grove
city
college
bell
argued
november
decided
february
section
title
ix
education
amendments
prohibits
sex
discrimination
education
program
activity
receiving
federal
financial
assistance
provides
recipient
compliance
regulations
federal
agency
awarding
assistance
may
secured
termination
assistance
particular
program
part
thereof
noncompliance
found
statute
federally
assisted
program
must
identified
title
ix
coverage
triggered
petitioner
grove
city
college
college
private
coeducational
liberal
arts
college
accepts
direct
federal
assistance
participate
regular
disbursement
system
rds
department
education
department
whereby
amounts
federal
grants
students
advanced
institution
selects
eligible
students
calculates
distributes
grants
however
college
enrolls
students
receive
direct
federal
basic
educational
opportunity
grants
beog
department
alternative
disbursement
system
ads
department
concluded
applicable
regulations
college
recipient
federal
financial
assistance
college
refused
execute
assurance
compliance
title
ix
nondiscrimination
provisions
required
regulations
department
initiated
administrative
proceedings
resulted
order
terminating
assistance
college
executed
assurance
compliance
satisfied
department
compliance
regulations
college
four
students
filed
suit
federal
district
held
students
beog
constituted
federal
financial
assistance
college
department
terminate
students
aid
college
refusal
execute
assurance
compliance
appeals
reversed
holding
department
terminate
students
beog
force
college
execute
assurance
compliance
held
title
ix
coverage
triggered
college
students
receive
beog
pay
education
view
structure
education
amendments
clear
statutory
language
legislative
history
including
postenactment
history
showing
congress
awareness
student
assistant
programs
established
amendments
significantly
aided
colleges
universities
longstanding
administrative
construction
phrase
receiving
federal
financial
assistance
including
assistance
student
uses
particular
institution
title
ix
coverage
foreclosed
merely
federal
funds
granted
students
rather
college
educational
programs
pp
however
receipt
beog
college
students
trigger
institutionwide
coverage
title
ix
purpose
effect
beog
represent
financial
assistance
college
financial
aid
program
program
may
properly
regulated
title
ix
nondiscrimination
provision
limitations
college
choice
participating
ads
rather
rds
mechanism
administering
beog
program
neither
expands
contracts
breadth
program
activity
receiving
federal
financial
assistance
fact
federal
funds
eventually
reach
college
general
operating
budget
subject
institutionwide
coverage
pp
refusal
execute
proper
assurance
compliance
warrants
department
termination
federal
assistance
student
financial
aid
program
college
contention
termination
must
preceded
finding
actual
discrimination
supported
language
pp
requiring
college
comply
title
ix
prohibition
discrimination
condition
continued
eligibility
participate
beog
program
infringes
first
amendment
rights
college
students
pp
white
delivered
opinion
burger
blackmun
powell
rehnquist
joined
part
iii
brennan
marshall
stevens
joined
powell
filed
concurring
opinion
burger
joined
post
stevens
filed
opinion
concurring
part
concurring
result
post
brennan
filed
opinion
concurring
part
dissenting
part
marshall
joined
post
david
lascell
argued
cause
petitioners
briefs
robb
jones
acting
solicitor
general
bator
argued
cause
respondents
briefs
solicitor
general
lee
assistant
attorney
general
reynolds
deputy
assistant
attorney
general
cooper
john
garvey
brian
landsberg
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
equal
employment
advisory
council
robert
williams
douglas
mcdowell
edward
potter
hillsdale
college
robert
barker
pacific
legal
foundation
ronald
zumbrun
john
findley
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
filed
american
association
university
women
et
al
nancy
duff
campbell
margaret
kohn
council
collegiate
women
athletic
administrators
lionel
sobel
lawyers
committee
civil
rights
law
richard
dinkelspiel
norman
redlich
william
robinson
norman
chachkin
roger
waldman
mexican
american
legal
defense
educational
fund
et
al
robert
kapp
joseph
hassett
john
keeney
joaquin
avila
morris
baller
briefs
amici
curiae
filed
mountain
legal
foundation
et
al
maxwell
miller
wabash
college
david
shane
representative
claudine
schneider
et
al
karen
syma
shinberg
czapanskiy
justice
white
delivered
opinion
section
title
ix
education
amendments
pub
stat
prohibits
sex
discrimination
education
program
activity
receiving
federal
financial
assistance
directs
agencies
awarding
types
assistance
promulgate
regulations
ensure
recipients
adhere
prohibition
compliance
departmental
regulations
may
secured
termination
assistance
particular
program
part
thereof
noncompliance
found
means
authorized
law
case
presents
several
questions
concerning
scope
operation
provisions
regulations
established
department
education
must
decide
first
whether
title
ix
applies
grove
city
college
accepts
direct
assistance
enrolls
students
receive
federal
grants
must
used
educational
purposes
must
identify
education
program
activity
grove
city
receiving
federal
financial
assistance
determine
whether
federal
assistance
program
may
terminated
solely
college
violates
department
regulations
refusing
execute
assurance
compliance
title
ix
finally
must
consider
whether
application
title
ix
grove
city
infringes
first
amendment
rights
college
students
petitioner
grove
city
college
private
coeducational
liberal
arts
college
sought
preserve
institutional
autonomy
consistently
refusing
state
federal
financial
assistance
grove
city
desire
avoid
federal
oversight
led
decline
participate
direct
institutional
aid
programs
also
federal
student
assistance
programs
college
required
assess
students
eligibility
determine
amounts
loans
funds
grants
receive
grove
city
however
enrolled
large
number
students
receive
basic
educational
opportunity
grants
beog
ed
department
education
alternate
disbursement
system
ads
department
concluded
grove
city
recipient
federal
financial
assistance
terms
defined
regulations
implementing
title
ix
cfr
july
requested
college
execute
assurance
compliance
required
cfr
grove
city
signed
assurance
agreed
omply
extent
applicable
title
ix
applicable
requirements
imposed
pursuant
department
regulation
end
person
shall
basis
sex
subjected
discrimination
education
program
activity
receives
benefits
federal
financial
assistance
department
app
pet
cert
grove
city
four
students
commenced
action
district
western
district
pennsylvania
concluded
students
beog
constituted
federal
financial
assistance
grove
city
held
several
grounds
department
terminate
students
aid
college
refusal
execute
assurance
compliance
grove
city
college
harris
supp
appeals
reversed
first
examined
language
legislative
history
title
ix
held
indirect
well
direct
aid
triggered
coverage
institutions
whose
students
financed
educations
beog
recipients
federal
financial
assistance
within
meaning
title
ix
although
recognized
title
ix
provisions
likened
assistance
flowing
grove
city
students
nonearmarked
aid
one
judge
dissenting
declared
federal
government
furnishes
indirect
aid
institution
apparent
us
institution
must
program
finally
appeals
concluded
department
condition
financial
aid
upon
execution
assurance
compliance
department
acted
properly
terminating
federal
financial
assistance
students
grove
city
despite
lack
evidence
actual
discrimination
granted
certiorari
affirm
appeals
judgment
department
terminate
beog
received
grove
city
students
force
college
execute
assurance
compliance
ii
defending
refusal
execute
assurance
compliance
required
department
regulations
grove
city
first
contends
neither
education
program
activity
college
receives
federal
financial
assistance
within
meaning
title
ix
virtue
fact
students
receive
beog
use
pay
education
disagree
grove
city
provides
liberal
arts
education
variety
educational
programs
student
services
question
whether
programs
activities
receiv
es
federal
financial
assistance
within
meaning
title
ix
students
finance
education
beog
structure
education
amendments
congress
created
beog
program
imposed
title
ix
nondiscrimination
requirement
strongly
suggests
affirmative
conclusion
beog
aptly
characterized
centerpiece
bill
cong
rec
pucinski
title
ix
relate
directly
central
purpose
cong
rec
bayh
view
connection
congress
express
recognition
discrimination
administration
student
financial
aid
programs
indeed
anomalous
discover
one
primary
components
congress
comprehensive
package
federal
aid
pell
intended
trigger
coverage
title
ix
surprising
find
therefore
language
contains
hint
congress
perceived
substantive
difference
direct
institutional
assistance
aid
received
school
students
linchpin
grove
city
argument
none
programs
receives
federal
assistance
perceived
distinction
direct
indirect
aid
distinction
finds
support
text
nothing
suggests
congress
elevated
form
substance
making
application
nondiscrimination
principle
dependent
manner
program
activity
receives
federal
assistance
basis
statute
view
institutions
apply
federal
aid
receive
checks
directly
federal
government
subject
regulation
cf
bob
jones
university
johnson
supp
sc
affirmance
order
appeals
observed
inclusive
terminology
appears
encompass
forms
federal
aid
education
direct
indirect
emphasis
original
recognized
need
accord
title
ix
sweep
broad
language
north
board
education
bell
quoting
price
reluctant
read
limitation
apparent
face
reluctance
grows
pause
consider
available
evidence
congress
intent
economic
effect
direct
indirect
assistance
often
indistinguishable
see
mueller
allen
marshall
dissenting
committee
public
education
nyquist
norwood
harrison
beog
program
structured
ensure
effectively
supplements
college
financial
aid
program
congress
undoubtedly
comprehended
reality
enacting
education
amendments
legislative
history
amendments
replete
statements
evincing
congress
awareness
student
assistance
programs
established
amendments
significantly
aid
colleges
universities
fact
one
stated
purposes
student
aid
provisions
provid
assistance
institutions
higher
education
pub
stat
congress
awareness
purpose
effect
student
aid
programs
also
reflected
sparse
legislative
history
title
ix
title
ix
patterned
title
vi
civil
rights
act
pub
stat
et
seq
ed
supp
cannon
university
chicago
cong
rec
bayh
drafters
title
vi
envisioned
receipt
student
aid
funds
trigger
coverage
since
approved
identical
language
discern
reason
believe
congressmen
voted
title
ix
intended
different
result
contemporaneous
statements
attempted
give
content
phrase
receiving
federal
financial
assistance
admittedly
somewhat
ambiguous
consistent
senator
bayh
declaration
title
ix
authorizes
termination
aid
comes
department
health
education
welfare
cong
rec
statements
individual
legislators
given
controlling
effect
least
instances
consistent
plain
language
title
ix
senator
bayh
remarks
authoritative
guide
statute
construction
north
board
education
bell
contemporaneous
legislative
history
short
provides
basis
believing
title
ix
broad
language
somehow
inconsistent
congress
underlying
intent
see
also
persuasive
evidence
congress
intent
concerning
student
financial
aid
may
also
gleaned
subsequent
treatment
title
ix
twice
recognized
probative
value
title
ix
unique
postenactment
history
north
board
education
bell
supra
cannon
university
chicago
supra
department
sex
discrimination
regulations
made
clear
cholarships
loans
grants
extended
directly
students
payment
institution
constitute
federal
financial
assistance
entity
fed
reg
see
supra
statutory
laying
procedure
general
education
provisions
act
pub
stat
amended
ed
congress
afforded
opportunity
invalidate
aspects
regulations
deemed
inconsistent
title
ix
regulations
clear
secretary
weinberger
left
doubt
concerning
department
position
furnishing
student
assistance
student
uses
particular
institution
federal
aid
covered
statute
yet
neither
house
passed
disapproval
resolution
congress
failure
disapprove
regulations
dispositive
recognized
north
board
education
bell
supra
strongly
implies
regulations
accurately
reflect
congressional
intent
congress
never
disavowed
implication
fact
acted
consistently
number
occasions
benefit
clear
statutory
language
powerful
evidence
congress
intent
longstanding
coherent
administrative
construction
phrase
receiving
federal
financial
assistance
little
trouble
concluding
title
ix
coverage
foreclosed
federal
funds
granted
grove
city
students
rather
directly
one
college
educational
programs
remains
question
however
identifying
education
program
activity
college
properly
characterized
receiving
federal
assistance
grants
students
attending
college
iii
analysis
title
ix
language
legislative
history
led
us
conclude
north
board
education
bell
agency
authority
title
ix
promulgate
regulations
terminate
funds
subject
limitations
although
legislative
history
contains
isolated
suggestions
entire
institutions
subject
nondiscrimination
provision
whenever
one
programs
receives
federal
assistance
see
hearings
bayh
accept
appeals
conclusion
circumstances
present
grove
city
program
activity
may
regulated
entirety
nevertheless
find
merit
grove
city
contention
decision
treating
beog
federal
financial
assistance
reconciled
title
ix
language
since
beog
tied
specific
education
program
activity
grove
city
participated
beog
program
rds
doubt
education
program
activity
receiving
federal
financial
assistance
entire
college
rather
student
financial
aid
program
rds
institutions
receive
federal
funds
directly
use
subsidize
expand
financial
aid
programs
recruit
students
might
otherwise
unable
enroll
short
assistance
earmarked
recipient
financial
aid
program
ignoring
title
ix
language
conclude
funds
received
rds
awarded
eligible
students
paid
back
school
tuition
comes
due
represent
federal
aid
entire
institution
see
reason
reach
different
conclusion
merely
grove
city
elected
participate
ads
although
grove
city
disburse
students
awards
beog
clearly
augment
resources
college
devotes
financial
aid
true
rds
however
fact
federal
funds
eventually
reach
college
general
operating
budget
subject
grove
city
institutionwide
coverage
grove
city
choice
administrative
mechanisms
hold
neither
expands
contracts
breadth
program
activity
financial
aid
program
receives
federal
assistance
may
regulated
title
ix
extent
appeals
holding
beog
received
grove
city
students
constitute
aid
entire
institution
rests
possibility
federal
funds
received
one
program
activity
free
college
resources
use
elsewhere
appeals
reasoning
doubly
flawed
first
evidence
federal
aid
received
grove
city
students
results
diversion
funds
college
financial
aid
program
areas
within
institution
second
important
appeals
assumption
title
ix
applies
programs
receiving
larger
share
school
limited
resources
result
federal
assistance
earmarked
use
elsewhere
within
institution
inconsistent
nature
statute
federal
educational
assistance
economic
ripple
effects
throughout
aided
institution
difficult
impossible
determine
programs
activities
derive
indirect
benefits
appeals
theory
entire
school
subject
title
ix
merely
one
students
received
small
beog
one
departments
received
earmarked
federal
grant
result
squared
congress
intent
appeals
analogy
student
financial
aid
received
educational
institution
nonearmarked
direct
grants
provides
plausible
justification
holding
faulty
student
financial
aid
programs
believe
sui
generis
neither
purpose
effect
beog
fairly
characterized
unrestricted
grants
institutions
may
use
whatever
purpose
desire
beog
program
designed
merely
increase
total
resources
available
educational
institutions
enable
offer
services
students
previously
unable
afford
higher
education
true
course
substantial
portions
beog
received
grove
city
students
ultimately
find
way
college
general
operating
budget
used
provide
variety
services
students
funds
pass
however
found
persuasive
evidence
suggesting
congress
intended
department
regulatory
authority
follow
federally
aided
students
classroom
classroom
building
building
activity
activity
addition
congress
recognized
considering
education
amendments
economic
effect
student
aid
far
different
effect
nonearmarked
grants
institutions
since
former
unlike
latter
increases
institution
resources
obligations
see
pub
stat
cong
rec
badillo
sense
student
financial
aid
closely
resembles
many
earmarked
grants
conclude
receipt
beog
grove
city
students
trigger
institutionwide
coverage
title
ix
purpose
effect
beog
represent
federal
financial
assistance
college
financial
aid
program
program
may
properly
regulated
title
ix
iv
since
grove
city
operates
education
program
activity
receiving
federal
financial
assistance
department
may
properly
demand
college
execute
assurance
compliance
title
ix
cfr
grove
city
contends
however
assurance
requested
sign
invalid
face
interpreted
department
failed
comport
title
ix
character
whatever
merit
objection
might
time
valid
basis
refusing
execute
assurance
compliance
assurance
compliance
regulation
face
impose
institutionwide
obligations
recipients
must
provide
assurance
education
program
activity
operated
part
applies
operated
compliance
part
cfr
emphasis
added
regulations
apply
terms
every
recipient
education
program
activity
operated
recipient
receives
benefits
federal
financial
assistance
cfr
emphasis
added
regulations
like
issue
north
board
education
bell
conform
limitations
congress
enacted
department
claim
regulations
reach
beyond
college
student
aid
program
furthermore
assurance
compliance
currently
use
like
one
grove
city
refused
execute
face
purport
reach
entire
college
certifies
compliance
respect
education
programs
activities
receiving
federal
financial
assistance
see
supra
opinion
consistent
requirements
title
ix
covered
education
program
college
financial
aid
program
refusal
execute
proper
assurance
compliance
warrants
termination
federal
assistance
student
financial
aid
program
college
contention
termination
must
preceded
finding
actual
discrimination
finds
support
language
plainly
authorizes
sanction
effect
ompliance
requirement
adopted
pursuant
section
regulations
authorizing
termination
assistance
refusal
execute
assurance
compliance
title
vi
promulgated
cfr
upheld
gardner
alabama
cert
denied
long
title
ix
enacted
congress
doubt
anticipated
similar
regulations
developed
implement
title
ix
cong
rec
bayh
conclude
therefore
department
may
properly
condition
federal
financial
assistance
recipient
assurance
conduct
aided
program
activity
accordance
title
ix
applicable
regulations
grove
city
final
challenge
appeals
decision
conditioning
federal
assistance
compliance
title
ix
infringes
first
amendment
rights
college
students
warrants
brief
consideration
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title
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prohibition
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sex
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title
vi
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vi
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secretary
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funds
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title
ix
ever
certain
discriminatory
practices
like
one
described
meant
prohibited
statute
moreover
offer
defensible
justification
holding
first
doubt
beog
administered
regular
disbursement
system
rds
received
entire
college
financial
aid
program
thus
reasons
beog
administered
alternative
disbursement
system
must
also
received
financial
aid
program
premise
syllogism
however
simply
begs
question
presented
today
decision
considerable
doubt
concerning
reach
title
ix
college
university
administering
beog
rds
indeed
extent
title
ix
covers
educational
institution
receiving
beog
regardless
procedural
mechanism
chosen
college
disburse
student
aid
argument
therefore
simply
restating
question
presented
case
second
rejects
notion
federal
funds
disbursed
beog
program
received
entire
institution
effectively
free
college
resources
use
programs
activities
operated
grove
city
college
coverage
entire
institution
receives
beog
students
dependent
upon
theory
instead
title
ix
coverage
whole
undergraduate
institution
grove
city
college
premised
congressional
intent
beog
moneys
provide
aid
college
university
whole
therefore
whatever
merit
argument
may
federal
moneys
intended
solely
benefit
particular
aspect
educational
institution
research
grant
designed
assist
specific
laboratory
professor
see
supra
theory
simply
irrelevant
federal
financial
assistance
meant
benefit
entire
institution
third
contradicts
earlier
recognition
beog
different
general
aid
college
university
claiming
tudent
financial
aid
programs
sui
generis
ante
although
assertion
serves
limit
severely
effect
holding
wholly
unexplained
especially
light
forceful
evidence
congressional
intent
contrary
indeed
accurate
say
financial
aid
students
prototypical
method
funneling
federal
aid
institutions
higher
education
finally
although
explicitly
offered
rationale
holding
might
explained
willingness
defer
government
position
represented
government
filed
briefs
case
consistently
argued
title
ix
coverage
entire
undergraduate
institution
operated
grove
city
college
authorized
statute
see
ante
latest
position
adopted
government
irrespective
motivations
might
underlie
recent
change
therefore
entitled
little
deference
cf
north
deference
appropriate
consistent
administrative
interpretation
title
ix
regulations
interpretation
statutes
important
title
ix
subjected
easily
shifts
policy
executive
branch
iii
sum
language
title
ix
designed
ensure
reach
statute
dependent
upon
scope
federal
financial
assistance
provided
institution
financial
assistance
clearly
intended
serve
federal
aid
entire
institution
institution
whole
covered
statute
prohibition
sex
discrimination
interpretation
clearly
disregards
intent
congress
severely
weakens
antidiscrimination
provisions
included
title
ix
therefore
join
part
iii
opinion
much
commend
suggestion
made
justice
stevens
part
iii
opinion
advisory
opinion
unnecessary
resolution
case
unsupported
factual
findings
made
see
ante
concurring
part
concurring
result
heeded
suggestion
however
feel
compelled
express
view
merits
issue
decided
prohibitory
section
title
vi
provides
person
shall
ground
race
color
national
origin
excluded
participation
denied
benefits
subjected
discrimination
program
activity
receiving
federal
financial
assistance
reasons
explained
infra
version
title
ix
eventually
enacted
congress
relevant
purposes
identical
provision
see
ante
text
title
ix
also
hearings
representatives
executive
branch
first
raised
objections
expansive
reach
proposal
considered
subcommittee
specifically
noted
witnesses
testifying
behalf
department
health
education
welfare
proposed
legislation
apply
institutions
traditionally
noncoeducational
facilities
services
within
institution
dormitories
physical
recreation
areas
might
properly
limited
one
sex
see
hearings
statement
peter
muirhead
associate
commissioner
higher
education
see
also
statement
frankie
freeman
commissioner
commission
civil
rights
eliminate
alleged
overreaching
department
justice
offered
legislation
recognized
time
far
narrower
reach
subcommittee
proposal
nonetheless
even
limited
scope
alternative
offered
administration
prohibited
discrimination
recipient
federal
financial
assistance
education
program
activity
covered
facilities
services
educational
institutions
receive
direct
educational
grants
see
hearings
testimony
jerris
leonard
assistant
attorney
general
civil
rights
division
administration
proposal
eventually
rejected
full
house
favor
bill
reported
representative
green
subcommittee
see
also
cong
rec
doubt
much
whether
even
one
institution
higher
education
today
private
public
receiving
federal
assistance
remarks
bayh
see
cong
rec
remarks
javits
remarks
eastland
remarks
gore
see
remarks
pastore
remarks
pastore
remarks
ribicoff
remarks
sens
smathers
allott
remarks
humphrey
statement
dirksen
remarks
williams
another
illustration
included
department
title
vi
regulations
referred
explicitly
federal
moneys
granted
elementary
secondary
schools
area
programs
construction
aid
general
support
operation
elementary
secondary
schools
programs
limited
support
schools
acquisition
equipment
provision
vocational
education
provision
guidance
counseling
services
discrimination
recipient
school
district
elementary
secondary
schools
admission
students
treatment
students
aspect
educational
process
prohibited
following
illustrations
prohibition
discrimination
treatment
students
includes
prohibition
discrimination
among
students
availability
use
academic
dormitory
eating
recreational
facilities
grantee
recipient
cfr
north
concluded
word
sentence
refers
education
program
activity
rather
recipient
even
limiting
construction
however
regulations
still
apply
education
program
activity
receives
benefits
federal
assistance
event
given
department
interpretation
words
quoted
text
limiting
construction
may
unjustified
see
hew
fact
sheet
accompanying
final
title
ix
regulation
implementing
education
amendments
june
except
specific
limited
exemptions
set
forth
final
regulation
applies
aspects
education
programs
activities
school
district
institution
higher
education
entity
receives
federal
funds
programs
sponsor
second
resolution
explained
basis
proposal
senate
colleagues
college
athletic
department
anywhere
country
receives
federal
funds
intercollegiate
athletics
provisions
regulations
thus
inconsistent
statute
impose
requirements
college
programs
receiving
federal
assistance
hew
attempts
surmount
obvious
inconsistency
recourse
semantics
statute
clearly
refers
programs
receiving
federal
assistance
courts
established
programs
fact
separable
yet
hew
argues
pressed
authority
includes
programs
actually
receiving
federal
assistance
indirectly
benefit
assistance
well
thus
according
tortious
logic
college
football
receives
federal
assistance
may
benefit
indirectly
federally
guaranteed
student
loans
unrelated
athletics
student
athlete
may
use
school
library
whose
construction
assisted
federal
funding
needless
say
rather
slender
reed
upon
base
social
policy
magnitude
cong
rec
remarks
laxalt
despite
rhetorical
flourish
congress
consistently
endorsed
department
regulation
college
athletic
programs
indeed
affirmatively
required
regulations
see
pub
stat
secretary
shall
prepare
publish
proposed
regulations
implementing
provisions
title
ix
relating
prohibition
sex
discrimination
federally
assisted
education
programs
shall
include
respect
intercollegiate
athletic
activities
reasonable
provisions
considering
nature
particular
sports
see
also
brief
council
collegiate
women
athletic
administrators
amicus
curiae
cf
haffer
temple
university
supp
ed
aff
opinion
limited
college
receives
tudent
financial
aid
sui
generis
ante
obviously
decide
whether
athletic
programs
operated
colleges
receiving
forms
federal
financial
assistance
within
reach
title
ix
cf
discussing
many
forms
federal
aid
received
temple
university
athletic
department
see
also
hearings
testimony
kathy
kelly
president
national
student
association
testimony
mink
memorandum
american
law
division
library
congress
memorandum
center
national
policy
review
statement
norma
raffel
head
education
committee
women
equity
action
league
testimony
bernice
sandler
director
project
status
education
women
association
american
colleges
see
testimony
darrell
royal
president
american
football
coaches
association
testimony
john
fuzak
president
national
collegiate
athletic
association
statement
dallin
oaks
president
brigham
young
university
testimony
janet
kuhn
secretary
specifically
cited
quoted
bob
jones
university
johnson
supp
sc
affirmance
order
decision
interpreting
application
title
vi
college
enrolled
students
receiving
veterans
educational
benefits
bob
jones
offered
several
reasons
justify
finding
college
educational
program
receiving
federal
assistance
first
payments
veterans
enrolled
approved
schools
serve
defray
costs
educational
program
schools
thereby
releasing
institutional
funds
absence
federal
assistance
spent
student
econd
participation
veterans
availability
federal
funds
enter
educational
programs
approved
school
benefits
school
enlarging
pool
qualified
applicants
upon
draw
educational
program
finally
rant
programs
frequently
use
institutions
conduits
federal
funds
assistance
pass
ultimate
beneficiaries
clearly
title
vi
attaches
recipient
acting
capacity
altered
method
payment
current
statutes
federal
moneys
go
directly
students
change
nature
program
basic
role
schools
participating
program
nondiscriminatory
participation
schools
essential
benefits
statutes
flow
beneficiaries
without
regard
race
footnotes
omitted
also
explained
coverage
college
educational
program
fully
consistent
congressional
purpose
underlying
title
vi
see
department
published
proposed
regulations
title
ix
congress
excepted
social
fraternities
sororities
voluntary
youth
service
organizations
statute
reach
pub
stat
codified
see
cong
rec
later
congress
provided
statutory
exemptions
activities
related
conferences
activities
reasonable
opportunities
exist
opposite
sex
collegiate
scholarships
awarded
beauty
pageant
winners
pub
stat
codified
see
cong
rec
obviously
since
none
activities
receive
direct
federal
support
amendments
superfluous
unless
title
ix
otherwise
applied
activities
conducted
educational
institutions
receiving
federal
funds
congressional
developments
since
issuance
department
regulations
resulted
amendments
statute
lend
even
support
broader
view
title
ix
department
final
regulations
went
effect
example
senator
helms
introduced
amendments
title
ix
defined
education
programs
activities
mean
programs
activities
integral
part
required
curriculum
educational
institution
sess
see
cong
rec
action
taken
bill
similarly
senator
mcclure
sponsored
amendment
define
education
program
activity
programs
activities
curriculum
graduation
requirements
institutions
amendment
sess
see
cong
rec
amendment
rejected
recorded
vote
finally
congress
recently
reaffirmed
commitment
title
ix
regulations
originally
issued
thereunder
particular
house
passed
resolution
expressing
belief
title
ix
regulations
amended
altered
manner
lessen
comprehensive
coverage
statute
eliminating
gender
discrimination
throughout
american
educational
system
res
sess
cong
rec
see
see
also
res
sess
today
decision
take
another
reaffirmation
congressional
intent
form
clarifying
amendment
title
ix
ensure
original
legislative
longer
frustrated
believe
beog
moneys
intended
congress
benefit
institutions
higher
education
entirety
find
unnecessary
case
decide
whether
title
ix
reach
targeted
federal
aid
received
institution
cases
may
appropriate
examine
carefully
purposes
also
actual
effects
federal
moneys
received
although
justice
stevens
properly
notes
findings
fact
particular
point
see
ante
concurring
part
concurring
result
even
forced
concede
obvious
see
ante
true
course
substantial
portions
beog
received
grove
city
students
ultimately
find
way
college
general
operating
budget
used
provide
variety
services
students
funds
pass
nonetheless
ignores
concession
claiming
persuasive
evidence
congress
intended
cover
entire
institution
higher
education
situation
explain
part
ii
however
evidence
congressional
intent
quite
persuasive
convincing