shaffer carter argued decided march malcolm rosser muskogee appellant shaffer carter justice pitney delivered opinion two appeals taken circumstances explained single decree suit equity brought appellant restrain enforcement tax assessed year income tax law state oklahoma laws ground unconstitutionality statute previous suit object brought officials office application interlocutory injunction heard three judges pursuant section judicial code denied one judge dissenting shaffer howard fed appeal taken pending determination terms office defendants expired law state authorizing revival continuance action successors reversed decree remanded cause directions dismiss bill want proper parties sup dismissal present defendant carter state auditor issued another tax warrant delivered defendant bruce sheriff creek county instructions levy upon sell plaintiff property county order collect tax question sheriff threatened proceed suit commenced application interlocutory injunction heard three judges denied upon authority decision fed certain recent decisions decree entered disposed application dismissed action plaintiff apparently unaware appealed section judicial code refusal temporary injunction shortly afterwards took appeal section judicial code comp decree final decree dismissing action latter appeal accord correct practice since denial interlocutory application merged final decree first appeal dismissed constitution oklahoma besides providing annual taxation property state upon ad valorem basis authorizes article employment variety means raising revenue among income taxes act question chapter laws first section reads follows every person state shall liable annual tax upon entire net income person arising accruing sources preceding calendar year like tax shall levied assessed collected paid annually upon entire net income property owned every business trade profession carried state persons residing elsewhere subsequent sections define term shall include prescribe net income shall computed provide certain deductions prescribe varying rates tax taxable incomes excess amount deducted way exemption income individual one living spouse additional deductions children dependents exemptions residents nonresidents require section return march person liable income tax provisions act preceding calendar year provide section state auditor shall revise returns hear determine complaints power correct adjust assessment income section taxes shall become delinquent paid day july state auditor shall power issue sheriff state warrant commanding levy amount upon personal property delinquent party section taxes herein levied become delinquent shall become lien property personal real delinquent person shall subject penalties provisions ad valorem taxes plaintiff nonresident oklahoma citizen illinois resident chicago state time commencement suit several years theretofore including years engaged oil business oklahoma purchased owned developen operated number oil gas mining leases owner fee certain land state properties thus owned operated year received net income exceeding made protest return showed rates fixed act due state income tax excess state auditor overruled protest assessed tax accordance return present auditor put due course collection plaintiff resists enforcement upon ground act far subjects incomes nonresidents payment tax takes property without due process law denies equal protection laws contravention section fourteenth amendment burdens interstate commerce contravention commerce clause section article constitution discriminates nonresidents favor residents thus deprives plaintiff nonresidents privileges immunities citizens residents state oklahoma violation section article also insists lien attempted imposed upon property pursuant section taxes assessed upon income arising property deprive property without due process law ground resorting equity bill alleges plaintiff owner various oil gas mining leases covering lands creek county lien asserted thereon virtue levy tax warrant creates cloud upon title entitles bring suit equity union pacific ry cheyenne sup pacific express seibert sup ogden city armstrong sup ohio tax cases sup greene louisville interurban sup ann cas unless contention plain adequate complete remedy law well founded contention based first upon provision section chapter giving state auditor power correct adjust assessment income given county board equalization cases ad valorem assessments taken connection chapter laws provides article subd appeal board district county recent decision berryhill carter pac state held aggrieved income taxpayer may appeal section thus matters complained may reviewed adjusted extent justice may demand case related adjusting income tax reture decision merely established appeal district appropriate remedy rather application writ certiorari falls short say nothing plainly procedure afford adequate remedy party contending income tax law repugnant constitution secondly reference made section subdivision art laws okl wherein provided illegality tax alleged arise reason action laws provide appeal aggrieved person paying tax may give notice officer collecting stating grounds complaint suit brought whereupon made duty officer hold tax final determination suit brought within days determined tax illegally collected officer repay amount found excess legal correct amount section one several particular reference procedure collecting ad valorem taxes prefaced statement page existing provisions law relating ad valorem direct system taxation following provisions added upon ground gipsy oil howard companion suits brought certain companies restrain enforcement taxes authorized gross production tax law sess laws upon ground unlawful imposition upon federal instrumentalities district western district oklahoma held legal remedy provided section chapter applied ad valorem taxes constitute bar equitable relief production taxes defendants appealed assigned ruling error inter alia press point decrees affirmed upon merits federal question howard gipsy oil sup deem unnecessary pursue question whether either statutory provisions referred furnishes adequate legal remedy income taxes assessed unconstitutional law since one grounds complaint present case even tax valid procedure prescribed section income tax law enforcing tax imposing lien upon taxpayer entire property threatened put effect plaintiff property taxes assessed property confined income proceeded property process law within requirement fourteenth amendment removal cloud upon title caused invalid lien imposed tax valid appears legal remedy hence ground least resort properly equity relief since equity justice halves prevent possible multiplicity suits jurisdiction extends disposition questions raised bill camp boyd sup mcgowan parish sup brings us merits process law provision appellant makes two contentions first state without jurisdiction levy tax upon income nonresidents secondly lien invalid imposed upon property real personal without regard relation production income separate questions treated tax might valid although measures adopted enforcing governmental jurisdiction matters taxation exercise judicial function depends upon power enforce mandate state action taken within borders either personam rem according circumstances case arrest person seizure goods lands garnishment credits sequestration rents profits forfeiture franchise like jurisdiction act remains even though permissible measures resorted michigan trust ferry sup ex parte indiana transportation sup convenient postpone question lien questions validity tax disposed contention state without jurisdiction impose tax upon income nonresidents raised present case emphasized travis comptroller yale towne mfg sup ed decided day involving income tax law state new york laws contended substance state may tax property nonresident situate within borders may tax incomes citizens residents privileges enjoy constitution laws protection receive state yet nonresident although conducting business carrying occupation required income taxation contribute governmental expenses state whence income derived income tax nonresidents property tax excise privilege tax since privilege granted right noncitizen carry business occupation taxing state derived said provisions federal constitution radical contention easily answered reference fundamental principles system government general dominion saving restricted particular provisions federal constitution complete dominion persons property business transaction within borders assume perform duty preserving protecting persons property business consequence power normally pertaining governments resort reasonable forms taxation order defray governmental expenses certainly restricted property taxation particular form excises society property value chiefly capable producing activities mankind devoted largely making recurrent gains use development property tillage mining manufacture employment human skill labor combination gains capable devoted support surplus accumulated increase capital state whose laws property business industry derive protection security without production gainful occupation impossible debarred exacting share gains form income taxes support government proposition wholly inconsistent fundamental principles refuted mere statement may tax land crop tree fruit mine well product business profit derived wholly inadmissible income taxes recognized method distributing burdens government favored requiring contributions realize current pecuniary benefits protection government tax may readily proportioned ability pay taxes character imposed several shortly adoption federal constitution laws report oliver wolcott secretary treasury cong sess concerning direct taxes american state papers finance rights several exercise widest liberty respect imposition internal taxes always recognized decisions mcculloch maryland wheat denying power impose tax upon operations federal government chief justice marshall speaking conceded wheat full power tax people property also power confined people property state may exercised upon every object brought within jurisdiction saying obvious incident sovereignty coextensive incident subjects sovereign power state extends objects taxation etc michigan central railroad powers sup ed justice brewer said frequent occasion consider questions state taxation light federal constitution scope limits national interference well settled general supervision part nation state taxation respect latter state speaking generally freedom sovereign objects methods state may tax callings occupations well persons property long recognized power taxation however vast character searching extent necessarily limited subjects within jurisdiction state subjects persons property business taxation may touch business almost infinite forms conducted professions commerce manufactures transportation unless restrained provisions federal constitution power state mode form extent taxation unlimited subjects applies within jurisdiction state tax bonds wall ed see also welton missouri armour virginia sup american mfg louis sup beem clear upon principle well authority state may impose general income taxes upon citizens residents whose persons subject control may necessary consequence levy duty like character onerous effect upon incomes accruing nonresidents property business within state occupations carried therein enforcing payment far exercise control persons property within borders consonant numerous decisions sustaining state taxation credits due nonresidents new orleans stempel et sup bristol washington county sup liverpool ins orleans assessors sup sustaining federal taxation income alien nonresident derived securities held country de ganay lederer sup state consistently federal constitution may prohibit citizens carrying legitimate business within borders like citizens course granted follow business nonresidents may required make ratable contribution taxes support government contrary fact citizen one state right hold property carry occupation business another reasonable ground subjecting nonresident although personally yet extent property held occupation business carried therein duty pay taxes onerous effect imposed like circumstances upon citizens latter state section article constitution entitles privilege immunities citizen entire immunity taxation preferential treatment compared resident citizens protects discriminatory taxation gives right favored discrimination exemption see ward maryland wall oklahoma assumed power tax nonresidents respect income derived property business beyond borders state first section act imposing tax upon inhabitants respect entire net income arising sources confines tax upon nonresidents net income property owned business carried within state similar distinction observed federal income tax laws one earliest present acts stat stat confined tax persons residing citizens residing abroad stat inserted amendment following like tax shall levied collected paid annually upon gains profits income every business trade profession carried persons residing without citizens thereof similar provisions embodied acts stat stat act stat clause imposing tax upon entire net income arising accruing sources exceptions material every citizen whether residing home abroad every person residing though citizen thereof following appears like tax shall assessed levied collected paid annually upon entire net income property owned every business trade profession carried persons residing elsewhere evidently furnished model section oklahoma statute doubt suggested former requirement apportionment removed constitutional amendment power congress thus impose taxes upon incomes produced within borders arising sources located therein even though income accrues nonresident alien far question jurisdiction concerned due process clause fourteenth amendment imposes greater restriction regard upon several corresponding clause fifth amendment imposes upon insisted however appellant case opponents new york law travis comptroller yale towne mfg income tax nature personal tax tax imposing personal liability upon recipient income nonresident state jurisdiction impose liability argument upon analysis resolves mere question definitions legitimate bearing upon question raised federal constitution question whether state taxing law contravenes rights secured instrument decision must depend upon mere question form construction definition upon practical operation effect tax imposed louis ry arkansas sup mountain timber washington sup ann cas crew levick pennsylvania sup american mfg louis sup practical burden tax imposed upon net income derived nonresident business carried within state certainly greater tax upon conduct business state lawful power impose seen fact required personal skill management appellant bring income producing property oklahoma fruition management exerted place business another state deprive oklahoma jurisdiction tax income arose within borders personal element fiction oust jurisdiction state within income actually arises whose authority operates rem might question whether value service management rendered without state allowed expense incurred producing income question raised present case hence express opinion upon contention act deprives appellant others similarly circumstanced privileges immunities enjoyed residents citizens state oklahoma violation section article constitution based upon two grounds relied upon showing also violation protection clause fourteenth amendment one rights intended secured former provision citizen one state may remove carry business another without subjected property person taxes onerous citizens latter state subjected paul virginia wall ward maryland wall maxwell bugbee sup judge dissented shaffer howard fed concluded oklahoma income tax law offended regard upon ground page since tax citizens oklahoma purely personal tax measured incomes applied nonresident tax upon property business within state property business citizens residents state subjected discrimination nonresident unable accept reasoning errs paying much regard theoretical distinctions little practical effect operation respective taxes levied failing observe effect citizens residents state subjected least burden nonresidents perhaps greater since tax imposed upon former includes income derived property business within state addition income may derive outside sources appellant contends denial noncitizens privileges immunities entitled also denial equal protection laws act permits residents deduct gross income losses incurred within state oklahoma also sustained outside state nonresidents may deduct incurred within state difference however arises naturally extent jurisdiction state two classes cases regarded unfriendly unreasonable discrimination residents may exert taxing power income sources whether within without state accords corresponding privilege deducting losses wherever accrue nonresidents jurisdiction extends property owned within state business trade profession carried therein tax income derived sources hence obligation accord deduction reason losses elsewhere incurred may remarked passing showing appellant sustained losses entitled raise question urged regarding tax imposed upon business conducted within state amounts case appellant business burden upon interstate commerce products oil operations shipped state assuming fairly appears method business constitutes interstate commerce sufficient say tax imposed upon gross receipts crew levick pennsylvania sup upon net proceeds plainly sustainable even includes net gains interstate commerce glue oak creek sup ann cas compare peck lowe sup reference made gross production tax law chapter art subd sess laws amended chapter sess laws page every person corporation engaged producing oil natural gas within state required pay tax equal per centum gross value product lieu taxes imposed state counties municipalities upon land leases mining rights privileges machinery appliances equipment pertaining production contended payment gross production tax relieves producer payment income tax question state law upon controlling decision state cited overrule contention deeming clear matter construction gross production tax intended substitute ad valorem property tax income tax repugnance income tax produce repeal implication even effect akin double taxation regarded obnoxious federal constitution reason since settled nothing instrument fourteenth amendment prevents imposing double taxation form unequal taxation long inequality based arbitrary distinctions louis railway arkansas sup contention want due process proceedings enforcement tax especially lien imposed section upon delinquent property real personal reduces state without power create lien upon property nonresident income taxes except property income proceeded putting another way lien income tax may imposed upon nonresident unproductive property upon particular productive property beyond amount tax upon income proceeded facts case raise question clearly appears averments bill whole plaintiff property state oklahoma consists land oil gas mining leaseholds property used production oil gas beginning least early year act passed continuing without interruption time commencement suit april engaged business developing operating properties production oil entire business managed one business entire net income state year derived business laying aside probability time time may changes arising purchases new leases sales expirations none however set forth bill evident lien rest upon property interests source income upon tax imposed entire jurisdiction state appellant property business income derived jurisdiction sought jurisdiction rem clear state acted within lawful power treating property interests business unity continuity purpose impose income taxes declared constitution precise nature tax measures taken enforcing plainly set forth act plaintiff thereafter proceeded notice law manage property conduct business proceeded income taxed state exceed power authority treating property interests business single entity enforcing payment tax imposition lien followed execution appropriate process upon property employed business appeal dismissed decree affirmed justice mcreynolds dissents footnotes acts august chapter stat june chapter stat july joint res stat july chapter stat march chapter stat july chapter stat august chapter stat october chapter ii subd stat september chapter title part stat comp october chapter title stat comp february chapter stat comp ann supp ff