities relating new hampshire give state legitimate interest holding respondent answerable claim related activities see volkswagen woodson supra mcgee international life ins insofar state interest adjudicating dispute part fourteenth amendment due process equation surrogate factors already mentioned see insurance ireland compagnie des bauxites de guinee think interest sufficient appeals acknowledged petitioner suing least part damages suffered new hampshire beyond dispute new hampshire significant interest redressing injuries actually occur within state state especial interest exercising judicial jurisdiction commit torts within territory torts involve wrongful conduct state seeks deter attempts afford protection providing tortfeasor shall liable damages proximate result tort leeper leeper quoting restatement second conflict laws comment new hampshire may also extend concern injury libel causes within new hampshire nonresident tort libel generally held occur wherever offending material circulated restatement second torts comment reputation libel victim may suffer harm even state hitherto anonymous communication libel may create negative reputation among residents jurisdiction plaintiff previous reputation however small least unblemished new hampshire clearly expressed interest protecting persons libel well safeguarding populace falsehoods criminal defamation statute bears restriction libels residents victim moreover new hampshire specifically deleted statute requirement tort committed resident new hampshire new hampshire also substantial interest cooperating single publication rule provide forum efficiently litigating issues damages claims arising libel unitary proceeding rule reduces potential serious drain libel cases judicial resources also serves protect defendants harassment resulting multiple suits restatement second torts comment sum combination new hampshire interest redressing injuries occur within state interest cooperating application single publication rule demonstrates propriety requiring respondent answer multistate libel action new hampshire appeals also thought element due process unfairness arising fact statutes limitations every jurisdiction except new hampshire run plaintiff claim case strictly speaking however potential unfairness applying new hampshire statute limitations aspects nationwide suit nothing jurisdiction adjudicate claims issue personal jurisdiction choice law hanson denckla question applicability new hampshire statute limitations claims damages presents course litigation jurisdiction respondent established think concerns complicate distort jurisdictional inquiry chance duration statutes limitations nonforum jurisdictions nothing contacts among respondent new hampshire multistate libel action whether ohio limitations period six months six years alter jurisdictional calculus new hampshire petitioner successful search state lengthy statute limitations different litigation strategy countless plaintiffs seek forum favorable substantive procedural rules sympathetic local populations certainly hustler magazine chose enter new hampshire market charged knowledge laws doubt claimed benefit complaint subscriber distributor commercial partner finally implicit appeals analysis new hampshire interest emphasis extremely limited contacts plaintiff new hampshire date required plaintiff minimum contacts forum state permitting state assert personal jurisdiction nonresident defendant contrary upheld assertion jurisdiction contacts entirely lacking perkins benguet mining none parties resident forum state indeed neither plaintiff subject matter action relation state jurisdiction based solely fact defendant corporation carrying forum continuous systematic limited part general business instant case respondent activities forum may substantial support jurisdiction cause action unrelated activities respondent carrying part general business new hampshire sufficient support jurisdiction cause action arises activity conducted part new hampshire plaintiff residence course completely irrelevant jurisdictional inquiry noted inquiry focuses relations among defendant forum litigation plaintiff residence may well play important role determining propriety entertaining suit defendant forum plaintiff residence forum may defendant relationship plaintiff enhance defendant contacts forum plaintiff residence may focus activities defendant suit arises see calder jones post mcgee international life ins plaintiff residence forum state separate requirement lack residence defeat jurisdiction established basis defendant contacts undoubtedly true bulk harm done petitioner occurred outside new hampshire true almost every libel action brought somewhere plaintiff domicile justification restricting libel actions plaintiff home forum victim libel like victim tort may choose bring suit forum defendant certain minimum contacts maintenance suit offend traditional notions fair play substantial justice milliken meyer international shoe washington case respondent hustler magazine continuously deliberately exploited new hampshire market must reasonably anticipate haled libel action based contents magazine volkswagen woodson since respondent charged knowledge single publication rule must anticipate suit seek nationwide damages respondent produces national publication aimed nationwide audience unfairness calling answer contents publication wherever substantial number copies regularly sold distributed judgment appeals reversed cause remanded proceedings consistent opinion ordered footnotes single publication rule summarized follows single publication one action damages maintained damages suffered jurisdictions recovered one action judgment plaintiff upon merits action damages bars action damages parties jurisdictions restatement second torts general rule communication defamatory matter defamer whether new person person separate distinct publication separate cause action arises comment single publication rule exception general rule new hampshire rev stat ann provides relevant part foreign corporation commits tort whole part new hampshire ac shall deemed business new hampshire foreign corporation shall deemed equivalent appointment foreign corporation secretary state new hampshire successors true lawful attorney upon may served lawful process actions proceedings foreign corporation arising growing tort statute construed new hampshire courts extend jurisdiction nonresident corporations fullest extent permitted federal constitution see roy north american newspaper alliance therefore rely holding fact petitioner name appears fine print several places magazine circulating new hampshire new hampshire rev stat ann makes misdemeanor anyone purposely communicat person orally writing information knows false knows tend expose living person public hatred contempt ridicule emphasis added see rev stat ann history great majority follow single publication rule restatement second torts appendix reporter note course conclude petitioner may properly seek multistate damages new hampshire suit conclude damages fact awarded petitioner makes case libel actual applicability single publication rule peculiar circumstances case matter substantive law personal jurisdiction conclude district jurisdiction entertain petitioner multistate libel suit traditional principles law forum state governs matters procedure see restatement second conflict laws new hampshire statutes limitations considered procedural gordon gordon barrett boston maine considerable academic criticism rule permits forum state apply statute limitations regardless significance contacts forum state litigation see weintraub commentary conflict laws ed martin constitutional limitations choice law cornell rev comment statute limitations conflict laws yale find unnecessary express opinion time whether arguable unfairness rises level due process violation defendant corporation contacts forum state perkins substantial respondent new hampshire case perkins corporation mining operations located philippine islands completely halted japanese occupation president also general manager principal stockholder company returned home ohio carried continuous systematic supervision necessarily limited wartime activities company company files kept ohio several directors meetings held substantial accounts maintained ohio banks key business decisions made state ibid circumstances ohio corporation principal temporary place business ohio jurisdiction proper even cause action unrelated activities state noted calder jones post reject categorically suggestion invisible radiations first amendment may defeat jurisdiction otherwise proper due process clause addition hustler magazine larry flynt publisher editor owner magazine hustler holding company named defendants district course follow fact jurisdiction may asserted hustler magazine jurisdiction may also asserted either defendants calder jones post today reject suggestion employees act official capacity somehow shielded suit individual capacity jurisdiction employee automatically follow jurisdiction corporation employs jurisdiction parent corporation automatically establish jurisdiction wholly owned subsidiary consolidated textile gregory peterson chicago defendant contacts forum state must assessed individually see rush savchuk requirements international shoe must met defendant state exercises jurisdiction appeals concluded jurisdiction even hustler magazine inquire propriety jurisdiction defendants inquiry course open upon remand justice brennan concurring judgment agree espondent regular circulation magazines forum state sufficient support assertion jurisdiction libel action based contents magazine ante contacts respondent forum state sufficiently important sufficiently related underlying cause action foreclose concern constitutional limits due process clause violated moreover irrespective state interest enforcing substantive libel laws unique statute limitations indeed recently explained insurance ireland compagnie des bauxites de guinee interests state relevant extent bear upon liberty interests respondent protected fourteenth amendment restriction state sovereign power described volkswagen woodson must seen ultimately function individual liberty interest preserved due process clause clause source personal jurisdiction requirement clause makes mention federalism concerns