california
carney
argued
october
decided
may
drug
enforcement
administration
dea
agent
information
respondent
mobile
motor
home
used
exchange
marihuana
sex
watched
respondent
approach
youth
accompanied
respondent
motor
home
parked
lot
downtown
san
diego
agent
agents
kept
vehicle
surveillance
stopped
youth
left
vehicle
told
received
marihuana
return
allowing
respondent
sexual
contacts
agents
request
youth
returned
motor
home
knocked
door
respondent
stepped
without
warrant
consent
one
agent
entered
motor
home
observed
marihuana
subsequent
search
motor
home
police
station
revealed
additional
marihuana
respondent
charged
possession
marihuana
sale
motion
suppress
evidence
discovered
motor
home
denied
respondent
convicted
california
superior
plea
nolo
contendere
california
appeal
affirmed
california
reversed
holding
search
motor
home
unreasonable
motor
vehicle
exception
warrant
requirement
fourth
amendment
apply
expectations
privacy
motor
home
like
dwelling
automobile
held
warrantless
search
respondent
motor
home
violate
fourth
amendment
pp
vehicle
used
highways
capable
use
found
stationary
place
regularly
used
residential
purposes
two
justifications
vehicle
exception
come
play
first
vehicle
readily
mobile
second
reduced
expectation
privacy
stemming
pervasive
regulation
vehicles
capable
traveling
highways
respondent
vehicle
possessed
attributes
home
clearly
falls
within
vehicle
exception
distinguish
respondent
motor
home
ordinary
sedan
purposes
vehicle
exception
require
exception
applied
depending
size
vehicle
quality
appointments
moreover
fail
apply
exception
vehicles
motor
home
ignore
fact
motor
home
lends
easily
use
instrument
illicit
drug
traffic
illegal
activity
pp
search
question
unreasonable
one
magistrate
authorized
presented
facts
dea
agents
based
uncontradicted
evidence
respondent
distributing
controlled
substance
vehicle
abundant
probable
cause
enter
search
vehicle
pp
burger
delivered
opinion
white
blackmun
powell
rehnquist
joined
stevens
filed
dissenting
opinion
brennan
marshall
joined
post
louis
hanoian
deputy
attorney
general
california
argued
cause
petitioner
briefs
john
van
de
kamp
attorney
general
steve
white
chief
assistant
attorney
general
michael
wellington
john
carney
deputy
attorneys
general
thomas
homann
argued
cause
respondent
brief
dale
manicom
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
solicitor
general
lee
assistant
attorney
general
trott
deputy
solicitor
general
frey
alan
horowitz
kathleen
felton
state
minnesota
et
al
hubert
humphrey
iii
attorney
general
minnesota
thomas
catania
paul
kempainen
special
assistant
attorneys
general
jim
smith
attorney
general
florida
tany
hong
attorney
general
hawaii
michael
lilly
first
deputy
attorney
general
frank
bell
george
schraer
filed
brief
california
state
public
defender
amicus
curiae
urging
affirmance
chief
justice
burger
delivered
opinion
granted
certiorari
decide
whether
law
enforcement
agents
violated
fourth
amendment
conducted
warrantless
search
based
probable
cause
fully
mobile
motor
home
located
public
place
may
drug
enforcement
agency
agent
robert
williams
watched
respondent
charles
carney
approach
youth
downtown
san
diego
youth
accompanied
carney
dodge
mini
motor
home
parked
nearby
lot
carney
youth
closed
window
shades
motor
home
including
one
across
front
window
agent
williams
previously
received
uncorroborated
information
motor
home
used
another
person
exchanging
marihuana
sex
williams
assistance
agents
kept
motor
home
surveillance
entire
one
hours
carney
youth
remained
inside
youth
left
motor
home
agents
followed
stopped
youth
told
agents
received
marihuana
return
allowing
carney
sexual
contacts
agents
request
youth
returned
motor
home
knocked
door
carney
stepped
agents
identified
law
enforcement
officers
without
warrant
consent
one
agent
entered
motor
home
observed
marihuana
plastic
bags
scale
kind
used
weighing
drugs
table
agent
williams
took
carney
custody
took
possession
motor
home
subsequent
search
motor
home
police
station
revealed
additional
marihuana
cupboards
refrigerator
respondent
charged
possession
marihuana
sale
preliminary
hearing
moved
suppress
evidence
discovered
motor
home
magistrate
denied
motion
upholding
initial
search
justifiable
search
persons
subsequent
search
routine
inventory
search
respondent
renewed
suppression
motion
superior
superior
also
rejected
claim
holding
probable
cause
arrest
respondent
search
motor
home
authorized
automobile
exception
fourth
amendment
warrant
requirement
motor
home
seized
without
warrant
instrumentality
crime
respondent
pleaded
nolo
contendere
charges
placed
probation
three
years
respondent
appealed
order
placing
probation
california
appeal
affirmed
reasoning
vehicle
exception
applied
respondent
motor
home
cal
app
cal
rptr
california
reversed
conviction
cal
disagree
conclusion
trial
agents
probable
cause
arrest
respondent
believe
vehicle
contained
evidence
crime
however
held
search
unreasonable
warrant
obtained
rejecting
state
argument
vehicle
exception
warrant
requirement
apply
reached
decision
concluding
mobility
vehicle
longer
prime
justification
automobile
exception
rather
answer
lies
diminished
expectation
privacy
surrounds
automobile
california
held
expectations
privacy
motor
home
like
dwelling
automobile
primary
function
motor
homes
provide
transportation
provide
occupant
living
quarters
granted
certiorari
reverse
ii
fourth
amendment
protects
right
people
secure
persons
houses
papers
effects
unreasonable
searches
seizures
fundamental
right
preserved
requirement
searches
conducted
pursuant
warrant
issued
independent
judicial
officer
course
exceptions
general
rule
warrant
must
secured
search
undertaken
one
automobile
exception
issue
case
exception
warrant
requirement
first
set
forth
years
ago
carroll
recognized
privacy
interests
automobile
constitutionally
protected
however
held
ready
mobility
automobile
justifies
lesser
degree
protection
interests
rested
exception
distinction
stationary
structures
vehicles
guaranty
freedom
unreasonable
searches
seizures
fourth
amendment
construed
practically
since
beginning
government
recognizing
necessary
difference
search
store
dwelling
house
structure
respect
proper
official
warrant
readily
may
obtained
search
ship
motor
boat
wagon
automobile
contraband
goods
practicable
secure
warrant
vehicle
quickly
moved
locality
jurisdiction
warrant
must
sought
emphasis
added
however
although
ready
mobility
alone
perhaps
original
justification
vehicle
exception
later
cases
made
clear
ready
mobility
basis
exception
reasons
vehicle
exception
said
twofold
besides
element
mobility
less
rigorous
warrant
requirements
govern
expectation
privacy
respect
one
automobile
significantly
less
relating
one
home
office
ibid
even
cases
automobile
immediately
mobile
lesser
expectation
privacy
resulting
use
readily
mobile
vehicle
justified
application
vehicular
exception
see
cady
dombrowski
supra
cases
configuration
vehicle
contributed
lower
expectations
privacy
example
held
cardwell
lewis
supra
passenger
compartment
standard
automobile
relatively
open
plain
view
lesser
expectations
privacy
even
enclosed
repository
areas
involved
concluded
lesser
expectations
privacy
warrant
application
exception
applied
exception
context
locked
car
trunk
cady
dombrowski
supra
sealed
package
car
trunk
ross
supra
closed
compartment
dashboard
chambers
maroney
supra
interior
vehicle
upholstery
carroll
supra
sealed
packages
inside
covered
pickup
truck
johns
reduced
expectations
privacy
derive
fact
area
searched
plain
view
pervasive
regulation
vehicles
capable
traveling
public
highways
cady
dombrowski
supra
explained
south
dakota
opperman
inventory
search
case
automobiles
unlike
homes
subjected
pervasive
continuing
governmental
regulation
controls
including
periodic
inspection
licensing
requirements
everyday
occurrence
police
stop
examine
vehicles
license
plates
inspection
stickers
expired
violations
exhaust
fumes
excessive
noise
noted
headlights
safety
equipment
proper
working
order
vehicle
used
highways
readily
capable
use
found
stationary
place
regularly
used
residential
purposes
temporary
otherwise
two
justifications
vehicle
exception
come
play
first
vehicle
obviously
readily
mobile
turn
ignition
key
actually
moving
second
reduced
expectation
privacy
stemming
use
licensed
motor
vehicle
subject
range
police
regulation
inapplicable
fixed
dwelling
least
circumstances
overriding
societal
interests
effective
law
enforcement
justify
immediate
search
vehicle
occupants
become
unavailable
true
respondent
vehicle
possessed
many
attributes
home
equally
clear
vehicle
falls
clearly
within
scope
exception
laid
carroll
applied
succeeding
cases
like
automobile
carroll
respondent
motor
home
readily
mobile
absent
prompt
search
seizure
readily
moved
beyond
reach
police
furthermore
vehicle
licensed
operate
public
streets
serviced
public
places
subject
extensive
regulation
inspection
rakas
illinois
powell
concurring
vehicle
situated
objective
observer
conclude
used
residence
vehicle
respondent
urges
us
distinguish
vehicle
vehicles
within
exception
capable
functioning
home
increasingly
mobile
society
many
vehicles
used
transportation
used
transportation
shelter
home
residence
distinguish
respondent
motor
home
ordinary
sedan
purposes
vehicle
exception
require
apply
exception
depending
upon
size
vehicle
quality
appointments
moreover
fail
apply
exception
vehicles
motor
home
ignores
fact
motor
home
lends
easily
use
instrument
illicit
drug
traffic
illegal
activity
ross
declined
distinguish
worthy
unworthy
containers
noting
central
purpose
fourth
amendment
forecloses
distinction
decline
today
distinguish
worthy
unworthy
vehicles
either
public
roads
highways
situated
reasonable
conclude
vehicle
used
residence
application
vehicle
exception
never
turned
uses
vehicle
might
put
exception
historically
turned
ready
mobility
vehicle
presence
vehicle
setting
objectively
indicates
vehicle
used
transportation
two
requirements
application
exception
ensure
law
enforcement
officials
unnecessarily
hamstrung
efforts
detect
prosecute
criminal
activity
legitimate
privacy
interests
public
protected
applying
vehicle
exception
circumstances
allows
essential
purposes
served
exception
fulfilled
assuring
exception
acknowledge
legitimate
privacy
interests
iii
question
remains
whether
apart
lack
warrant
search
unreasonable
vehicle
exception
warrant
requirement
nly
prior
approval
magistrate
waived
search
otherwise
must
magistrate
authorize
ross
supra
search
unreasonable
plainly
one
magistrate
authorize
presented
facts
dea
agents
fresh
direct
uncontradicted
evidence
respondent
distributing
controlled
substance
vehicle
apart
evidence
possible
offenses
agents
thus
abundant
probable
cause
enter
search
vehicle
evidence
crime
notwithstanding
possible
use
dwelling
place
judgment
california
reversed
case
remanded
proceedings
inconsistent
opinion
ordered
footnotes
exceptions
courts
hesitated
apply
vehicle
exception
vehicles
automobiles
see
rollins
airplane
cert
denied
need
pass
application
vehicle
exception
motor
home
situated
way
place
objectively
indicates
used
residence
among
factors
might
relevant
determining
whether
warrant
required
circumstance
location
whether
vehicle
readily
mobile
instead
instance
elevated
blocks
whether
vehicle
licensed
whether
connected
utilities
whether
convenient
access
public
road
justice
stevens
justice
brennan
justice
marshall
join
dissenting
character
place
searched
plays
important
role
fourth
amendment
analysis
case
police
officers
searched
mini
motor
home
california
correctly
characterized
vehicle
hybrid
combines
mobility
attribute
automobile
privacy
characteristics
house
hybrid
character
motor
home
places
crossroads
privacy
interests
generally
forbid
warrantless
invasions
home
payton
new
york
law
enforcement
interests
support
exception
warrantless
searches
automobiles
based
probable
cause
ross
choosing
follow
latter
route
errs
three
respects
entered
new
territory
prematurely
accorded
priority
exception
rather
general
rule
abandoned
limits
exception
imposed
prior
cases
recent
terms
displayed
little
confidence
state
lower
federal
decisions
purport
enforce
fourth
amendment
unless
order
suppressing
evidence
clearly
correct
petition
certiorari
likely
garner
four
votes
required
grant
plenary
review
one
case
much
burdensome
workload
product
aggressiveness
area
promoting
high
magistrate
every
warrantless
search
seizure
practice
burdened
argument
docket
cases
presenting
errors
minimal
significance
also
encouraged
state
legal
officers
file
petitions
certiorari
even
frivolous
search
seizure
cases
lack
trust
lower
judicial
authority
resulted
another
improvident
exercise
discretionary
jurisdiction
modest
extension
fourth
amendment
precedents
california
held
police
officers
may
conduct
nonexigent
search
motor
home
without
warrant
supported
probable
cause
state
california
filed
petition
certiorari
contending
decision
conflicted
authority
jurisdictions
even
cursory
examination
cases
alleged
conflict
revealed
consider
question
presented
case
american
citizen
deprived
right
secured
constitution
federal
statute
rather
state
upheld
citizen
assertion
right
finding
citizen
protected
federal
state
law
michigan
long
stevens
dissenting
unusually
perceptive
study
docket
stated
reference
california
ramos
situation
rarely
presents
compelling
reason
review
absence
fully
percolated
conflict
decision
forge
ahead
established
rule
searching
motor
homes
followed
entire
nation
merely
allowed
decision
stand
governed
searches
vehicles
single
state
breadth
mandate
counsels
greater
patience
offer
binding
judgment
meaning
constitution
premature
resolution
novel
question
presented
stunted
natural
growth
refinement
alternative
principles
despite
age
automobile
exception
countless
cases
applied
prior
cases
defining
contours
reasonable
search
context
hybrids
motor
homes
house
trailers
houseboats
yachts
case
barely
glimpse
diverse
lifestyles
associated
recreational
vehicles
mobile
living
quarters
line
lines
separating
mobile
homes
permanent
structures
might
drawn
various
ways
consideration
given
whether
home
moving
rest
whether
rests
land
water
form
vehicle
attachment
location
potential
speed
departure
size
capacity
serve
domicile
method
locomotion
rational
decisionmaking
strongly
counsels
divining
uses
abuses
vehicles
vacuum
first
case
raising
question
us
course
may
abdicate
responsibility
clarify
law
filed
caution
however
justified
every
decision
requires
us
resolve
vexing
conflict
individual
constitutionally
protected
interest
privacy
public
interest
effective
law
enforcement
ross
certainty
supposed
come
speedy
resolution
may
prove
illusory
premature
decision
raises
questions
answers
true
rules
governing
search
seizure
formulated
refined
painstaking
scrutiny
adjudication
consideration
matter
lower
courts
series
litigated
cases
surely
facilitated
reasoned
accommodation
conflicting
interests
identify
rules
endure
must
rely
state
lower
federal
courts
debate
evaluate
different
approaches
difficult
unresolved
questions
constitutional
law
deliberation
question
time
winnows
unnecessary
discordant
elements
doctrine
preserves
whatever
pure
sound
fine
ii
fourth
amendment
guarantees
right
people
secure
persons
houses
papers
effects
unreasonable
searches
seizures
interpreted
language
provide
law
enforcement
officers
standard
searches
conducted
outside
judicial
process
without
prior
approval
judge
magistrate
per
se
unreasonable
fourth
amendment
subject
specifically
established
well
delineated
exceptions
katz
footnotes
omitted
arkansas
sanders
ross
reaffirmed
primary
importance
general
rule
condemning
warrantless
searches
emphasized
exception
permitting
search
automobiles
without
warrant
narrow
one
expressly
endorsed
general
rule
stated
carroll
cases
securing
warrant
reasonably
practicable
must
used
given
warning
presumption
regularity
attaches
warrant
hardly
unrealistic
expect
experienced
law
enforcement
officers
obtain
search
warrant
one
easily
secured
ascendancy
warrant
requirement
system
justice
must
bullied
aside
extravagant
claims
necessity
warrant
requirement
inconvenience
somehow
weighed
claims
police
efficiency
important
working
part
machinery
government
operating
matter
course
check
mistakenly
overzealous
executive
officers
part
system
law
enforcement
coolidge
new
hampshire
requiring
conclusions
concerning
probable
cause
scope
search
drawn
neutral
detached
magistrate
instead
judged
officer
engaged
often
competitive
enterprise
ferreting
crime
johnson
minimize
risk
unreasonable
assertions
executive
authority
arkansas
sanders
iii
motor
home
however
parked
middle
intersection
prior
cases
teach
us
inherent
mobility
sufficient
justification
fashioning
exception
warrant
requirement
especially
face
heightened
expectations
privacy
location
searched
motor
homes
common
use
construction
afford
owners
substantial
legitimate
expectation
privacy
dwell
within
motor
home
parked
location
removed
public
highway
believe
society
prepared
recognize
expectations
privacy
within
unlike
expectations
one
fixed
dwelling
general
rule
places
may
searched
warrant
based
upon
probable
cause
warrantless
searches
motor
homes
reasonable
motor
home
traveling
public
streets
highways
exigent
circumstances
otherwise
require
immediate
search
without
expenditure
time
necessary
obtain
warrant
explained
ross
automobile
exception
product
long
history
ince
earliest
days
congress
recognized
impracticability
securing
warrant
cases
involving
transportation
contraband
goods
impracticability
viewed
historical
perspective
provided
basis
carroll
decision
given
nature
automobile
transit
recognized
immediate
intrusion
necessary
police
officers
secure
illicit
substance
class
cases
held
warrantless
search
automobile
unreasonable
footnotes
omitted
case
motor
home
parked
lot
blocks
courthouse
downtown
san
diego
dozens
magistrates
available
entertain
warrant
application
officers
clearly
element
surprise
curtains
covering
windshield
motor
home
offered
indication
imminent
departure
officers
plainly
probable
cause
arrest
respondent
search
motor
home
record
inexplicable
eschewed
safe
harbor
warrant
absence
evidence
exigency
circumstances
case
relies
inherent
mobility
motor
home
create
conclusive
presumption
exigency
however
squarely
held
mobility
place
searched
sufficient
justification
abandoning
warrant
requirement
chadwick
held
warrantless
search
footlocker
violated
fourth
amendment
even
though
ample
probable
cause
believe
contained
contraband
government
argued
rationale
automobile
exception
applied
movable
containers
general
warrant
requirement
limited
searches
homes
core
areas
privacy
see
categorically
rejected
government
argument
observing
greater
privacy
interests
associated
containers
automobiles
less
practical
problems
associated
temporary
detention
container
detention
automobile
see
endorsed
analysis
ross
chadwick
specifically
rejected
argument
warrantless
search
reasonable
footlocker
mobile
characteristics
support
warrantless
searches
automobiles
recognized
person
expectations
privacy
personal
luggage
substantially
greater
automobile
noted
practical
problems
associated
temporary
detention
piece
luggage
period
time
necessary
obtain
warrant
significantly
less
associated
detention
automobile
unlike
brick
bungalow
frame
victorian
motor
home
seldom
serves
permanent
lifetime
abode
motor
home
case
however
designed
accommodate
breadth
ordinary
everyday
living
photographs
record
indicate
height
length
beam
provided
substantial
living
space
inside
stuffed
chairs
surround
table
cupboards
provide
room
storage
personal
effects
bunk
beds
provide
sleeping
space
refrigerator
provides
ample
space
food
beverages
moreover
curtains
large
opaque
walls
inhibit
viewing
activities
inside
exterior
vehicle
interior
configuration
motor
home
establishes
vehicle
size
shape
mode
construction
indicated
officers
vehicle
containing
mobile
living
quarters
state
contends
officers
field
impossible
task
determining
whether
vehicles
contain
mobile
living
quarters
necessary
resolve
every
unanswered
question
area
single
case
common
english
usage
suggests
already
distinguish
motor
home
equipped
traveling
home
camper
equipped
casual
travel
camping
automobile
designed
passenger
transportation
surely
exteriors
vehicles
contain
clues
different
functions
alert
officers
field
necessity
warrant
california
vehicle
code
also
refutes
state
argument
exclusion
motor
homes
automobile
exception
impossible
apply
practice
definitional
section
code
distinguishes
campers
house
cars
station
wagons
suggests
special
categories
general
terms
motor
vehicles
passenger
vehicles
house
car
motor
vehicle
originally
designed
permanently
altered
equipped
human
habitation
camper
permanently
attached
alcoholic
beverages
may
opened
consumed
motor
vehicles
traveling
highways
except
living
quarters
housecar
camper
definitions
might
necessarily
apply
context
fourth
amendment
indicate
descriptive
distinctions
humanly
possible
also
reflect
california
legislature
judgment
house
cars
entertain
different
kinds
activities
ordinary
passenger
vehicle
opinion
searches
places
regularly
accommodate
wide
range
private
human
activity
fundamentally
different
searches
automobiles
primarily
serve
public
transportation
function
although
may
castle
motor
home
usually
functional
equivalent
hotel
room
vacation
retirement
home
hunting
fishing
cabin
places
may
spartan
humble
cottage
compared
majestic
mansion
ante
highest
legitimate
expectations
privacy
associated
temporary
abodes
command
respect
stoner
california
payton
new
york
karo
opinion
warrantless
search
living
quarters
motor
home
presumptively
unreasonable
absent
exigent
circumstances
ibid
respectfully
dissent
fourth
amendment
provides
right
people
secure
persons
houses
papers
effects
unreasonable
searches
seizures
shall
violated
warrants
shall
issue
upon
probable
cause
supported
oath
affirmation
particularly
describing
place
searched
persons
things
seized
cal
johns
sharpe
oklahoma
castleberry
ante
cf
florida
rodriguez
stevens
dissenting
joined
brennan
see
state
caponi
ohio
cert
denied
inventiveness
search
seizure
area
also
emboldened
state
legal
officers
file
petitions
certiorari
state
suppression
orders
explicitly
based
independent
state
grounds
see
jamison
state
app
cert
denied
ex
parte
gannaway
cert
denied
state
burkholder
ohio
cert
denied
people
corr
cert
denied
state
von
bulow
cert
denied
michigan
long
stevens
dissenting
california
ramos
stevens
dissenting
watt
western
nuclear
stevens
dissenting
watt
alaska
stevens
concurring
see
also
stevens
thoughts
judicial
restraint
judicature
pet
cert
petition
acknowledged
decision
consistent
dictum
two
recent
ninth
circuit
decisions
see
wiga
cert
denied
williams
cert
denied
one
case
contained
reference
heightened
expectations
privacy
mobile
living
quarters
cadena
per
curiam
analogizing
automobile
cases
upheld
warrantless
search
oceangoing
ship
transit
observed
mobility
exception
required
probable
cause
exigency
increased
measure
privacy
may
expected
aboard
vessel
mandates
careful
scrutiny
probable
cause
search
exigency
circumstances
excusing
failure
secure
warrant
cases
defendants
challenged
warrantless
searches
vehicles
claiming
either
probable
cause
absence
exigency
coolidge
new
hampshire
montgomery
camper
cert
denied
clark
camper
truck
cert
denied
lovenguth
pick
camper
top
cusanelli
per
curiam
two
camper
trucks
cert
denied
miller
motor
home
rodgers
camper
truck
state
million
motor
home
state
sardo
motor
home
sardo
involved
vehicle
transit
motor
home
case
depart
premises
two
state
courts
upheld
warrantless
search
mobile
homes
transit
notwithstanding
claim
heightened
privacy
interests
see
state
mower
state
lepley
cases
cited
petition
certiorari
factually
distinguishable
search
parked
motor
home
case
conflict
among
state
courts
novel
questions
kind
involved
desirable
means
exploring
refining
alternative
approaches
problem
estreicher
sexton
new
york
university
project
managerial
theory
responsibilities
published
rev
study
elaborated
hear
cases
state
invalidated
state
action
federal
ground
absence
conflict
decision
treat
case
vehicle
major
pronouncement
federal
law
without
percolation
ordinarily
little
reason
believe
issue
one
recurring
national
significance
general
correction
error
even
regarding
matter
constitutional
law
sufficient
basis
intervention
last
category
differs
federal
invalidation
state
action
structural
justification
intervention
generally
missing
given
absence
vertical
federalism
difficulties
assurance
state
courts
functioning
significant
political
constraints
likely
invalidate
state
action
lightly
even
federal
grounds
grant
merely
correct
perceived
error
omitted
chief
justice
samuel
roberts
retired
pennsylvania
expressed
similar
concerns
roberts
adequate
independent
state
ground
practical
considerations
ija
pp
see
generally
trailer
life
motor
home
rv
lifestyle
magazine
hellman
proposed
intercircuit
tribunal
need
work
hastings
const
although
one
roles
ensure
uniformity
federal
law
think
must
act
eradicate
disuniformity
soon
appears
disagreement
lower
courts
facilitates
percolation
independent
evaluation
legal
issue
different
courts
process
percolation
allows
period
exploratory
consideration
experimentation
lower
courts
ends
process
nationally
binding
rule
decides
fully
percolated
issue
benefit
experience
lower
courts
irrespective
docket
capacity
compelled
intervene
eradicate
disuniformity
percolation
experimentation
desirable
system
already
committed
substantial
measure
principle
percolation
one
justification
absence
intercircuit
stare
decisis
similarly
state
federal
courts
daily
engage
process
dialectical
federalism
wherein
state
courts
bound
holdings
lower
federal
courts
geographical
area
past
practice
structure
judicial
system
supports
policy
awaiting
percolation
intervention
managerial
conception
role
embraces
lower
percolation
affirmative
value
views
lower
courts
particular
legal
issue
provide
means
identifying
significant
rulings
well
experimental
base
set
doctrinal
materials
fashion
sound
binding
law
occurrence
conflict
acts
signaling
device
help
identify
important
issues
moreover
principle
percolation
encourages
lower
courts
act
responsible
agents
process
development
national
law
estreicher
sexton
supra
footnotes
omitted
cardozo
nature
judicial
process
leon
illinois
gates
stated
decision
carroll
based
appraisal
practical
considerations
viewed
perspective
history
coolidge
new
hampshire
plurality
refused
apply
automobile
exception
automobile
seized
parked
driveway
suspect
house
towed
secure
police
compound
later
searched
word
automobile
talisman
whose
presence
fourth
amendment
fades
away
disappears
surely
nothing
case
invoke
meaning
purpose
rule
carroll
alerted
criminal
bent
flight
fleeting
opportunity
open
highway
hazardous
chase
contraband
stolen
goods
weapons
confederates
waiting
move
evidence
even
inconvenience
special
police
detail
guard
immobilized
automobile
short
possible
stretch
legal
imagination
made
case
practicable
secure
warrant
automobile
exception
despite
label
simply
irrelevant
opinion
stewart
joined
douglas
brennan
marshall
see
suppression
hearing
tr
tr
oral
arg
addition
telephonic
warrant
cents
nearest
phone
booth
away
see
cal
penal
code
ann
west
people
morrongiello
cal
app
cal
rptr
willingness
search
first
later
seek
justification
properly
characterized
decision
roughly
comparable
prudence
determining
whether
electrical
wire
charged
grasping
mitchell
en
banc
cert
denied
factors
diminish
privacy
aspects
automobile
apply
respondent
footlocker
luggage
contents
open
public
view
except
condition
border
entry
common
carrier
travel
luggage
subject
regular
inspections
official
scrutiny
continuing
basis
unlike
automobile
whose
primary
function
transportation
luggage
intended
repository
personal
effects
sum
person
expectations
privacy
personal
luggage
substantially
greater
automobile
record
ex
nos
webster
ninth
new
collegiate
dictionary
refusing
extend
california
decision
carney
beyond
context
california
courts
appeal
difficulty
distinguishing
motor
home
involved
ford
van
people
chestnut
cal
app
cal
rptr
camper
shell
back
pickup
truck
people
gordon
cal
app
cal
rptr
reason
believe
trained
officers
make
similar
distinctions
different
vehicles
especially
state
vehicle
laws
already
require
cal
veh
code
ann
west
supp
west
west
supp
cf
cardwell
lewis
opinion
blackmun
one
lesser
expectation
privacy
motor
vehicle
function
transportation
seldom
serves
one
residence
repository
personal
effects
car
little
capacity
escaping
public
scrutiny
travels
public
thoroughfares
occupants
contents
plain
view
risk
belaboring
obvious
private
residences
places
individual
normally
expects
privacy
free
governmental
intrusion
authorized
warrant
expectation
plainly
one
society
prepared
recognize
justifiable
cases
deviated
basic
fourth
amendment
principle
searches
seizures
inside
home
without
warrant
presumptively
unreasonable
absent
exigent
circumstances
karo