morey
doud
argued
april
decided
june
illinois
community
currency
exchanges
act
provides
licensing
inspection
bonding
regulation
currency
exchanges
engaged
business
issuing
selling
money
orders
forbids
business
premises
business
exempts
provisions
money
orders
sold
issued
american
express
old
established
enterprise
unquestioned
solvency
high
financial
standing
sells
money
orders
local
drug
grocery
stores
appellees
currency
exchange
issuing
selling
money
orders
agent
selling
drugstore
sued
enjoin
enforcement
act
ground
unconstitutionality
held
application
act
appellees
denies
equal
protection
laws
guaranteed
fourteenth
amendment
pp
equal
protection
clause
require
every
state
regulatory
statute
apply
business
statutory
discrimination
must
based
differences
reasonably
related
purposes
statute
smith
cahoon
pp
moreover
discrimination
justified
different
business
characteristics
reasonable
relation
differences
hartford
harrison
discrimination
favor
american
express
involved
reasonable
relation
purposes
act
different
business
characteristics
pp
effect
discrimination
involved
create
closed
class
singling
american
express
money
orders
exemption
requirements
act
pp
exemption
money
orders
gives
american
express
important
economic
competitive
advantages
appellees
pp
taking
factors
conjunction
application
act
appellees
deprives
equal
protection
laws
case
need
remitted
illinois
courts
determination
whether
exception
severed
act
severability
clause
illinois
indicated
rather
clearly
exception
severable
pp
william
wines
assistant
attorney
general
illinois
argued
cause
appellants
brief
latham
castle
attorney
general
ben
schwartz
assistant
attorney
general
benjamin
adamowski
kent
yowell
john
yowell
argued
cause
filed
brief
appellees
justice
burton
delivered
opinion
case
concerns
validity
provision
illinois
community
currency
exchanges
act
amended
excepting
money
orders
american
express
company
requirement
firm
selling
issuing
money
orders
state
must
secure
license
submit
state
regulation
objection
raised
exception
results
denial
equal
protection
laws
guaranteed
fourteenth
amendment
constitution
subjected
requirements
act
reasons
hereafter
stated
hold
act
invalid
applied
discriminatory
exception
appellees
case
doud
mcdonald
carlson
partners
business
bondified
systems
derrick
agent
partnership
exclusive
right
sell
bondified
money
orders
illinois
directly
agents
contemplates
selling
money
orders
illinois
agents
principally
engaged
operating
retail
drug
grocery
stores
derrick
proprietor
drugstore
illinois
operates
bondified
agency
store
fearing
enforcement
provisions
act
four
individuals
instituted
suit
district
northern
district
illinois
appellants
auditor
public
accounts
state
illinois
attorney
general
state
state
attorney
cook
county
complaint
alleged
act
violated
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
unlawfully
discriminated
complainants
favor
american
express
company
injunction
enforcement
act
sought
since
complaint
attacked
validity
state
statute
constitution
case
heard
district
pursuant
hearing
evidence
district
dismissed
complaint
ground
lacked
jurisdiction
determine
constitutional
question
absence
authoritative
determination
question
illinois
supp
appeal
held
district
erred
dismissing
case
lack
jurisdiction
remanded
district
remand
district
considered
merits
evidence
previously
heard
unanimously
held
act
violated
equal
protection
clause
appellees
entitled
relief
sought
supp
decree
enjoined
appellants
enforcing
act
appellees
long
engage
business
issuing
selling
money
orders
case
came
direct
appeal
noted
probable
jurisdiction
early
closing
many
banks
chicago
area
led
development
simple
banking
facilities
called
currency
exchanges
principal
activities
exchanges
cashing
checks
fee
selling
money
orders
fact
many
exchanges
went
business
without
adequate
capital
without
sufficient
safeguards
protect
public
resulted
enactment
illinois
community
currency
exchanges
act
act
amendments
provide
comprehensive
scheme
licensing
regulation
currency
exchanges
operation
community
currency
exchange
without
license
made
crime
applicant
license
must
submit
specified
information
pay
investigation
fee
license
issued
unless
state
auditor
determines
issuance
promote
convenience
advantage
community
business
applicant
proposed
conducted
surety
bond
insurance
policy
must
filed
annual
license
fee
required
licensed
exchange
must
maintain
minimum
available
cash
uses
purposes
business
plus
amount
liquid
funds
sufficient
pay
demand
outstanding
money
orders
issued
exchange
must
entity
financed
conducted
separate
business
unit
conducted
department
another
business
community
currency
exchange
hereafter
licensed
first
time
shall
share
room
business
trade
profession
shall
occupy
room
direct
access
room
occupied
business
trade
profession
one
place
business
may
maintained
one
license
although
one
license
may
issued
licensee
annual
financial
reports
must
submitted
state
auditor
duty
investigate
exchange
least
year
fee
must
paid
day
part
thereof
investigation
following
definition
community
currency
exchange
crucial
case
community
currency
exchange
means
person
firm
association
partnership
corporation
except
banks
incorporated
laws
state
national
banks
organized
pursuant
laws
engaged
fixed
permanent
place
business
business
service
providing
facilities
cashing
checks
drafts
money
orders
evidences
money
acceptable
community
currency
exchange
fee
service
charge
consideration
engaged
business
selling
issuing
money
orders
name
money
orders
post
office
money
orders
american
express
company
money
order
postal
telegraph
company
money
orders
western
union
telegraph
company
money
orders
engaged
businesses
engaged
performing
one
foregoing
services
emphasis
supplied
american
express
company
hand
money
orders
excepted
relieved
licensing
regulatory
requirements
appears
exempt
regulation
illinois
american
express
company
unincorporated
joint
stock
association
organized
laws
new
york
conducts
business
includes
sale
money
orders
sells
money
orders
illinois
substantially
manner
contemplated
bondified
partnership
authorized
agents
located
drug
grocery
stores
since
american
express
money
orders
subject
act
sold
legally
stores
part
business
american
express
outlets
may
established
without
regard
convenience
advantage
community
operate
finally
outlets
need
pay
licensing
inspection
fees
file
surety
bonds
insurance
policies
state
determining
constitutionality
act
application
appellees
light
exception
american
express
money
orders
start
established
proposition
prohibition
equal
protection
clause
goes
invidious
discrimination
williamson
lee
optical
rules
testing
discrimination
summarized
follows
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
take
state
power
classify
adoption
police
laws
admits
exercise
wide
scope
discretion
regard
avoids
done
without
reasonable
basis
therefore
purely
arbitrary
classification
reasonable
basis
offend
clause
merely
made
mathematical
nicety
practice
results
inequality
classification
law
called
question
state
facts
reasonably
conceived
sustain
existence
state
facts
time
law
enacted
must
assumed
one
assails
classification
law
must
carry
burden
showing
rest
upon
reasonable
basis
essentially
arbitrary
lindsley
natural
carbonic
gas
act
creates
statutory
class
sellers
money
orders
money
orders
sold
one
company
american
express
excepted
class
one
american
express
company
exception
upheld
must
basis
cast
exception
particular
business
entity
generic
category
purpose
act
licensing
regulatory
provisions
clearly
protect
public
dealing
currency
exchanges
american
express
company
enterprise
unquestioned
solvency
high
financial
standing
state
argues
legislative
classification
reasonable
contends
special
characteristics
american
express
company
justify
excepting
money
orders
requirements
act
aimed
local
companies
local
business
appellees
position
complain
competitive
disadvantages
since
fourteenth
amendment
protect
business
hazards
competition
citing
hegeman
farms
baldwin
equal
protection
clause
require
every
state
regulatory
statute
apply
business
truism
example
size
index
evil
law
directed
discriminations
large
small
permissible
moreover
repeatedly
recognized
reform
may
take
one
step
time
addressing
phase
problem
seems
acute
legislative
mind
williamson
lee
optical
hand
statutory
discrimination
must
based
differences
reasonably
related
purposes
act
found
smith
cahoon
involved
state
statute
required
motor
vehicles
operating
local
highways
carriers
hire
furnish
bonds
insurance
policies
protection
public
injuries
received
negligence
operations
act
excepted
motor
vehicles
carrying
specified
products
held
exception
violated
equal
protection
clause
since
statutory
purpose
protecting
public
reasonably
support
discrimination
carrying
exempt
products
like
farm
produce
regulated
products
like
groceries
classification
based
anything
relation
purpose
made
course
distinctions
treatment
business
entities
engaged
business
activity
may
justified
genuinely
different
characteristics
business
involved
even
discrimination
name
distinctions
justified
discrimination
reasonable
relation
differences
hartford
harrison
case
held
state
statute
permitted
mutual
insurance
companies
act
salaried
resident
employees
excluded
stock
insurance
companies
privilege
violated
equal
protection
clause
principles
controlling
smith
hartford
cases
supra
applicable
provisions
illinois
act
requiring
annual
inspection
licensed
community
currency
exchanges
state
auditor
make
clear
statute
intended
afford
public
continuing
protection
discrimination
favor
american
express
company
conform
purpose
exception
money
orders
apparently
rests
legislative
hypothesis
characteristics
american
express
company
make
unnecessary
regulate
sales
yet
sales
virtue
exception
continue
unregulated
whether
american
express
company
retains
present
characteristics
hand
sellers
competing
money
orders
subject
act
even
though
characteristics
become
substantially
identical
american
express
company
moreover
act
blanket
exception
takes
account
characteristics
local
outlets
sell
american
express
money
orders
distinct
possibility
may
afford
less
protection
public
retail
establishments
sell
competing
money
orders
american
express
company
responsible
institution
operating
basis
minimize
fact
public
buys
american
express
money
orders
local
drug
grocery
stores
relies
part
reliability
selling
agents
effect
discrimination
create
closed
class
singling
american
express
money
orders
singling
money
orders
one
company
sense
converse
case
like
cotting
kansas
city
stock
yards
see
also
mcfarland
american
sugar
cotting
case
held
regulatory
statute
fact
applied
one
stockyard
state
violated
equal
protection
clause
although
statutory
discriminations
creating
closed
class
upheld
statute
established
closed
class
held
violate
equal
protection
clause
face
attempt
give
economic
advantage
engaged
given
business
arbitrary
date
enter
industry
date
mayflower
farms
ten
eyck
statute
involved
case
granted
differential
regulated
price
dealers
sell
milk
dealers
specified
class
business
april
unlike
american
express
company
appellees
others
barred
selling
money
orders
retail
establishments
even
competing
outlets
successfully
established
separate
businesses
ability
secure
licenses
depends
upon
showing
convenience
advantage
perhaps
showing
made
unregulated
american
express
company
already
established
outlets
community
even
licenses
secured
licensees
required
pay
licensing
investigatory
fees
purchase
surety
bonds
insurance
policies
costs
american
express
company
agents
required
bear
fact
activities
american
express
company
minimize
impact
local
affairs
competitors
sale
money
orders
illinois
case
fourteenth
amendment
invoked
protect
business
general
hazards
competition
hazards
roots
statutory
discrimination
taking
factors
conjunction
remote
relationship
statutory
classification
act
purpose
business
characteristics
creation
closed
class
singling
money
orders
named
company
accompanying
economic
advantages
hold
application
act
appellees
deprives
equal
protection
laws
state
urges
exception
american
express
money
orders
unconstitutional
case
remitted
illinois
courts
determination
whether
exception
severed
act
severability
clause
however
even
procedure
otherwise
appropriate
deem
unnecessary
since
illinois
indicated
rather
clearly
exception
severable
state
also
contends
appellees
come
clean
hands
demonstrated
imminence
irreparable
injury
hence
entitled
equitable
relief
arguments
adequately
disposed
opinion
district
judgment
district
affirmed
footnotes
registered
bondified
owned
checks
incorporated
minnesota
corporation
partnership
bondified
systems
acquired
exclusive
license
use
selling
issuing
money
orders
holding
district
declined
follow
illinois
sustaining
act
similar
attack
mcdougall
lueder
accepted
instead
precedent
federal
district
wisconsin
held
unconstitutional
identical
provision
wisconsin
statute
currency
services
matthews
supp
see
gadlin
auditor
public
accounts
appellees
question
exception
act
money
orders
post
office
postal
telegraph
company
western
union
telegraph
company
currency
services
matthews
supp
district
upheld
exception
money
orders
similar
wisconsin
statute
concluded
state
without
authority
regulate
sale
post
office
money
orders
exception
western
union
money
orders
reasonable
since
company
regulated
federal
communications
commission
state
commission
noted
postal
telegraph
company
merged
western
union
telegraph
company
see
mcdougall
lueder
willis
fidelity
deposit
app
see
mcdougall
lueder
see
engel
exception
businesses
average
sum
received
safekeeping
transmission
licensing
requirements
intended
protect
small
depositor
see
also
new
york
new
york
exception
railroads
less
miles
length
statute
regulating
heating
railroad
passenger
cars
placing
guards
guard
posts
railroad
bridges
miller
strahl
exception
hotels
less
rooms
statute
requiring
hotelkeepers
take
certain
fire
precautions
see
royster
guano
virginia
louisville
gas
coleman
see
german
alliance
ins
lewis
exception
farmers
mutual
insurance
companies
farm
business
statute
establishing
rate
regulation
fire
insurance
companies
hoopeston
canning
cullen
different
regulatory
requirements
reciprocals
mutual
companies
see
erb
morasch
exception
named
railroad
ordinance
limiting
speed
trains
city
cf
williams
mayor
see
watson
maryland
exception
physicians
practiced
prior
specified
date
treated
least
persons
within
year
prior
thereto
examination
certificate
requirements
sampere
new
orleans
la
aff
per
curiam
exception
existing
business
establishments
zoning
restriction
stanley
public
utilities
commission
exception
carriers
furnished
adequate
responsible
continuous
service
given
route
specified
date
past
requirement
showing
public
convenience
necessity
secure
license
see
currency
services
matthews
supp
effect
costs
may
prohibitive
wedesweiler
brundage
illinois
held
equal
protection
clause
violated
statute
excepted
express
steamship
telegraph
companies
prohibition
transmission
money
foreign
countries
natural
persons
firms
partnerships
concluded
discrimination
reference
character
solvency
financial
responsibility
security
business
monetary
facilities
incorporation
method
business
public
inspection
supervision
report
thing
relation
protection
public
loss
reason
dishonesty
incompetence
ignorance
irresponsibility
persons
engaging
business
see
also
state
inf
taylor
currency
services
mo
wedesweiler
case
distinguished
illinois
mcdougall
lueder
ground
earlier
case
regulated
firms
direct
competition
excepted
companies
apparently
treated
regulated
firm
mcdougall
case
direct
competition
american
express
company
since
firm
engaged
business
cashing
checks
well
selling
money
orders
american
express
company
merely
sold
money
orders
distinction
involved
facts
case
express
opinion
see
guinn
myers
anderson
dorchy
kansas
mcdougall
lueder
illinois
stated
general
assembly
surely
never
passed
act
thought
said
companies
western
union
postal
telegraph
american
express
made
subject
rules
regulations
statement
takes
added
significance
light
ruling
case
another
provision
act
held
invalid
severed
since
presumption
general
assembly
enacted
remainder
statute
without
invalid
provision
question
severability
question
state
law
judgment
illinois
binding
see
dorchy
kansas
chas
wolff
packing
industrial
relations
see
doud
hodge
supp
justice
black
dissenting
illinois
statute
involved
provides
regulatory
plan
protect
public
irresponsible
insolvent
sellers
money
orders
act
specifically
exempts
american
express
company
money
orders
regulatory
provisions
recognizes
company
enterprise
unquestioned
solvency
high
financial
standing
agree
exemption
denies
actual
potential
competitors
american
express
company
equal
protection
laws
within
meaning
fourteenth
amendment
recently
held
prohibition
equal
protection
clause
goes
invidious
discrimination
williamson
lee
optical
oklahoma
whatever
one
may
think
merits
legislation
exemption
company
known
solvency
solvency
test
applied
others
unknown
financial
responsibility
hardly
called
invidious
unless
state
legislatures
power
make
distinctions
plainly
unreasonable
ability
protect
citizens
regulating
business
within
boundaries
seriously
impaired
feel
necessary
express
objection
use
general
provisions
constitution
restrict
narrowly
state
power
state
domestic
economic
affairs
think
state
regulation
viewed
quite
differently
touches
involves
freedom
speech
press
religion
petition
assembly
specific
safeguards
bill
rights
duty
alert
see
constitutionally
preferred
rights
abridged
illinois
statute
involve
basic
liberties
since
believe
invidiously
discriminatory
hold
invalid
see
dissents
hood
sons
du
mond
magnolia
petroleum
hunt
adamson
california
cf
tigner
texas
american
sugar
refining
louisiana
cases
wall
schneider
state
see
dissenting
opinions
beauharnais
illinois
feldman
cf
kotch
board
river
port
pilot
concurring
opinion
oyama
california
justice
frankfurter
justice
harlan
joins
dissenting
sole
question
whether
fourteenth
amendment
constitution
prohibiting
state
denying
person
equal
protection
laws
barred
illinois
formulating
domestic
policy
area
concededly
within
regulatory
power
state
usually
true
questions
arising
equal
protection
clause
answer
turn
way
clause
conceived
differences
judicial
approach
divisions
applying
clause
frequent
marked
believe
accurate
summarize
matter
saying
great
divide
decisions
lies
difference
emphasizing
actualities
abstractions
legislation
complicated
society
becomes
greater
diversity
problems
legislation
direct
diversities
statutes
directed
less
universal
situations
law
reflects
distinctions
exist
fact
least
appear
exist
judgment
legislators
responsibility
making
law
fit
fact
legislation
essentially
empiric
addresses
less
crude
outside
world
neat
logical
models
mind
classification
inherent
legislation
equal
protection
clause
forbidden
recognize
marked
differences
exist
fact
living
law
disregard
practical
differences
concentrate
abstract
identities
lifeless
logic
controlling
importance
differences
approach
problem
arising
equal
protection
clause
sharply
illustrated
one
view
decisions
cases
like
louisville
gas
coleman
hartford
harrison
relies
false
leads
decisions
prevailed
narrowest
margin
evoked
powerful
dissents
manifest
requirement
nondiscriminatory
classification
exercise
logical
abstractions
breathe
spirit
decisions
like
connolly
union
sewer
pipe
colgate
harvey
respectively
overruled
tigner
texas
madden
kentucky
last
two
cases
heeded
admonition
important
avoid
extracting
general
language
fourteenth
amendment
system
delusive
exactness
louisville
nashville
barber
asphalt
regulating
banking
facilities
illinois
drawing
one
oldest
legislative
powers
public
needs
protected
issuing
selling
money
orders
people
limited
means
especially
safeguarded
illinois
chose
state
take
money
order
business
see
noble
state
bank
haskell
found
nothing
constitution
bar
state
engaging
businesses
manufacturing
marketing
farm
products
providing
homes
people
green
frazier
surely
nothing
prevent
illinois
engaging
business
directly
money
dispensary
similar
mode
engage
liquor
business
know
nothing
fourteenth
amendment
bar
state
discharging
responsibility
citizens
business
conducted
recognizes
enterprise
unquestioned
solvency
high
financial
standing
wit
american
express
co
regretfully
find
unable
appreciate
state
instead
thus
dealing
problem
may
choose
allow
small
units
carry
business
fraught
public
interests
regulations
devised
statute
review
time
finds
measures
control
needless
case
enterprise
unquestioned
solvency
high
financial
standing
rational
differentiation
course
latter
enterprise
contains
within
judgment
illinois
necessary
safeguards
solvency
reliability
issuing
money
orders
redeeming
surely
distinction
significance
fact
law
view
glass
eye
suggested
american
express
may
continue
retain
present
characteristics
sellers
competing
money
orders
may
continue
subject
act
even
though
characteristics
become
substantially
identical
american
express
deny
state
right
legislate
basis
circumstances
exist
state
may
speculatively
different
circumstances
may
never
come
pass
right
surely
time
enough
strike
legislation
constitutional
justification
gone
invalidating
legislation
serious
business
indulged
situation
even
remotely
probable
valid
statute
may
lose
foundation
occasion
deal
contingency
regulatory
measures
sustained
later
changed
circumstances
found
unconstitutional
compare
willcox
consolidated
gas
newton
consolidated
gas
block
hirsh
chastleton
sinclair
legislation
regulates
business
may
well
make
distinctions
depend
upon
degree
evil
heath
milligan
mfg
worst
true
doubt
size
index
admitted
evil
law
discriminate
great
small
case
size
index
engel
neither
record
judicial
information
affords
basis
concluding
illinois
may
put
post
office
western
union
american
express
one
class
money
order
issuers
another
illinois
may
less
relieve
american
express
regulations
multitudinous
small
issuers
subject
company
reliabilities
may
well
different
post
office
western
union
telegraph
co
vital
fact
american
express
decisively
different
money
order
issuers
within
regulatory
scheme