gomillion
lightfoot
argued
decided
november
negro
citizens
sued
federal
district
alabama
declaratory
judgment
act
state
legislature
changing
boundaries
city
tuskegee
unconstitutional
injunction
enforcement
alleged
act
alters
shape
tuskegee
square
irregular
figure
eliminate
city
four
five
negro
voters
without
eliminating
white
voter
effect
deprive
negroes
right
vote
tuskegee
elections
account
race
district
dismissed
complaint
ground
authority
declare
act
invalid
change
boundaries
municipal
corporations
fixed
state
legislature
held
erred
since
allegations
proven
establish
inevitable
effect
act
deprive
negroes
right
vote
account
race
contrary
fifteenth
amendment
pp
even
broad
power
state
fix
boundaries
municipalities
limited
fifteenth
amendment
forbids
state
deprive
citizen
right
vote
race
hunter
pittsburgh
related
cases
distinguished
pp
state
statute
alleged
inevitable
effect
depriving
negroes
right
vote
tuskegee
race
immune
attack
simply
mechanism
employed
legislature
political
redefinition
municipal
boundaries
colegrove
green
distinguished
pp
fred
gray
robert
carter
argued
cause
petitioners
brief
arthur
shores
philip
elman
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
brief
solicitor
general
rankin
assistant
attorney
general
tyler
daniel
friedman
harold
greene
robert
owen
harold
flannery
james
carter
argued
cause
respondents
brief
thomas
hill
harry
raymon
justice
frankfurter
delivered
opinion
litigation
challenges
validity
constitution
local
act
passed
legislature
alabama
redefining
boundaries
city
tuskegee
petitioners
negro
citizens
alabama
time
redistricting
measure
residents
city
tuskegee
brought
action
district
middle
district
alabama
declaratory
judgment
act
unconstitutional
injunction
restrain
mayor
officers
tuskegee
officials
macon
county
alabama
enforcing
act
negroes
similarly
situated
petitioners
claim
enforcement
statute
alters
shape
tuskegee
square
uncouth
figure
constitute
discrimination
violation
due
process
equal
protection
clauses
fourteenth
amendment
constitution
deny
right
vote
defiance
fifteenth
amendment
respondents
moved
dismissal
action
failure
state
claim
upon
relief
granted
lack
jurisdiction
district
granted
motion
stating
control
supervision
power
change
boundaries
municipal
corporations
fixed
duly
convened
elected
legislative
body
acting
people
state
alabama
supp
appeal
appeals
fifth
circuit
affirmed
judgment
one
judge
dissenting
brought
case
since
serious
questions
raised
concerning
power
state
municipalities
relation
fourteenth
fifteenth
amendments
stage
litigation
concerned
truth
allegations
ability
petitioners
sustain
allegations
proof
sole
question
whether
allegations
entitle
make
good
claim
denied
rights
constitution
complaint
charging
act
device
disenfranchise
negro
citizens
alleges
following
facts
prior
act
city
tuskegee
square
shape
act
transformed
strangely
irregular
figure
indicated
diagram
appended
opinion
essential
inevitable
effect
redefinition
tuskegee
boundaries
remove
city
save
four
five
negro
voters
removing
single
white
voter
resident
result
act
deprive
negro
petitioners
discriminatorily
benefits
residence
tuskegee
including
inter
alia
right
vote
municipal
elections
allegations
proven
abundantly
establish
act
ordinary
geographic
redistricting
measure
even
within
familiar
abuses
gerrymandering
allegations
upon
trial
remained
uncontradicted
unqualified
conclusion
irresistible
tantamount
practical
purposes
mathematical
demonstration
legislation
solely
concerned
segregating
white
colored
voters
fencing
negro
citizens
town
deprive
municipal
vote
difficult
appreciate
stands
way
adjudging
statute
inevitable
effect
invalid
light
principles
must
judge
uniformly
judged
statutes
howsoever
speciously
defined
obviously
discriminate
colored
citizens
fifteenth
amendment
nullifies
sophisticated
well
modes
discrimination
lane
wilson
complaint
amply
alleges
claim
racial
discrimination
claim
respondents
never
suggested
either
brief
oral
argument
countervailing
municipal
function
act
designed
serve
respondents
invoke
generalities
expressing
state
unrestricted
power
unlimited
constitution
establish
destroy
reorganize
contraction
expansion
political
subdivisions
wit
cities
counties
local
units
freely
recognize
breadth
importance
aspect
state
political
power
exalt
power
absolute
misconceive
reach
rule
decisions
leading
case
hunter
pittsburgh
related
cases
relied
upon
respondents
hunter
case
involved
claim
citizens
allegheny
pennsylvania
general
assembly
state
direct
consolidation
city
pittsburgh
objection
majority
allegheny
voters
alleged
allegheny
already
made
numerous
civic
improvements
pittsburgh
planning
undertake
improvements
annexation
therefore
greatly
increase
tax
burden
allegheny
residents
case
held
implied
contract
city
residents
taxes
spent
solely
benefit
city
citizen
one
municipality
deprived
property
without
due
process
law
subjected
increased
tax
burdens
result
consolidation
city
another
related
cases
upon
respondents
also
rely
trenton
new
jersey
pawhuska
pawhuska
oil
laramie
county
albany
county
far
mark
authority
principle
constitutionally
protected
contractual
obligation
arises
state
subordinate
governmental
entities
solely
result
relationship
short
cases
come
regarding
legislation
dealing
political
subdivisions
fall
two
classes
claimed
state
virtue
prohibition
impairment
obligation
contract
art
due
process
clause
fourteenth
amendment
without
power
extinguish
alter
boundaries
existing
municipality
claimed
state
power
change
identity
municipality
whereby
citizens
municipality
suffer
serious
economic
disadvantage
neither
claims
supported
specific
limitation
upon
state
power
confines
fifteenth
amendment
first
category
obvious
creation
municipalities
clearly
political
act
come
within
conception
contract
dartmouth
college
case
wheat
second
one
principle
clearly
emerges
numerous
decisions
dealing
taxation
due
process
clause
affords
immunity
mere
inequalities
tax
burdens
afford
protection
increase
indirect
consequence
state
exercise
political
powers
particularly
dealing
claims
broad
provisions
constitution
derive
content
interpretive
process
inclusion
exclusion
imperative
generalizations
based
qualified
concrete
situations
gave
rise
must
applied
context
disregard
variant
controlling
facts
thus
correct
reading
seemingly
unconfined
dicta
hunter
kindred
cases
state
plenary
power
manipulate
every
conceivable
way
every
conceivable
purpose
affairs
municipal
corporations
rather
state
authority
unrestrained
particular
prohibitions
constitution
considered
cases
hunter
opinion
intimates
state
legislature
may
omnipotent
even
disposition
types
property
owned
municipal
corporations
cases
refused
allow
state
abolish
municipality
alter
boundaries
merge
another
city
without
preserving
creditors
old
city
effective
recourse
collection
debts
owed
shapleigh
san
angelo
mobile
watson
mount
pleasant
beckwith
broughton
pensacola
example
mobile
watson
said
resource
payment
bonds
municipal
corporation
power
taxation
existing
bonds
issued
law
withdraws
limits
taxing
power
leaves
adequate
means
payment
bonds
forbidden
constitution
null
void
mobile
watson
supra
argued
cases
argued
alteration
destruction
subordinate
governmental
divisions
proper
exercise
legislative
power
creditors
submit
argument
prevail
answered
answer
power
extensive
though
met
overcome
provision
constitution
forbids
state
passing
law
impairing
obligation
contracts
respondents
find
another
barrier
trial
case
colegrove
green
case
passed
illinois
law
governing
arrangement
congressional
districts
within
state
complaint
rested
upon
disparity
population
different
districts
rendered
effectiveness
individual
vote
districts
far
less
others
disparity
came
pass
solely
shifts
population
illinois
organized
congressional
districts
complaint
lodged
entire
period
elections
held
districting
scheme
devised
affirmed
dismissal
complaint
ground
presented
subject
meet
adjudication
decisive
facts
case
stage
must
taken
proved
wholly
different
considerations
found
controlling
colegrove
case
involved
complaint
discriminatory
apportionment
congressional
districts
appellants
colegrove
complained
dilution
strength
votes
result
legislative
inaction
course
many
years
petitioners
complain
affirmative
legislative
action
deprives
votes
consequent
advantages
ballot
affords
legislature
thus
singles
readily
isolated
segment
racial
minority
special
discriminatory
treatment
violates
fifteenth
amendment
case
involving
unequal
weight
voting
distribution
come
decision
sanction
differentiation
racial
lines
whereby
approval
given
unequivocal
withdrawal
vote
solely
colored
citizens
apart
else
considerations
lift
controversy
political
arena
conventional
sphere
constitutional
litigation
sum
justice
holmes
remarked
dealing
related
situation
nixon
herndon
course
petition
concerns
political
action
objection
subject
matter
suit
political
little
play
upon
words
statute
alleged
worked
unconstitutional
deprivations
petitioners
rights
immune
attack
simply
mechanism
employed
legislature
redefinition
municipal
boundaries
according
allegations
made
alabama
legislature
merely
redrawn
tuskegee
city
limits
incidental
inconvenience
petitioners
accurate
say
deprived
petitioners
municipal
franchise
consequent
rights
end
incidentally
changed
city
boundaries
form
merely
act
redefining
metes
bounds
allegations
established
inescapable
human
effect
essay
geometry
geography
despoil
colored
citizens
colored
citizens
theretofore
enjoyed
voting
rights
colegrove
green
state
exercises
power
wholly
within
domain
state
interest
insulated
federal
judicial
review
insulation
carried
state
power
used
instrument
circumventing
federally
protected
right
principle
many
applications
long
recognized
cases
prohibited
state
exploiting
power
acknowledged
absolute
isolated
context
justify
imposition
unconstitutional
condition
said
cases
equally
applicable
acts
generally
lawful
may
become
unlawful
done
accomplish
unlawful
end
reading
constitutional
power
used
way
condition
attain
unconstitutional
result
western
union
telegraph
foster
petitioners
entitled
prove
allegations
trial
reasons
principal
conclusions
district
appeals
clearly
erroneous
decision
must
reversed
soon
decision
colegrove
case
governor
dwight
green
illinois
biennial
message
legislature
recommended
reapportionment
legislature
immediately
responded
sess
laws
redistricted
sess
laws
justice
whittaker
concurring
concur
judgment
whole
opinion
seems
decision
rested
fifteenth
amendment
rather
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
constitution
doubtful
averments
complaint
taken
present
purposes
true
show
purpose
act
abridge
petitioners
right
vote
fifteenth
amendment
sense
seems
right
vote
guaranteed
fifteenth
amendment
right
vote
enjoyed
others
within
election
precinct
ward
political
division
inasmuch
one
right
vote
political
division
local
election
concerning
area
reside
seem
follow
one
right
vote
division
abridged
redistricting
places
residence
division
enjoys
voting
privileges
others
division
even
though
redistricting
done
state
purpose
placing
racial
group
citizens
division
rather
seem
clear
accomplishment
state
purpose
use
phrase
fencing
negro
citizens
division
division
unlawful
segregation
races
citizens
violation
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
brown
board
education
cooper
aaron
stated
think
decision
rested
ground
incidentally
clearly
involve
cited
cases
involve
colegrove
problem