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conclusion
appellants
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focus
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district
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governmental
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commonwealth
puerto
rico
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generis
conduct
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law
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occupies
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think
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congress
intended
relinquish
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jurisdiction
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district
puerto
rico
observed
carter
congress
enacting
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rights
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concerned
recognized
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means
authority
exert
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state
officials
solution
chosen
involve
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judiciary
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effective
control
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govern
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rico
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measure
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protection
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rights
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puerto
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term
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appellants
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construed
commonwealth
courts
light
civil
code
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contractor
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construction
building
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citizenship
licensing
engineer
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second
argument
commonwealth
courts
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light
art
ii
puerto
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constitution
laws
art
ii
section
provides
discrimination
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made
account
race
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sex
birth
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origin
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religious
ideas
section
provides
person
puerto
rico
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protection
laws
constitutional
provisions
interrelated
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county
law
commonwealth
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seems
clearly
controlled
wisconsin
constantineau
said
harris
county
declined
order
abstention
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process
claim
complicated
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plaintiffs
might
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bidwell
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held
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engineering
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process
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classifications
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judicial
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richardson
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purpose
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classification
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accomplishment
purpose
safeguarding
interest
griffiths
footnotes
omitted
principles
applicable
puerto
rico
statute
consideration
underpinnings
constitutional
decisions
defining
circumstances
state
local
governments
may
favor
citizens
country
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lawfully
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equal
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squarely
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process
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griffiths
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statute
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employer
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electors
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form
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citations
omitted
suggest
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territory
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government
certainly
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government
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aliens
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benefits
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public
resources
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case
governmental
interest
claimed
justify
discrimination
carefully
examined
order
determine
whether
interest
legitimate
substantial
inquiry
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made
whether
means
adopted
achieve
goal
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precisely
drawn
present
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appellants
offered
three
justifications
puerto
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almost
total
ban
aliens
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private
practice
engineering
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prevent
uncontrolled
influx
aliens
field
puerto
rico
second
raise
prevailing
low
standard
living
third
provide
client
civil
engineer
assurance
financial
accountability
building
engineer
responsible
collapses
within
years
construction
laws
tit
first
justification
amounts
little
assertion
discrimination
may
justified
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discriminate
interest
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face
also
odds
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government
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power
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admitted
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may
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liberty
ground
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bica
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appellants
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done
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employers
contractors
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american
citizens
end
held
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years
ago
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supra
uphold
statute
basis
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justification
kind
permit
state
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employment
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occupations
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asserted
purpose
assure
responsibility
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workmanship
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citizenship
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engineer
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even
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puerto
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ample
tools
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engineer
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practice
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qualified
professionals
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district
affirmed
ordered
footnotes
district
courts
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jurisdiction
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action
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college
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appellants
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municipal
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public
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certify
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perez
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entitled
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naturalization
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