avery
midland
county
argued
november
decided
april
midland
county
texas
commissioners
governing
body
county
like
bodies
established
state
constitution
statutes
consists
five
members
county
judge
elected
large
entire
county
four
commissioners
one
elected
four
districts
precincts
county
divided
commissioners
courts
exercise
broad
governmental
functions
counties
including
setting
tax
rates
equalization
assessments
issuance
bonds
allocation
funds
wide
discretion
expenditures
one
district
midland
county
includes
almost
city
midland
population
according
estimates
others
rural
areas
populations
respectively
action
challenging
county
districting
petitioner
alleged
gross
disparity
population
distribution
among
four
districts
violated
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
three
four
commissioners
testified
trial
population
major
factor
districting
process
trial
ruled
petitioner
district
state
constitutional
apportionment
standard
substantially
number
people
intermediate
appellate
reversed
state
reversed
judgment
holding
federal
state
constitutions
districting
scheme
impermissible
reasons
stated
trial
held
however
work
actually
done
county
commissioners
disproportionately
concerns
rural
areas
factors
number
qualified
voters
land
areas
geography
miles
county
roads
taxable
values
justify
apportionment
otherwise
basis
substantially
equal
populations
held
local
units
general
governmental
powers
entire
geographic
area
may
consistently
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
apportioned
among
districts
substantially
unequal
population
reynolds
sims
pp
equal
protection
clause
reaches
exercise
state
power
whether
exercised
state
political
subdivision
although
state
legislature
may
properly
apportioned
fourteenth
amendment
requires
citizens
denied
equal
representation
political
subdivisions
also
broad
functions
commissioners
performs
functions
normally
thought
legislative
others
typically
characterized
terms
regardless
labels
body
power
make
large
number
decisions
broad
impact
citizens
county
pp
though
midland
county
commissioners
may
concentrate
attention
rural
roads
decisions
also
affect
citizens
city
midland
lyndon
olson
argued
cause
filed
brief
petitioner
browder
pannill
argued
cause
filed
brief
respondents
francis
beytagh
special
leave
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
brief
acting
solicitor
general
spritzer
assistant
attorney
general
doar
louis
lefkowitz
attorney
general
daniel
cohen
robert
imrie
assistant
attorneys
general
filed
brief
state
new
york
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
justice
white
delivered
opinion
petitioner
taxpayer
voter
midland
county
texas
sought
determination
texas
erred
concluding
selection
midland
county
commissioners
districts
substantially
unequal
population
necessarily
violate
fourteenth
amendment
granted
review
application
one
man
one
vote
principle
reynolds
sims
units
local
government
broad
public
importance
hold
petitioner
resident
midland
county
right
vote
commissioners
substantially
equal
weight
vote
every
resident
midland
county
population
commissioners
composed
five
members
one
county
judge
elected
large
entire
county
practice
casts
vote
break
tie
four
commissioners
chosen
districts
population
districts
according
estimates
relied
upon
case
tried
respectively
vast
imbalance
resulted
placing
single
district
virtually
entire
city
midland
midland
county
urban
center
county
population
resides
commissioners
assigned
texas
constitution
various
statutory
enactments
variety
functions
according
commentary
vernon
texas
statutes
general
governing
body
county
establishes
courthouse
jail
appoints
numerous
minor
officials
county
health
officer
fills
vacancies
county
offices
lets
contracts
name
county
builds
roads
bridges
administers
county
public
welfare
services
performs
numerous
duties
regard
elections
sets
county
tax
rate
issues
bonds
adopts
county
budget
serves
board
equalization
tax
assessments
petitioner
sued
commissioners
members
midland
county
district
alleging
disparity
district
population
violated
fourteenth
amendment
standing
resident
taxpayer
voter
district
largest
population
three
four
commissioners
testified
trial
telling
indeed
population
statistics
established
districts
demonstrated
population
major
factor
districting
process
trial
ruled
petitioner
made
explicit
reference
fourteenth
amendment
said
apportionment
plan
effect
convenience
people
apportionment
standard
established
art
texas
constitution
ordered
defendant
commissioners
adopt
new
plan
precinct
substantially
number
people
texas
civil
appeals
reversed
judgment
district
entered
judgment
respondents
held
neither
federal
state
law
created
requirement
texas
county
commissioners
courts
districted
according
population
texas
reversed
civil
appeals
held
requirements
texas
constitutions
present
districting
scheme
impermissible
reasons
stated
trial
however
disagreed
trial
conclusion
precincts
must
substantially
equal
populations
stating
factors
number
qualified
voters
land
areas
geography
miles
county
roads
taxable
values
considered
also
decreed
texas
courts
redistrict
commissioners
responsibility
commissioners
accomplished
within
constitutional
boundaries
sought
delineate
reynolds
sims
supra
equal
protection
clause
applied
apportionment
state
legislatures
every
qualified
resident
reynolds
determined
right
ballot
election
state
legislators
equal
weight
vote
every
resident
right
infringed
legislators
elected
districts
substantially
unequal
population
question
us
whether
fourteenth
amendment
likewise
forbids
election
local
government
officials
districts
disparate
population
almost
every
addressed
question
hold
equal
protection
clause
reaches
exercise
state
power
however
manifested
whether
exercised
directly
subdivisions
state
thus
prohibitions
fourteenth
amendment
extend
action
state
denying
equal
protection
laws
whatever
agency
state
taking
action
cooper
aaron
state
apportions
legislature
must
due
regard
equal
protection
clause
similarly
state
delegates
lawmaking
power
local
government
provides
election
local
officials
districts
specified
statute
ordinance
local
charter
must
insure
qualified
vote
right
equally
effective
voice
election
process
voters
residing
oversize
districts
denied
constitutional
right
participate
election
state
legislators
precisely
kind
deprivation
occurs
members
city
council
school
board
county
governing
board
elected
districts
substantially
unequal
population
five
senators
representing
city
state
legislature
may
elected
districts
ranging
size
neither
permissible
elect
members
city
council
districts
either
case
votes
residents
greater
weight
others
cases
equal
protection
laws
denied
state
legislature
may
properly
apportioned
exempt
subdivisions
fourteenth
amendment
state
legislatures
exercise
extensive
power
constituents
various
units
local
government
universally
leave
much
policy
decisionmaking
governmental
subdivisions
legislators
enact
many
laws
attempt
reach
countless
matters
local
concern
necessarily
left
wholly
partly
govern
local
level
providing
governments
cities
counties
towns
districts
characteristically
provide
representative
government
decisionmaking
local
level
representatives
elected
people
infrequently
delegation
power
local
units
contained
constitutional
provisions
local
home
rule
immune
legislative
interference
word
institutions
local
government
always
major
aspect
system
responsible
responsive
operation
today
increasing
importance
quality
life
citizens
therefore
see
little
difference
terms
application
equal
protection
clause
principles
reynolds
sims
exercise
state
power
legislatures
exercise
elected
officials
cities
towns
counties
urged
permit
unequal
districts
midland
county
commissioners
ground
functions
sufficiently
legislative
parties
devoted
much
effort
urging
alternative
labels
administrative
versus
legislative
applied
commissioners
brief
description
functions
amply
demonstrates
unit
local
government
easily
classified
neat
categories
favored
civics
texts
texas
commissioners
courts
assigned
tasks
normally
thought
legislative
others
typically
assigned
executive
administrative
departments
still
others
judicial
regard
midland
county
commissioners
representative
general
governing
bodies
american
cities
counties
towns
villages
one
knowledgeable
commentator
written
varied
pragmatic
approach
establishing
governments
wood
politics
government
westin
ed
approach
produced
staggering
number
governmental
units
preliminary
calculation
bureau
census
units
government
even
staggering
diversity
nonetheless
organizations
abound
many
allocation
functions
among
units
results
instances
overlap
vacuum
virtually
every
american
lives
within
neighbors
regard
unit
local
government
general
responsibility
power
local
affairs
many
cases
citizens
reside
within
subject
two
governments
city
county
midland
county
commissioners
unit
texas
found
commissioners
legislative
functions
negligible
power
make
large
number
decisions
broad
range
impacts
citizens
county
sets
tax
rate
equalizes
assessments
issues
bonds
prepares
adopts
budget
allocating
county
funds
given
statute
wide
range
discretion
choosing
subjects
spend
adopting
budget
makes
judgments
way
midland
county
develop
whether
industry
solicited
roads
improved
recreation
facilities
built
land
set
aside
schools
immediate
choices
among
competing
needs
texas
concluded
work
actually
done
commissioners
disproportionately
concern
rural
areas
commissioners
unit
government
assigned
performance
functions
affecting
definable
groups
constituents
constituents
confront
question
whether
body
may
apportioned
ways
give
greater
influence
citizens
affected
organization
functions
question
however
presented
case
midland
county
authorities
may
concentrate
attention
rural
roads
relevant
fact
powers
commissioners
include
authority
make
substantial
number
decisions
affect
citizens
whether
reside
inside
outside
city
limits
midland
commissioners
maintain
buildings
administer
welfare
services
determine
school
districts
inside
outside
city
taxes
imposed
fall
equally
property
county
indeed
may
mere
coincidence
body
apportioned
three
four
voting
members
chosen
residents
rural
area
surrounding
city
devotes
attention
problems
area
paying
expenditures
tax
imposed
equally
city
residents
live
outside
city
might
point
decision
exercise
function
within
power
decision
example
build
airport
library
participate
federal
food
stamp
program
much
decision
affecting
citizens
county
affirmative
decision
equal
protection
clause
course
require
state
never
distinguish
citizens
distinctions
made
arbitrary
invidious
conclusion
reynolds
sims
bases
population
acceptable
grounds
distinguishing
among
citizens
determining
size
districts
used
elect
members
state
legislatures
hold
today
constitution
permits
substantial
variation
equal
population
drawing
districts
units
local
government
general
governmental
powers
entire
geographic
area
served
body
aware
immense
pressures
facing
units
local
government
greatly
varying
problems
must
deal
constitution
require
uniform
straitjacket
bind
citizens
devising
mechanisms
local
government
suitable
local
needs
efficient
solving
local
problems
last
term
example
upheld
procedure
choosing
school
board
placed
selection
school
boards
component
districts
even
though
component
boards
equal
votes
served
unequal
populations
sailors
board
education
rested
administrative
nature
area
school
board
functions
essentially
appointive
form
scheme
employed
dusch
davis
permitted
virginia
beach
choose
legislative
body
scheme
included
voting
candidates
residents
particular
districts
even
though
residence
districts
varied
widely
population
sailors
dusch
cases
demonstrate
constitution
roadblocks
path
innovation
experiment
development
among
units
local
government
bar
professor
wood
called
emergence
new
ideology
structure
public
bodies
equipped
new
capacities
motivations
wood
governments
decision
today
constitution
imposes
one
ground
rule
development
arrangements
local
government
requirement
units
general
governmental
powers
entire
geographic
area
apportioned
among
districts
substantially
unequal
population
judgment
vacated
case
remanded
disposition
inconsistent
opinion
ordered
footnotes
texas
determined
neither
state
federal
constitution
requires
population
sole
basis
apportioning
midland
county
commissioners
therefore
independent
state
ground
refusal
award
relief
requested
petitioner
since
opinion
contemplated
proceedings
lower
texas
courts
final
judgment
population
govern
apportionment
commissioners
us
see
mercantile
nat
bank
langdeau
construction
laborers
curry
radio
station
wow
johnson
cases
highest
state
courts
applied
principles
reynold
sims
units
local
government
include
miller
board
supervisors
cal
cal
rptr
montgomery
county
council
garrott
md
hanlon
towey
armentrout
schooler
mo
seaman
fedourich
bailey
jones
state
ex
rel
sonneborn
sylvester
newbold
osser
seemed
assume
application
reynolds
opposition
cases
decision
texas
case
us
brouwer
bronkema
eight
justices
michigan
divided
evenly
question
among
many
federal
cases
applying
reynolds
sims
local
government
hyden
baker
supp
martinolich
dean
supp
miss
strickland
burns
supp
ellis
mayor
baltimore
supp
md
affirmed
remanded
cir
precedent
frequently
cited
opposition
conclusion
tedesco
board
supervisors
la
app
appeal
dismissed
want
substantial
federal
question
petitioner
points
equal
protection
clause
invoked
tedesco
districting
new
orleans
city
council
challenged
privileges
immunities
clause
realistic
answer
tedesco
decided
years
baker
carr
severely
undermined
baker
succeeding
apportionment
cases
see
among
great
many
cases
concluding
delozier
tyrone
area
school
supp
cooper
aaron
see
see
city
seattle
thompson
city
louisville
terminiello
chicago
inequitable
apportionment
local
governing
bodies
offends
constitution
even
adopted
properly
apportioned
legislature
representing
majority
state
citizens
majority
state
constitutional
provision
referendum
accurately
apportioned
representatives
place
minority
oversize
districts
without
depriving
minority
equal
protection
laws
deprive
minority
ballot
altogether
impose
upon
tax
rate
excess
paid
equally
situated
members
majority
government
national
state
local
must
grant
citizen
equal
protection
laws
includes
equal
opportunity
influence
election
lawmakers
matter
large
majority
wishing
deprive
citizens
equal
treatment
small
minority
object
mistreatment
lucas
colorado
general
assembly
stands
square
adjudication
principles
midland
county
apparently
untypical
choosing
members
local
governing
body
districts
basis
available
figures
coupled
rough
estimates
samplings
made
situations
various
appears
percent
local
government
governing
boards
elected
whole
part
districts
large
schemes
including
district
residence
requirements
brief
amicus
curiae
filed
sailors
board
education
term
local
reapportionment
cases
dept
commerce
bureau
census
census
governments
governmental
units
prelim
rept
justice
harlan
dissenting
disagree
decision
wholly
disregards
statutory
limitations
upon
appellate
jurisdiction
state
cases
betrays
insensitivity
appropriate
dividing
lines
judicial
political
functions
constitutional
system
jurisdiction
review
texas
statement
reapportioning
county
future
county
commissioners
may
take
account
factors
population
holding
obviously
amount
inal
judgment
within
meaning
traditional
test
finality
state
judgments
whether
judgment
leaves
ministerial
act
done
see
pope
atlantic
coast
line
republic
natural
gas
oklahoma
clear
acts
must
performed
order
bring
new
apportionment
midland
county
far
ministerial
character
conceivably
might
even
result
satisfying
petitioner
demands
without
litigation
example
since
statement
texas
regarding
nonpopulation
factors
merely
advisory
mandatory
county
commissioners
might
choose
reapportion
county
solely
basis
population
thus
leaving
petitioner
nothing
complain
since
requirement
finality
unwaivable
condition
jurisdiction
see
market
railroad
consider
case
properly
us
scores
dismiss
writ
improvidently
granted
ii
continue
think
adventures
realm
political
science
beyond
constitutional
powers
reasons
set
forth
length
dissenting
opinion
reynolds
et
seq
however
decided
otherwise
judicial
requires
follow
political
dogma
constitutionally
embedded
consequence
decision
foreclosed
however
remonstrating
extension
decision
new
areas
government
present
juncture
content
stating
two
propositions
view
stand
strongly
done
today
first
practical
necessities
thought
justify
profound
break
history
made
decision
baker
carr
present
second
notwithstanding
reynolds
one
man
one
vote
ideology
provide
acceptable
formula
structuring
local
governmental
units
claim
made
case
avenues
political
redress
open
correct
malapportionment
elective
local
governmental
units
difficult
envisage
situation
arise
local
governments
creatures
may
reformed
either
state
legislatures
required
apportioned
according
reynolds
amendment
state
constitutions
circumstances
argument
practical
necessity
force
withhold
hand
supposed
necessity
arise
intruding
business
restructuring
local
governments
across
country
another
reason
least
wait
suitable
period
applying
reynolds
dogma
local
governments
administrative
feasibility
judicial
application
one
man
one
vote
rule
apportionment
even
state
legislatures
yet
demonstrated
number
significant
administrative
questions
remain
unanswered
burden
federal
courts
substantial
thus
far
outcome
applying
rule
state
legislatures
seems
unwise
time
extend
units
local
government
whose
bewildering
variety
sure
multiply
problems
already
arisen
cast
burdens
imponderable
dimension
federal
courts
frankly
astonished
ease
proceeded
fasten
upon
entire
country
lowest
political
levels
strong
arm
federal
judiciary
let
alone
particular
political
ideology
subject
wide
debate
differences
beginnings
nation
present
case
affords
one
example
one
man
one
vote
rule
especially
inappropriate
local
governmental
units
texas
held
matter
texas
law
theoretically
commissioners
governing
body
county
commissioners
represent
residents
urban
rural
county
developments
years
greatly
narrowed
scope
functions
commissioners
limited
major
responsibilities
nonurban
areas
county
come
pass
city
government
major
concern
city
dwellers
administration
affairs
county
major
concern
rural
dwellers
problem
trivial
one
confined
midland
county
stems
fact
local
governments
unlike
state
governments
often
specialized
function
application
reynolds
rule
local
governments
prevents
adoption
apportionments
take
account
effect
specialization
therefore
may
result
denial
equal
treatment
upon
exercise
special
powers
unequal
impact
today
decision
apparent
alternative
classify
governmental
unit
general
power
responsibility
thereby
presumably
avoiding
application
reynolds
rule
neither
outcome
satisfies
reynolds
avowed
purpose
assure
equality
voters
result
also
deprives
localities
desirable
option
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elective
units
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texas
county
commissioners
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local
governments
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texas
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county
apportionment
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apportionment
reflect
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functions
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commissioners
land
areas
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county
roads
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values
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population
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majority
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governmental
units
see
ante
solution
likely
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effects
local
government
one
readily
foreseeable
example
crucial
field
metropolitan
government
common
pattern
development
nation
urban
areas
less
affluent
citizens
migrate
remain
within
central
city
wealthy
move
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city
work
result
impose
relatively
heavier
tax
burden
upon
city
taxpayers
fragmentize
governmental
services
metropolitan
area
solution
problems
institution
integrated
government
encompassing
entire
metropolitan
area
many
instances
suburbs
may
included
metropolitan
unit
majority
vote
voters
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practical
matter
suburbanites
often
reluctant
join
metropolitan
government
unless
receive
share
government
proportional
benefits
bring
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numbers
city
dwellers
may
ready
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ability
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government
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government
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man
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vote
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governments
better
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brother
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reapportionment
cases
firmer
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anchors
notions
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think
way
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hand
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follow
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extend
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structuring
local
governmental
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process
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final
judgments
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rendered
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state
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demonstrated
justice
frankfurter
dissenting
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baker
see
concurring
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reapportionment
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one
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advisory
commission
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constitutional
statutory
restrictions
upon
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functional
personnel
powers
local
government
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effect
federal
reapportionment
decisions
counties
forms
municipal
government
rev
one
question
extent
apportionment
may
take
account
population
changes
occur
decennial
censuses
cf
lucas
rhodes
dissenting
opinion
writer
another
degree
population
variation
constitutionally
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see
swann
adams
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rockefeller
wells
dissenting
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generally
anderson
weidner
state
local
government
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committee
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print
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relations
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constitutional
statutory
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functional
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powers
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government
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decisions
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forms
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government
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cf
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commission
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reactions
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reorganization
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areas
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hart
sacks
legal
process
tent
ed
justice
fortas
dissenting
dismiss
writ
case
improvidently
granted
texas
held
districting
scheme
unlawful
texas
constitution
ordered
redistricting
difficult
delicate
area
await
result
redistricting
may
pass
upon
final
product
texas
exercise
governmental
powers
terms
constitutional
responsibility
upon
scheme
texas
invalidated
opinion
argues
ante
texas
order
final
judgment
contemplates
proceedings
texas
courts
although
holds
present
districting
unlawful
requires
commissioners
redistrict
reach
point
acts
superimpose
formula
disagrees
standard
redistricting
texas
standard
directed
redistricting
basis
number
qualified
voters
land
areas
geography
miles
county
roads
taxable
values
standard
may
may
produce
result
find
constitutionally
acceptable
know
advance
melange
factors
stated
texas
emerge
mixing
machine
texas
authorities
deal
problem
clear
extreme
imbalance
prevailing
eliminated
texas
held
unconstitutional
might
substitute
finally
worked
majority
reject
denial
equal
protection
laws
last
term
accepted
passing
scrutiny
constitution
perfect
plans
dusch
davis
sailors
board
education
however
plunges
adjudication
case
midland
county
texas
midstream
apparently
rejects
result
might
emerge
deviates
literal
thrust
one
man
one
vote
since
adopts
simplistic
approach
apparently
majority
believes
might
well
say
save
texas
labor
devising
answer
fundamental
disagreement
believe
shall
discuss
circumstances
case
equal
protection
laws
may
achieved
perhaps
achieved
system
takes
account
complex
values
factors
merely
arithmetic
simplicity
one
equals
one
dusch
sailors
wisely
prudently
decided
reflect
reasoned
conservative
empirical
approach
intricate
problem
applying
constitutional
principle
complexities
local
government
know
reason
abandon
reasonable
moderate
approach
problem
local
suffrage
adopt
absolute
inflexible
formula
potentially
destructive
important
political
social
values
reason
insist
one
rule
voters
local
governmental
units
districts
units
local
government
must
drawn
solely
basis
population
believe
powerful
reasons
insisting
upon
reasonable
regard
ratio
reject
rigid
theoretical
authoritarian
approach
problems
local
government
complex
involved
area
careful
conservative
application
constitutional
imperatives
powerful
constitutional
commandments
surgical
instruments
tendency
hack
deeply
amputate
doubt
growth
suburbia
exurbia
problem
allocating
local
government
functions
benefits
urgently
requires
attention
persuaded
call
hatchet
one
man
one
vote
duty
insist
upon
due
regard
value
individual
vote
ignore
realities
bypass
alternatives
legislative
alternation
might
provide
reynolds
sims
stands
general
proposition
debasement
right
vote
malapportionment
offensive
equal
protection
clause
holds
allegedly
debased
vote
relates
state
legislature
judicial
remedy
available
adjudicate
claim
debasement
subject
permissible
deviation
remedy
require
reapportionment
population
basis
although
opinion
carefully
emphasizes
appropriateness
allowing
latitude
meet
local
special
conditions
insistence
upon
need
general
correspondence
voting
rights
population
come
called
one
man
one
vote
rule
rule
appropriate
selection
members
state
legislature
people
state
similarly
affected
action
state
legislature
functions
comprehensive
pervasive
specially
concentrated
upon
needs
particular
parts
state
separate
group
citizens
reynolds
said
citizen
stands
relation
state
legislature
accordingly
variations
substantial
population
equality
elections
state
legislature
take
away
individual
voter
equality
constitution
mandates
amount
debasement
citizen
vote
citizenship
said
local
governmental
units
certainly
unit
involved
case
midland
county
commissioners
special
functions
directed
primarily
rural
area
rural
population
powers
limited
specialized
light
missions
residents
midland
county
means
rights
interests
stake
election
commissioners
equal
protection
rights
may
certainly
take
account
reality
rights
interests
various
segments
voting
population
require
treated
alike
regardless
stark
difference
impact
commissioners
upon
equal
protection
relates
substance
citizens
rights
interests
demands
protection
adapted
substance
insist
upon
even
permit
prescription
arbitrary
formula
wrongly
assumes
interests
citizens
elected
body
judgment
departs
reynolds
holds
broadly
generally
fourteenth
amendment
forbids
election
local
government
officials
districts
disparate
population
ante
holding
literally
applied
commands
completely
ignores
complexities
local
government
complexities
reynolds
demand
latitude
prescription
simplicity
ruling
today
comport
lack
simplicity
characterizes
miscellany
constitutes
local
governments
ii
case
concedes
special
purpose
unit
government
rights
certain
constituents
may
affected
rights
others
implies
one
man
one
vote
rule
may
apply
cases
see
ante
says
confront
implications
situation
agree
submit
problem
presented
many
perhaps
county
governments
midland
county
particular
precisely
arising
units
functions
many
county
governing
boards
less
governing
bodies
units
slight
impact
constituents
vast
direct
impact
others
affect
different
citizens
residing
within
geographical
jurisdictions
drastically
different
ways
study
county
government
leaves
one
two
clear
impressions
variations
unit
unit
great
role
structure
county
government
currently
state
flux
county
governments
differ
every
significant
way
number
constituents
area
governed
number
competing
overlapping
government
units
within
county
form
means
selection
governing
board
services
provided
number
functions
independent
county
officials
sources
revenue
generalizations
made
county
governments
first
counties
today
perform
certain
basic
functions
delegated
state
assessment
property
collection
property
taxes
recording
deeds
documents
maintenance
rural
roads
poor
relief
law
enforcement
administration
electoral
judicial
functions
counties
begun
especially
assumption
municipal
functions
counties
still
act
largely
administrative
instrumentalities
state
second
absence
single
chief
executive
diffusion
responsibility
among
numerous
independently
elected
officials
general
characteristics
county
government
written
subject
invariably
pointed
extensive
powers
exercised
within
geographical
region
county
officials
elected
countywide
basis
special
districts
organized
perform
specific
tasks
often
independent
officials
organs
perform
crucial
functions
great
importance
people
within
county
generalizations
apply
particular
force
case
population
midland
county
chiefly
single
urban
area
urban
area
municipal
government
home
rule
relative
autonomy
authority
deal
urban
problems
contrast
midland
county
government
like
county
governments
generally
acts
primarily
administrative
arm
state
provides
convenient
agency
state
collect
taxes
hold
elections
administer
judicial
functions
improve
roads
perform
functions
ordinary
duties
state
powers
commissioners
governing
body
midland
county
strictly
limited
statute
constitutional
provision
although
mere
listing
authorizing
statutes
constitutional
provisions
seem
indicate
commissioners
significant
general
power
impression
somewhat
illusory
often
provisions
grant
power
also
circumscribe
exercise
detailed
limitations
example
petitioner
cites
art
viii
texas
constitution
article
texas
civil
statutes
granting
commissioners
authority
levy
taxes
yet
time
suit
tried
art
viii
provided
county
levy
tax
excess
property
valuation
article
allocated
among
four
constitutional
purposes
mentioned
art
viii
general
county
purposes
jury
fund
roads
bridges
permanent
improvements
another
example
authority
issue
bonds
true
majority
notes
commissioners
authority
yet
title
texas
civil
statutes
sets
detailed
code
concerning
purposes
bonds
may
issued
significantly
article
provides
county
bonds
shall
never
issued
purpose
unless
bond
issue
submitted
qualified
voters
county
important
statutory
constitutional
limitations
limited
power
function
commissioners
reflected
actually
record
briefs
give
complete
picture
workings
commissioners
apparent
commissioners
primarily
concerned
rural
affairs
particularly
rural
roads
one
commissioner
testified
largest
item
county
budget
roads
bridges
according
commissioner
county
maintain
streets
within
city
midland
commissioners
seem
quite
content
let
city
council
handle
city
affairs
thing
city
midland
city
council
mayor
run
business
whole
county
run
texas
stated
theoretically
commissioners
governing
body
county
commissioners
represent
residents
urban
rural
county
developments
years
greatly
narrowed
scope
functions
commissioners
limited
major
responsibilities
nonurban
areas
county
come
pass
city
government
legislative
executive
judicial
branches
major
concern
city
dwellers
administration
affairs
county
major
concern
rural
dwellers
texas
stated
county
commissioners
charged
management
control
county
business
affairs
various
officials
elected
voters
county
spheres
delegated
law
within
commissioners
may
interfere
usurp
officials
elected
direct
one
man
one
vote
countywide
basis
include
assessor
collector
taxes
county
attorney
sheriff
treasurer
county
clerk
county
surveyor
county
judge
presiding
officer
commissioners
also
elected
countywide
basis
county
officials
employees
appointed
commissioners
elected
officials
generally
residents
city
probably
preponderant
vote
commissioner
testified
every
elected
official
midland
county
today
except
three
rural
commissioners
way
back
years
elected
people
live
city
limits
midland
another
commissioner
testified
employees
county
four
elected
lived
rural
precincts
elected
officials
three
rural
commissioners
lived
outside
city
limits
noted
fifth
member
commissioners
chairman
county
judge
elected
large
county
apparent
city
people
much
control
county
government
election
commissioners
indicate
many
county
functions
concern
city
example
tax
assessment
collection
jurisdiction
officials
elected
county
large
sum
commissioners
functions
powers
quite
limited
defined
restricted
primary
preponderant
impact
rural
areas
residents
extent
impact
city
quite
limited
extent
direct
impact
city
relevant
powers
important
respects
placed
hands
officials
elected
one
man
one
vote
basis
indeed
viewed
terms
realities
rights
powers
appears
city
residents
power
elect
officials
important
rural
residents
electoral
power
respect
commissioners
exercises
powers
primarily
interested
face
hold
substantial
variation
equal
population
may
allowed
equal
protection
clause
ignore
substance
rights
powers
involved
denies
implement
substantive
equality
voting
rights
like
insisting
stockholder
corporation
one
vote
even
though
stake
may
stake
others
constitution
force
result
equal
protection
laws
served
despite
fact
shown
many
governmental
powers
county
exercised
officials
elected
large
powers
commissioners
limited
insists
commissioners
unit
general
governmental
powers
simply
except
superficial
sense
impressed
fact
jurisdiction
commissioners
extends
entire
area
county
form
reality
substance
shibboleth
govern
admittedly
complex
subtle
area
substance
geographical
extent
commissioners
limited
meaning
midland
county
commissioners
primary
focus
nonurban
areas
upon
nonurban
people
true
county
revenues
come
largely
city
midland
commissioners
fixes
tax
rate
subject
specific
limitations
provided
legislature
must
spend
tax
revenues
categories
percentages
legislature
fixes
taxes
assessed
collected
official
elected
countywide
basis
quite
likely
city
dwellers
given
control
commissioners
reduce
load
spent
primarily
rural
area
state
matter
state
legislature
presumably
city
dwellers
fairly
represented
reynolds
sims
wishes
reduce
load
may
unless
ready
adopt
position
federal
constitution
forbids
state
taxing
city
dwellers
aid
rural
neighbors
fact
city
dwellers
pay
taxes
determine
composition
county
governing
body
use
tax
impact
sole
controlling
basis
vote
distribution
merely
one
number
factors
including
functional
impact
county
government
taken
account
determining
whether
particular
voting
arrangement
results
reasonable
recognition
rights
interests
citizens
certainly
neither
tax
impact
relatively
services
rendered
within
city
midland
compel
state
vest
practically
voting
power
city
residents
virtual
denial
voice
dependent
county
government
roads
welfare
essential
services
iii
texas
noted
commissioners
texas
judicial
courts
power
redistrict
view
may
prove
troublesome
bound
anticipate
either
commissioners
properly
job
texas
otherwise
put
house
order
midland
county
reynolds
sims
put
equal
protection
clause
radical
new
use
holding
mainstream
equal
protection
cases
cases
hold
people
stand
relationship
government
treated
differently
government
mark
inferior
implying
inferiority
civil
society
strauder
west
virginia
inferiority
status
community
brown
board
education
treat
somehow
less
people
since
legislatures
responsible
enacting
laws
citizens
governed
bodies
collectively
responsive
popular
concept
equal
protection
traditionally
viewed
requiring
uniform
treatment
persons
standing
relation
governmental
action
questioned
challenged
respect
allocation
legislative
representation
voters
citizens
state
stand
relation
regardless
live
extent
citizen
right
vote
debased
much
less
citizen
dept
commerce
bureau
census
census
governments
governmental
units
prelim
rept
complexities
exist
given
case
functions
governing
unit
involved
essentially
equal
impact
upon
citizens
within
geographical
jurisdiction
one
man
one
vote
rule
apply
reynolds
city
councils
example
effect
miniature
state
legislatures
county
governing
units
geographical
jurisdiction
city
includes
reasonably
homogeneous
rural
areas
see
adrian
state
local
governments
snider
local
government
rural
america
hereafter
cited
snider
international
union
local
authorities
local
government
america
hereafter
cited
local
government
national
municipal
league
model
county
charter
see
generally
duncombe
county
government
america
hereafter
cited
duncombe
see
duncombe
see
dept
commerce
bureau
census
census
governments
governmental
organization
table
see
dept
commerce
bureau
census
governing
boards
county
governments
see
duncombe
see
duncombe
see
dept
commerce
bureau
census
census
governments
finances
county
governments
table
see
duncombe
see
anderson
weidner
state
local
government
snider
local
government
see
ibid
duncombe
snider
population
midland
county
lived
urban
area
governed
municipal
government
dept
commerce
bureau
census
census
governments
government
organization
tex
art
xi
young
place
system
texas
elections
institute
public
affairs
university
texas
see
benton
texas
government
politics
hereafter
cited
benton
maccorkle
smith
texas
government
hereafter
cited
maccorkle
patterson
mcalister
hester
state
local
government
texas
hereafter
cited
patterson
municipal
county
government
claunch
ed
gantt
dawson
hagard
eds
governing
texas
documents
readings
mccleskey
government
politics
texas
hereafter
cited
mccleskey
provision
texas
constitution
applies
counties
art
ix
provision
virtually
unworkable
counties
operating
home
rule
benton
see
also
mccleskey
maccorkle
amendment
art
viii
maintains
limitation
still
speaks
four
constitutional
purposes
provides
though
county
may
put
tax
money
one
general
fund
without
regard
purpose
source
tax
discussion
county
taxing
power
sources
county
revenue
see
benton
testimony
appears
typed
transcript
record
portions
printed
parties
see
supra
commentators
texas
local
government
noted
lack
control
commissioners
see
maccorkle
mccleskey
benton
article
viii
art
art
art
xvi
art
art
xvi
texas
constitution
respectively
article
texas
constitution
description
county
officials
generally
functions
see
mccleskey
maccorkle
patterson
listing
county
officials
elected
see
dept
commerce
bureau
census
census
governments
elective
offices
state
local
governments
prelim
rept
see
supra
note
supra
testimony
effect
county
judge
votes
case
tie
vote
appears
limitation
may
county
judge
enjoys
equal
voting
rights
members
commissioners
includes
right
make
second
motion
right
vote
whether
tie
among
votes
members
opinions
attorney
general
texas
see
mccleskey
assessor
collector
taxes
elected
qualified
voters
county
large
tex
art
viii
dept
commerce
bureau
census
census
governments
elective
offices
state
local
governments
prelim
rept
commissioners
power
adjust
assessor
collector
valuation
art
viii
texas
constitution
however
testimony
indicated
commissioners
sits
hear
taxpayer
complaints
days
year
commissioners
go
assessor
collector
tax
rendition
sheets
sends
notices
taxpayers
cf
weinstein
effect
federal
reapportionment
decisions
counties
forms
municipal
government
rev
justice
stewart
dissenting
dismiss
writ
improvidently
granted
reasons
stated
justice
harlan
justice
fortas
since
reach
merits
however
add
agree
said
thorough
dissenting
opinion
justice
fortas
indeed
join
opinion
author
unquestioning
endorsement
doctrine
reynolds
sims
continue
believe
opinion
case
misapplied
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
apportionment
legislative
body
sovereign
state
less
apportionment
county
government
far
subtle
complicated
business
resolved
matter
constitutional
law
terms
arithmetic
views
score
set
length
elsewhere
closely
parallel
expressed
justice
fortas
present
case
lucas
colorado
general
assembly
dissenting
opinion