hendrick
hudson
dist
bd
ed
rowley
argued
march
decided
june
education
handicapped
act
act
provides
federal
money
assist
state
local
agencies
educating
handicapped
children
qualify
federal
assistance
state
must
demonstrate
detailed
plan
submitted
federal
approval
effect
policy
assures
handicapped
children
right
free
appropriate
public
education
policy
must
tailored
unique
needs
handicapped
child
means
individualized
educational
program
iep
iep
must
prepared
reviewed
least
annually
school
officials
participation
child
parents
guardian
act
also
requires
participating
state
provide
specified
administrative
procedures
child
parents
guardian
may
challenge
change
evaluation
education
child
party
aggrieved
state
administrative
decisions
authorized
bring
civil
action
either
state
federal
district
respondents
child
minimal
residual
hearing
furnished
school
authorities
special
hearing
aid
use
classroom
receive
additional
instruction
tutors
child
parents
filed
suit
federal
district
review
new
york
administrative
proceedings
upheld
school
administrators
denial
parents
request
child
also
provided
qualified
interpreter
academic
classes
entering
judgment
respondents
district
found
although
child
performed
better
average
child
class
advancing
easily
grade
grade
performing
well
academically
without
handicap
disparity
child
achievement
potential
held
receiving
free
appropriate
public
education
defined
opportunity
achieve
full
potential
commensurate
opportunity
provided
children
appeals
affirmed
held
act
requirement
free
appropriate
public
education
satisfied
state
provides
personalized
instruction
sufficient
support
services
permit
handicapped
child
benefit
educationally
instruction
instruction
services
must
provided
public
expense
must
meet
state
educational
standards
must
approximate
grade
levels
used
state
regular
education
must
comport
child
iep
formulated
accordance
act
requirements
child
educated
regular
classrooms
iep
reasonably
calculated
enable
child
achieve
passing
marks
advance
grade
grade
pp
interpretation
supported
definitions
contained
act
well
provisions
imposing
procedural
requirements
setting
forth
statutory
findings
priorities
follow
extending
educational
services
handicapped
children
act
language
contains
express
substantive
standard
prescribing
level
education
accorded
handicapped
children
pp
act
legislative
history
shows
congress
sought
make
public
education
available
handicapped
children
intend
impose
upon
greater
substantive
educational
standard
necessary
make
access
public
education
meaningful
act
intent
open
door
public
education
handicapped
children
means
specialized
educational
services
guarantee
particular
substantive
level
education
inside
pp
congress
sought
provide
assistance
carrying
constitutional
responsibilities
provide
equal
protection
laws
intend
achieve
strict
equality
opportunity
services
handicapped
nonhandicapped
children
rather
sought
primarily
identify
evaluate
handicapped
children
provide
access
free
public
education
act
require
state
maximize
potential
handicapped
child
commensurate
opportunity
provided
nonhandicapped
children
pp
suits
brought
act
provisions
must
first
determine
whether
state
complied
statutory
procedures
must
determine
whether
individualized
program
developed
procedures
reasonably
calculated
enable
child
receive
educational
benefits
requirements
met
state
complied
obligations
imposed
congress
courts
require
pp
although
provisions
limit
courts
ensuring
complied
act
procedural
requirements
act
emphasis
procedural
safeguards
demonstrates
legislative
conviction
adequate
compliance
prescribed
procedures
cases
assure
much
congress
wished
way
substantive
content
iep
pp
courts
must
careful
avoid
imposing
view
preferable
educational
methods
upon
determines
act
requirements
met
questions
methodology
resolution
pp
entrusting
child
education
state
local
agencies
leave
child
without
protection
demonstrated
case
parents
guardians
lack
ardor
seeking
ensure
handicapped
children
receive
benefits
entitled
act
pp
act
require
provision
interpreter
neither
courts
found
failure
comply
act
procedures
findings
neither
support
conclusion
child
educational
program
failed
comply
substantive
requirements
act
pp
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
burger
powell
stevens
joined
blackmun
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
post
white
filed
dissenting
opinion
brennan
marshall
joined
post
raymond
kuntz
argued
cause
petitioners
briefs
robert
stone
jean
coon
paul
sherman
donald
meserve
michael
chatoff
argued
cause
filed
brief
respondents
elliott
schulder
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
affirmance
brief
solicitor
general
lee
assistant
attorney
general
reynolds
walter
barnett
louise
lerner
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
filed
charles
sims
american
civil
liberties
union
jane
bloom
yohalem
norman
rosenberg
daniel
yohalem
marian
wright
edelman
association
retarded
citizens
et
al
ralph
moore
franklin
kramer
maryland
advocacy
unit
developmentally
disabled
et
al
marc
charmatz
janet
stotland
joseph
blum
national
association
deaf
et
al
minna
kotkin
barry
felder
new
york
state
commission
quality
care
mentally
disabled
protection
advocacy
system
michael
rebell
cerebral
palsy
associations
et
al
norman
gross
gwendolyn
gregory
thomas
shannon
august
steinhilber
filed
brief
national
school
boards
association
et
al
amici
curiae
justice
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
case
presents
question
statutory
interpretation
petitioners
contend
appeals
district
misconstrued
requirements
imposed
congress
upon
receive
federal
funds
education
handicapped
act
agree
reverse
judgment
appeals
education
handicapped
act
act
stat
amended
et
seq
ed
supp
iv
provides
federal
money
assist
state
local
agencies
educating
handicapped
children
conditions
funding
upon
state
compliance
extensive
goals
procedures
act
represents
ambitious
federal
effort
promote
education
handicapped
children
passed
response
congress
perception
majority
handicapped
children
either
totally
excluded
schools
sitting
idly
regular
classrooms
awaiting
time
old
enough
drop
act
evolution
major
provisions
shed
light
question
statutory
interpretation
heart
case
congress
first
addressed
problem
educating
handicapped
amended
elementary
secondary
education
act
establish
grant
program
purpose
assisting
initiation
expansion
improvement
programs
projects
education
handicapped
children
pub
stat
program
repealed
education
handicapped
act
pub
stat
part
established
grant
program
similar
purpose
repealed
legislation
neither
legislation
contained
specific
guidelines
state
use
grant
money
aimed
primarily
stimulating
develop
educational
resources
train
personnel
educating
handicapped
dissatisfied
progress
made
earlier
enactments
spurred
two
district
decisions
holding
handicapped
children
given
access
public
education
congress
greatly
increased
federal
funding
education
handicapped
first
time
required
recipient
adopt
goal
providing
full
educational
opportunities
handicapped
children
pub
stat
statute
statute
recognized
interim
measure
adopted
order
give
congress
additional
year
study
additional
federal
assistance
required
enable
meet
needs
handicapped
children
ensuing
year
study
produced
education
handicapped
children
act
order
qualify
federal
financial
assistance
act
state
must
demonstrate
effect
policy
assures
handicapped
children
right
free
appropriate
public
education
policy
must
reflected
state
plan
submitted
approved
secretary
education
describes
detail
goals
programs
timetables
state
intends
educate
handicapped
children
within
borders
receiving
money
act
must
provide
education
handicapped
priority
first
handicapped
children
receiving
education
second
handicapped
children
severe
handicaps
receiving
inadequate
education
maximum
extent
appropriate
must
educate
handicapped
children
children
handicapped
act
broadly
defines
handicapped
children
include
mentally
retarded
hard
hearing
deaf
speech
impaired
visually
handicapped
seriously
emotionally
disturbed
orthopedically
impaired
health
impaired
children
children
specific
learning
disabilities
free
appropriate
public
education
required
act
tailored
unique
needs
handicapped
child
means
individualized
educational
program
iep
iep
prepared
meeting
qualified
representative
local
educational
agency
child
teacher
child
parents
guardian
appropriate
child
consists
written
document
containing
statement
present
levels
educational
performance
child
statement
annual
goals
including
instructional
objectives
statement
specific
educational
services
provided
child
extent
child
able
participate
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educational
programs
projected
date
initiation
anticipated
duration
services
appropriate
objective
criteria
evaluation
procedures
schedules
determining
least
annual
basis
whether
instructional
objectives
achieved
addition
state
plan
iep
already
described
act
imposes
extensive
procedural
requirements
upon
receiving
federal
funds
provisions
parents
guardians
handicapped
children
must
notified
proposed
change
identification
evaluation
educational
placement
child
provision
free
appropriate
public
education
child
must
permitted
bring
complaint
matter
relating
evaluation
education
complaints
brought
parents
guardians
must
resolved
impartial
due
process
hearing
appeal
state
educational
agency
must
provided
initial
hearing
held
local
regional
level
thereafter
ny
party
aggrieved
findings
decision
state
administrative
hearing
right
bring
civil
action
respect
complaint
state
competent
jurisdiction
district
without
regard
amount
controversy
thus
although
act
leaves
primary
responsibility
developing
executing
educational
programs
handicapped
children
imposes
significant
requirements
followed
discharge
responsibility
compliance
assured
provisions
permitting
withholding
federal
funds
upon
determination
participating
state
local
agency
failed
satisfy
requirements
act
provision
judicial
review
present
except
new
mexico
receive
federal
funds
portions
act
issue
today
brief
amicus
curiae
ii
case
arose
connection
education
amy
rowley
deaf
student
furnace
woods
school
hendrick
hudson
central
school
district
peekskill
amy
minimal
residual
hearing
excellent
year
began
attending
furnace
woods
meeting
parents
school
administrators
resulted
decision
place
regular
kindergarten
class
order
determine
supplemental
services
necessary
education
several
members
school
administration
prepared
amy
arrival
attending
course
interpretation
teletype
machine
installed
principal
office
facilitate
communication
parents
also
deaf
end
trial
period
determined
amy
remain
kindergarten
class
provided
fm
hearing
aid
amplify
words
spoken
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teacher
fellow
students
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amy
successfully
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kindergarten
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fall
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amy
educated
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fm
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therapist
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hours
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rowleys
agreed
parts
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amy
also
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kindergarten
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amy
need
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administrators
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amy
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district
committee
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evidence
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parents
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testimony
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teacher
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rowleys
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administrators
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amy
achieving
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decision
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appeal
new
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commissioner
education
basis
substantial
evidence
record
pursuant
act
provision
judicial
review
rowleys
brought
action
district
southern
district
new
york
claiming
administrators
denial
interpreter
constituted
denial
free
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public
education
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act
district
found
amy
remarkably
child
interacts
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classmates
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rapport
teachers
supp
also
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grade
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handicap
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achievement
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public
education
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full
potential
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provided
children
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district
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potential
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child
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district
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ourt
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us
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meant
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definition
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brief
respondents
appearing
amicus
curiae
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act
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brief
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loath
conclude
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emphasis
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found
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much
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rec
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house
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law
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retarded
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letter
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commissioner
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house
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education
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retarded
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cong
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javits
often
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cranston
millions
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statistics
appear
repeatedly
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demonstrating
virtual
consensus
among
legislators
million
handicapped
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cong
rec
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hathaway
senator
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stated
nly
percent
handicapped
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special
educational
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hearings
subcommittee
handicapped
senate
committee
labor
public
welfare
although
figures
differ
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various
parts
legislative
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general
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congressional
calculations
roughly
handicapped
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percent
nation
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