houston
hill
argued
march
decided
june
upon
shouting
police
attempt
divert
attention
friend
confrontation
appellee
arrested
wilfully
interrupt
ing
city
policeman
verbal
challenge
investigation
violation
municipal
ordinance
making
unlawful
person
assault
strike
manner
oppose
molest
abuse
interrupt
policeman
execution
duty
acquittal
municipal
appellee
brought
suit
federal
district
challenging
ordinance
constitutionality
seeking
inter
alia
damages
attorney
fees
district
held
ordinance
unconstitutionally
vague
overbroad
face
appeals
reversed
finding
ordinance
substantially
overbroad
since
literal
wording
punished
might
deter
significant
range
protected
speech
held
municipal
ordinance
makes
unlawful
interrupt
police
officer
performance
duty
substantially
overbroad
therefore
invalid
face
first
amendment
ordinance
question
criminalizes
substantial
amount
susceptible
regular
application
constitutionally
protected
speech
accords
police
unconstitutional
enforcement
discretion
demonstrated
evidence
indicating
although
ordinance
plain
language
violated
scores
times
daily
individuals
chosen
police
unguided
discretion
arrested
appellant
argument
ordinance
substantially
overbroad
inhibit
exposition
ideas
simply
bans
unprotected
core
criminal
conduct
persuasive
since
ordinance
language
making
unlawful
assault
strike
police
officer
expressly
state
penal
code
enforceable
portion
prohibits
verbal
interruptions
police
thereby
deals
speech
rather
core
criminal
conduct
moreover
although
speech
might
prohibited
consists
fighting
words
utterance
inflict
injury
tend
incite
immediate
breach
peace
ordinance
question
limited
expressions
broadly
applies
speech
manner
interrupt
policeman
thereby
impermissibly
infringes
constitutionally
protected
freedom
individuals
verbally
oppose
challenge
police
action
appellant
contention
ordinance
sweeping
nature
inevitable
essential
maintain
public
order
also
without
merit
since
ordinance
narrowly
tailored
prohibit
disorderly
conduct
fighting
words
impermissibly
provides
police
unfettered
discretion
arrest
individuals
words
conduct
simply
annoying
offensive
pp
abstention
assertedly
allow
state
courts
reach
readily
available
limiting
construction
eliminate
ordinance
overbreadth
inappropriate
even
case
involve
first
amendment
facial
challenge
abstention
particularly
inappropriate
ordinance
question
plain
unambiguous
thus
susceptible
limiting
construction
moreover
limited
severing
discrete
unconstitutional
subsections
since
enforceable
portion
unconstitutional
entirety
even
municipal
courts
many
opportunities
narrow
ordinance
scope
appellant
claim
state
courts
chance
construe
ordinance
unavailing
light
ordinance
nonambiguity
availability
certification
state
courts
state
law
render
abstention
appropriate
uncertain
question
state
law
resolved
pp
although
preservation
liberty
depends
part
upon
maintenance
social
order
first
amendment
requires
officers
municipalities
respond
restraint
face
verbal
challenges
police
action
since
certain
amount
expressive
disorder
inevitable
society
committed
individual
freedom
must
protected
freedom
survive
pp
brennan
delivered
opinion
white
marshall
blackmun
stevens
joined
blackmun
filed
concurring
opinion
post
scalia
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
post
powell
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
part
dissenting
part
joined
parts
ii
rehnquist
joined
parts
ii
iii
scalia
joined
post
rehnquist
filed
dissenting
opinion
post
robert
collins
argued
cause
appellant
briefs
jerry
edwin
smith
charles
alan
wright
argued
cause
appellee
brief
michael
maness
gerald
birnberg
alvin
bronstein
david
goldstein
burt
neuborne
james
harrington
bruce
griffiths
filed
brief
american
civil
liberties
union
et
al
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
justice
brennan
delivered
opinion
case
presents
question
whether
municipal
ordinance
makes
unlawful
interrupt
police
officer
performance
duties
unconstitutionally
overbroad
first
amendment
appellee
raymond
wayne
hill
lifelong
resident
houston
texas
time
lawsuit
began
worked
paralegal
executive
director
houston
human
rights
league
member
board
gay
political
caucus
helped
found
hill
also
affiliated
houston
radio
station
carried
city
county
press
passes
since
lived
montrose
diverse
eclectic
neighborhood
center
gay
political
social
life
houston
app
incident
sparked
lawsuit
occurred
montrose
area
february
hill
observed
friend
charles
hill
intentionally
stopping
traffic
busy
street
evidently
enable
vehicle
enter
traffic
two
houston
police
officers
one
named
kelley
approached
charles
began
speaking
according
district
shortly
thereafter
hill
began
shouting
officers
admitted
attempt
divert
kelley
attention
charles
hill
app
juris
statement
hill
first
shouted
pick
somebody
size
officer
kelley
responded
interrupting
official
capacity
houston
police
officer
hill
shouted
yes
pick
somebody
size
app
hill
arrested
houston
code
ordinances
wilfully
intentionally
interrupt
ing
city
policeman
verbal
challenge
investigation
app
charles
hill
arrested
hill
acquitted
nonjury
trial
municipal
code
ordinances
city
houston
texas
reads
sec
assaulting
interfering
policemen
shall
unlawful
person
assault
strike
manner
oppose
molest
abuse
interrupt
policeman
execution
duty
person
summoned
aid
making
arrest
trial
hill
introduced
records
provided
city
regarding
frequency
arrests
made
violation
ordinance
type
conduct
arrested
charged
also
introduced
evidence
testimony
concerning
arrests
several
reporters
ordinance
finally
hill
introduced
evidence
regarding
experience
ordinance
arrested
four
times
since
never
convicted
district
held
hill
evidence
demonstrate
ordinance
unconstitutionally
applied
also
rejected
hill
contention
ordinance
unconstitutionally
vague
overbroad
face
ordinance
vague
stated
wording
ordinance
sufficiently
definite
put
person
reasonable
intelligence
fair
notice
actions
forbidden
particular
finds
use
words
interrupt
sufficiently
clear
virtue
everyday
definitions
interrupt
commonly
means
cause
one
cease
stopping
someone
middle
something
plaintiff
example
clearly
interrupted
police
officers
regarding
charles
hill
incident
app
juris
statement
panel
appeals
reversed
city
suggestion
rehearing
en
banc
granted
appeals
vote
upheld
judgment
panel
appeals
agreed
district
conclusion
ordinance
vague
plainly
encompasse
mere
verbal
well
physical
conduct
applying
standard
established
broadrick
oklahoma
however
appeals
concluded
ordinance
substantially
overbroad
found
significant
range
protected
speech
expression
punishable
might
deterred
literal
wording
statute
appeals
also
reviewed
evidence
unconstitutional
application
ordinance
hill
introduced
trial
disturb
district
ruling
statute
unconstitutionally
applied
hill
reporters
conclude
however
evidence
mentioned
district
revealed
realistic
danger
substantial
potential
unconstitutional
application
ordinance
ibid
evidence
showed
ordinance
officially
regarded
penalizing
mere
interruption
policeman
line
duty
employed
make
arrests
inter
alia
arguing
alking
nterfering
ailing
remain
quiet
efusing
remain
silent
erbal
abuse
ursing
erbally
yelling
alking
loudly
alking
scene
city
appealed
claiming
appeals
erred
holding
ordinance
facially
overbroad
abstaining
ordinance
construed
state
courts
noted
probable
jurisdiction
affirm
ii
elements
first
amendment
overbreadth
analysis
familiar
statute
substantially
overbroad
may
invalidated
face
new
york
ferber
broadrick
oklahoma
supra
never
held
statute
held
invalid
face
merely
possible
conceive
single
impermissible
application
brennan
dissenting
instead
facial
challenge
overbreadth
vagueness
law
first
task
determine
whether
enactment
reaches
substantial
amount
constitutionally
protected
conduct
hoffman
estates
flipside
hoffman
estates
kolender
lawson
criminal
statutes
must
scrutinized
particular
care
winters
new
york
make
unlawful
substantial
amount
constitutionally
protected
conduct
may
held
facially
invalid
even
also
legitimate
application
kolender
supra
city
principal
argument
ordinance
inhibit
exposition
ideas
bans
core
criminal
conduct
protected
first
amendment
brief
appellant
view
application
ordinance
hill
illustrates
police
employ
prohibit
conduct
subterfuge
control
dissuade
free
expression
ibid
since
ordinance
since
evidence
city
applied
ordinance
chill
particular
speakers
ideas
city
concludes
ordinance
substantially
overbroad
disagree
city
characterization
several
reasons
first
enforceable
portion
ordinance
deals
core
criminal
conduct
speech
city
conceded
language
ordinance
making
unlawful
person
assault
strike
police
officer
texas
penal
code
reply
brief
appellant
city
explains
species
physical
assault
police
officer
encompassed
within
provisions
texas
penal
code
code
governmental
subdivision
agency
may
enact
enforce
law
makes
conduct
covered
code
offense
subject
criminal
penalty
tex
penal
code
ann
see
knott
state
tex
app
reversing
conviction
obtained
municipal
ordinance
state
penal
code
accordingly
enforceable
portion
ordinance
makes
unlawful
person
manner
oppose
molest
abuse
interrupt
policeman
execution
duty
thereby
prohibits
verbal
interruptions
police
officers
second
contrary
city
contention
first
amendment
protects
significant
amount
verbal
criticism
challenge
directed
police
officers
speech
often
provocative
challenging
nevertheless
protected
censorship
punishment
unless
shown
likely
produce
clear
present
danger
serious
substantive
evil
rises
far
public
inconvenience
annoyance
unrest
terminiello
chicago
lewis
city
new
orleans
example
appellant
found
yelled
obscenities
threats
officer
asked
appellant
husband
produce
driver
license
appellant
convicted
municipal
ordinance
made
crime
person
wantonly
curse
revile
use
obscene
opprobrious
language
toward
reference
member
city
police
actual
performance
duty
citation
omitted
vacated
conviction
invalidated
ordinance
facially
overbroad
critical
decision
fact
ordinance
punishe
spoken
words
limited
scope
fighting
words
utterance
inflict
injury
tend
incite
immediate
breach
peace
quoting
gooding
wilson
see
also
ibid
georgia
statute
limited
fighting
words
held
facially
invalid
moreover
concurring
opinion
lewis
justice
powell
suggested
even
fighting
words
exception
recognized
chaplinsky
new
hampshire
might
require
narrower
application
cases
involving
words
addressed
police
officer
properly
trained
officer
may
reasonably
expected
exercise
higher
degree
restraint
average
citizen
thus
less
likely
respond
belligerently
fighting
words
citation
omitted
houston
ordinance
much
sweeping
municipal
ordinance
struck
lewis
limited
fighting
words
even
obscene
opprobrious
language
prohibits
speech
manner
interrupt
officer
constitution
allow
speech
made
crime
freedom
individuals
verbally
oppose
challenge
police
action
without
thereby
risking
arrest
one
principal
characteristics
distinguish
free
nation
police
state
city
argues
however
even
ordinance
encompasses
protected
speech
sweeping
nature
inevitable
essential
maintain
public
order
city
recalls
observation
smith
goguen
areas
human
conduct
nature
problems
presented
legislatures
simply
establish
standards
great
precision
control
broad
range
disorderly
conduct
may
inhibit
policeman
performance
official
duties
may
one
area
requiring
assessment
need
keep
order
houston
ordinance
however
narrowly
tailored
prohibit
disorderly
conduct
fighting
words
way
resembles
law
upheld
colten
although
appreciate
difficulties
drafting
precise
laws
repeatedly
invalidated
laws
provide
police
unfettered
discretion
arrest
individuals
words
conduct
annoy
offend
observed
century
ago
certainly
dangerous
legislature
set
net
large
enough
catch
possible
offenders
leave
courts
step
inside
say
rightfully
detained
set
large
reese
lewis
justice
powell
elaborated
basis
concern
sweeping
dragnet
laws
ordinance
construed
louisiana
confers
police
virtually
unrestrained
power
arrest
charge
persons
violation
many
arrests
made
situations
witnesses
arresting
officer
person
charged
required
conviction
accept
testimony
officer
obscene
opprobrious
language
used
toward
performance
duties
contrary
city
argument
unlikely
limiting
ordinance
application
genuine
fighting
words
incompatible
full
adequate
performance
officer
duties
usually
unnecessary
charge
person
less
serious
offense
addressing
obscene
words
officer
present
type
ordinance
tends
invoked
valid
basis
arresting
objectionable
suspicious
person
opportunity
abuse
especially
statute
received
virtually
openended
interpretation
facts
case
particularly
direct
conflict
testimony
said
well
illustrate
possibility
abuse
houston
ordinance
criminalizes
substantial
amount
constitutionally
protected
speech
accords
police
unconstitutional
discretion
enforcement
ordinance
plain
language
admittedly
violated
scores
times
daily
app
yet
individuals
chosen
police
unguided
discretion
arrested
far
providing
breathing
space
first
amendment
freedoms
need
survive
naacp
button
ordinance
susceptible
regular
application
protected
expression
conclude
ordinance
substantially
overbroad
appeals
err
holding
facially
invalid
iii
city
also
urged
us
reach
merits
hill
constitutional
challenge
rather
abstain
reasons
related
underlying
decision
railroad
pullman
view
certain
limiting
constructions
readily
available
state
courts
eliminate
ordinance
overbreadth
abstention
course
exception
rule
colorado
river
water
conservation
dist
particularly
reluctant
abstain
cases
involving
facial
challenges
based
first
amendment
held
abstention
inappropriate
cases
statutes
justifiably
attacked
face
abridging
free
expression
dombrowski
pfister
case
force
plaintiff
commenced
federal
action
suffer
delay
proceedings
might
effect
impermissible
chilling
constitutional
right
seeks
protect
zwickler
koota
even
case
involve
facial
challenge
first
amendment
find
abstention
inappropriate
cases
involving
facial
challenge
statute
pivotal
question
determining
whether
abstention
appropriate
whether
statute
fairly
subject
interpretation
render
unnecessary
substantially
modify
federal
constitutional
question
harman
forssenius
see
also
hawaii
housing
authority
midkiff
statute
obviously
susceptible
limiting
construction
even
statute
never
interpreted
state
tribunal
duty
federal
exercise
properly
invoked
jurisdiction
harman
supra
see
wisconsin
constantineau
ambiguity
state
statute
federal
abstain
proceed
decide
federal
constitutional
claim
zwickler
koota
supra
citing
cases
ordinance
susceptible
limiting
construction
courts
agreed
language
plain
meaning
unambiguous
constitutionality
turn
upon
choice
one
several
alternative
meanings
baggett
bullitt
cf
babbitt
farm
workers
ordinance
limited
severing
discrete
unconstitutional
subsections
rest
example
limited
core
criminal
conduct
physical
assaults
fighting
words
applications
state
law
see
supra
enforceable
portion
ordinance
general
prohibition
speech
simply
core
constitutionally
unprotected
expression
might
limited
smith
goguen
emphasis
deleted
city
proposed
constructions
insufficient
doubtful
even
remarkable
job
plastic
surgery
upon
face
ordinance
save
shuttlesworth
birmingham
sum
ince
naked
question
uncomplicated
ambiguous
language
whether
act
face
unconstitutional
wisconsin
constantineau
abstention
federal
jurisdiction
required
hawaii
housing
authority
supra
city
relies
heavily
claim
state
courts
opportunity
construe
statute
even
true
factor
controlling
stated
statute
ambiguous
need
abstain
even
state
courts
never
interpreted
statute
harman
supra
example
declined
abstain
deciding
facial
challenge
state
statute
suit
filed
federal
four
days
statute
took
effect
brockett
spokane
arcades
event
city
claim
state
courts
opportunity
construe
statute
misleading
state
appellate
courts
appear
lacked
opportunity
undisputed
houston
municipal
courts
courts
record
texas
since
numerous
opportunities
narrow
scope
ordinance
evidence
done
fact
city
primary
position
throughout
litigation
insis
validity
ordinance
literally
read
long
recognized
trial
interpretations
given
jury
instructions
constitute
ruling
question
state
law
binding
us
though
precise
words
written
ordinance
terminiello
thus
municipal
courts
regularly
applied
unambiguous
statute
certainly
need
federal
abstain
state
appellate
courts
opportunity
construe
possibility
certification
change
analysis
certification
procedure
useful
reducing
substantial
burdens
cost
delay
abstention
places
litigants
uncertain
question
state
law
affect
resolution
federal
claim
delay
expense
chief
drawbacks
abstention
availability
certification
becomes
important
factor
deciding
whether
abstain
bellotti
baird
nevertheless
even
recognized
importance
certification
deciding
whether
abstain
careful
note
availability
certification
sufficient
render
abstention
appropriate
manifestly
inappropriate
certify
question
case
uncertain
question
state
law
whose
resolution
might
affect
pending
federal
claim
demonstrated
supra
ordinance
neither
ambiguous
obviously
susceptible
limiting
construction
federal
may
properly
ask
state
care
effect
rewrite
statute
therefore
see
need
case
abstain
pending
certification
iv
today
decision
reflects
constitutional
requirement
face
verbal
challenges
police
action
officers
municipalities
must
respond
restraint
mindful
preservation
liberty
depends
part
upon
maintenance
social
order
cf
terminiello
chicago
supra
dissenting
opinion
first
amendment
recognizes
wisely
think
certain
amount
expressive
disorder
inevitable
society
committed
individual
freedom
must
protected
freedom
survive
therefore
affirm
judgment
appeals
ordered
join
opinion
judgment
except
agree
implication
one
exists
see
ante
gooding
wilson
lewis
city
new
orleans
good
law
context
facts
lend
real
support
judgment
review
case
dissented
gooding
lewis
see
conviction
legislation
consideration
related
fighting
words
within
teaching
reach
chaplinsky
new
hampshire
still
view
therefore
disassociate
possible
suggestion
cases
controlling
authority
houston
ordinance
us
however
evident
language
demonstrates
ante
far
broad
offensive
first
amendment
values
susceptible
regular
application
protected
expression
footnotes
district
stated
hill
shout
ed
abuses
officers
app
juris
statement
emphasis
added
appeals
held
however
evidence
support
district
finding
raymond
hill
shout
ed
abuses
officer
kelley
see
app
testimony
officer
kelley
hill
use
abusive
language
testimony
hill
kelley
consistent
ways
ignored
district
agree
example
charles
attempted
leave
initial
conversation
officers
kelley
grabbed
charles
arm
turned
around
told
walk
away
according
hill
charles
nervous
tic
went
spasms
prompted
one
officers
screa
charles
making
fun
kelley
stated
charles
twitching
erratic
strange
manner
kelley
know
charles
seizure
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city
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powell
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hill
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person
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officers
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dismissed
charges
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appendix
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appellee
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gay
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houston
police
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direct
result
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never
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plaintiff
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prosecution
obtain
standing
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new
hampshire
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penal
code
ann
pp
supp
justice
powell
suggests
analysis
protected
speech
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constitutionally
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speech
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go
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amendment
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speech
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douglas
concurring
citation
omitted
case
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justice
powell
municipality
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police
order
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traffic
hazard
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municipality
may
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case
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police
arrest
person
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powell
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law
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king
cook
crim
cas
ann
county
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man
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arrest
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citizens
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opinions
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arrest
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policemen
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cabinet
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extent
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code
ann
supp
comprehensive
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identification
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gregory
chicago
black
concurring
papachristou
city
jacksonville
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ordinance
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enforcement
local
prosecuting
officials
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groups
deemed
merit
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conduct
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enforcement
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houston
effectively
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arrests
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relief
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texas
law
convinces
pullman
abstention
inappropriate
iii
agree
conclusion
ordinance
violates
fourteenth
amendment
join
reasoning
finds
ordinance
deals
core
criminal
conduct
speech
ante
view
ordinance
draws
distinction
none
exists
terms
ordinance
oppose
molest
abuse
interrupt
policeman
execution
duty
include
general
words
apply
fully
conduct
speech
respect
lewis
city
new
orleans
clearly
distinguishable
case
new
orleans
ordinance
made
breach
peace
person
wantonly
curse
revile
use
obscene
opprobrious
language
toward
reference
member
city
police
actual
performance
duty
quoting
new
orleans
ordinance
agree
ordinance
applied
speech
cases
also
agree
first
amendment
protects
good
deal
speech
may
directed
police
officers
occasion
may
include
verbal
criticism
question
implication
opinion
first
amendment
generally
protects
verbal
challenge
directed
police
officers
ante
challenge
often
takes
form
opposition
interruption
performance
duty
many
situations
speech
type
directed
police
officers
functionally
indistinguishable
conduct
first
amendment
clearly
protect
example
doubt
municipality
constitutionally
may
punish
individual
chooses
stand
near
police
officer
persistently
attempt
engage
officer
conversation
officer
directing
traffic
busy
intersection
similarly
individual
contentious
abusive
speech
interrupt
officer
investigation
possible
criminal
conduct
person
observing
officer
pursuing
person
suspected
felony
run
beside
public
street
shouting
officer
similar
tactics
interrupt
policeman
lawfully
attempting
interrogate
persons
believed
witnesses
crime
sum
opinion
appears
reflect
failure
apprehend
ordinance
however
may
construed
intended
primarily
public
interest
law
enforcement
sure
fine
line
legitimate
criticism
police
type
criticism
interferes
purpose
police
officers
unfortunately
seems
ignore
fine
line
extend
first
amendment
protection
type
verbal
molestation
interruption
officer
performance
duty
despite
concerns
expressed
nevertheless
agree
ambiguous
terms
ordinance
confe
police
virtually
unrestrained
power
arrest
charge
persons
violation
opportunity
abuse
especially
statute
received
virtually
interpretation
lewis
city
new
orleans
supra
powell
concurring
result
texas
placed
limiting
construction
ordinance
also
clear
houston
made
effort
curtail
wide
discretion
police
officers
present
ordinance
record
contains
sampling
complaints
filed
ordinance
people
charged
crimes
failure
remain
silent
stationary
remaining
refusing
remain
silent
talking
en
banc
although
incidents
may
involved
unprotected
conduct
vagueness
charges
suggests
respect
ordinance
houston
officials
acting
proper
sensitivity
constitutional
rights
citizens
government
protects
society
interests
manner
restricts
speech
law
must
framed
precisely
ordinance
us
accordingly
agree
houston
ordinance
unconstitutional
difficult
course
specifically
frame
ordinance
applies
areas
human
conduct
nature
problems
presented
legislatures
simply
establish
standards
great
precision
control
broad
range
disorderly
conduct
may
inhibit
policeman
performance
official
duties
may
one
area
requiring
assessment
need
keep
order
smith
goguen
iv
although
believe
proper
course
vacate
judgment
appeals
bo
decision
case
properly
us
brown
shoe
harlan
concurring
part
dissenting
part
concur
judgment
affirmance
least
one
texas
appellate
concluded
section
applies
municipal
ordinances
see
pollard
state
tex
app
pet
ref
pollard
state
cr
case
demonstrates
two
advantages
certification
traditional
pullman
abstention
procedure
first
certification
saves
time
sending
question
directly
empowered
provide
authoritative
construction
statute
second
certification
obviates
procedural
difficulties
may
hinder
efforts
obtain
declaratory
judgments
state
trial
courts
see
infra
cf
brown
shoe
harlan
dissenting
part
concurring
part
gillespie
steel
stewart
concurring
see
also
longshoremen
davis
rehnquist
concurring
part
concurring
judgment
concludes
pullman
abstention
inappropriate
two
reasons
first
suggests
particularly
reluctant
abstain
cases
involving
facial
challenges
based
first
amendment
ante
supports
conclusion
citation
dombrowski
pfister
see
nothing
case
supports
broad
principle
dombrowski
declined
abstain
interpretation
ultimately
put
challenged
state
statutes
state
courts
irrelevant
readily
apparent
construction
suggest
ed
vehicle
curing
constitutional
problem
statute
rationales
straightforward
applications
general
rule
pullman
abstention
appropriate
determination
uncertain
question
state
law
obviate
need
federal
decide
substantial
question
federal
constitutional
law
second
reason
abstaining
believes
statute
fairly
subject
interpretation
substantially
modify
federal
constitutional
question
ante
quoting
harman
forssenius
see
supra
disagreement
view
note
adequacy
state
procedures
examined
much
strictly
cases
seeking
pullman
abstention
cases
seeking
younger
abstention
compare
pennzoil
texaco
first
definition
challenge
edition
american
heritage
dictionary
call
engage
contest
fight
implies
municipalities
punish
attempt
interfere
police
officers
physically
obstruct
officer
investigation
ante
constitutes
fighting
words
within
meaning
chaplinsky
new
hampshire
see
ante
implication
troubles
indicated
text
supra
page
many
situations
state
public
interest
right
punish
speech
directed
police
officers
fall
within
either
exceptions
chief
justice
rehnquist
dissenting
join
parts
ii
justice
powell
opinion
concurring
judgment
part
dissenting
part
agree
however
houston
ordinance
absence
authoritative
construction
texas
courts
unconstitutional
see
lewis
city
new
orleans
blackmun
dissenting
therefore
dissent
affirmance
judgment
appeals