michigan
chesternut
argued
february
decided
june
observing
approach
police
car
routine
patrol
respondent
began
run
police
followed
see
going
catching
driving
alongside
short
distance
observed
discarding
number
packets
surmising
pills
subsequently
discovered
packets
contained
codeine
police
arrested
search
person
revealed
drugs
hypodermic
needle
charged
possession
controlled
substances
violation
michigan
law
preliminary
hearing
magistrate
dismissed
charges
ground
respondent
unlawfully
seized
police
pursuit
preceding
disposal
packets
trial
upheld
dismissal
michigan
appeals
affirmed
applying
state
precedents
interpreting
fourth
amendment
federal
constitution
latter
ruled
investigatory
pursuit
amounts
seizure
terry
ohio
since
defendant
freedom
restricted
soon
officers
begin
pursuit
also
concluded
respondent
flight
police
insufficient
give
rise
particularized
suspicion
necessary
justify
kind
seizure
held
officers
pursuit
respondent
constitute
seizure
implicating
fourth
amendment
protections
thus
charges
improperly
dismissed
pp
rule
applicable
investigatory
pursuits
fashioned
rather
appropriate
test
whether
reasonable
man
viewing
particular
police
conduct
whole
within
setting
surrounding
circumstances
concluded
police
way
restrained
liberty
free
leave
pp
test
respondent
seized
discarded
drug
packets
one
officer
characterization
police
conduct
chase
standing
alone
insufficient
implicate
fourth
amendment
since
police
conduct
consisted
brief
acceleration
catch
respondent
followed
short
drive
alongside
communicated
reasonable
person
attempt
capture
otherwise
intrude
freedom
movement
record
reflect
police
activated
siren
flashers
commanded
respondent
halt
displayed
weapons
operated
car
aggressively
block
course
control
direction
speed
thus
police
conduct
intimidating
respondent
reasonably
believed
free
disregard
police
presence
go
business
police
therefore
required
particularized
objective
basis
suspecting
criminal
activity
order
pursue
pp
blackmun
delivered
opinion
unanimous
kennedy
filed
concurring
opinion
scalia
joined
post
andrea
solak
argued
cause
petitioner
briefs
timothy
baughman
carole
stanyar
argued
cause
filed
brief
respondent
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
solicitor
general
fried
assistant
attorney
general
weld
deputy
solicitor
general
bryson
paul
larkin
alabama
et
al
michael
catalano
attorneys
general
respective
follows
siegelman
alabama
grace
berg
schaible
alaska
john
steven
clark
arkansas
john
kelly
connecticut
charles
oberly
delaware
robert
butterworth
florida
warren
price
iii
hawaii
jim
jones
idaho
neil
hartigan
illinois
linley
pearson
indiana
robert
stephan
kansas
david
armstrong
kentucky
william
guste
louisiana
james
tierney
maine
hubert
humphrey
iii
minnesota
edwin
pittman
mississippi
william
webster
missouri
mike
greely
montana
cary
edwards
new
jersey
lacy
thornburg
north
carolina
nicholas
spaeth
north
dakota
robert
henry
oklahoma
travis
medlock
south
carolina
roger
tellinghuisen
south
dakota
michael
cody
tennessee
david
wilkinson
utah
jeffrey
amestoy
vermont
mary
sue
terry
virginia
kenneth
eikenberry
washington
charles
brown
west
virginia
hanaway
wisconsin
joseph
meyer
wyoming
nancy
hollander
david
freeman
filed
brief
national
association
criminal
defense
lawyers
amicus
curiae
urging
affirmance
fred
inbau
wayne
schmidt
james
manak
david
crump
courtney
evans
daniel
hales
filed
brief
americans
effective
law
enforcement
et
al
amici
curiae
justice
blackmun
delivered
opinion
case
review
determination
michigan
appeals
investigatory
pursuit
person
undertaken
police
necessarily
constitutes
seizure
fourth
amendment
constitution
conclude
police
conduct
case
amount
seizure
communicated
reasonable
person
liberty
ignore
police
presence
go
business
early
afternoon
december
four
officers
riding
marked
police
cruiser
engaged
routine
patrol
duties
metropolitan
detroit
cruiser
came
intersection
one
officers
observed
car
pull
curb
man
got
car
approached
respondent
michael
mose
chesternut
standing
alone
corner
respondent
saw
patrol
car
nearing
corner
stood
turned
began
run
officer
peltier
one
car
later
testified
patrol
car
followed
respondent
around
corner
see
going
app
cruiser
quickly
caught
respondent
drove
alongside
short
distance
drove
beside
officers
observed
respondent
discard
number
packets
pulled
pocket
officer
peltier
got
cruiser
examine
packets
discovered
contained
pills
peltier
engaged
inspection
respondent
run
paces
farther
stopped
surmising
basis
experience
paramedic
pills
contained
codeine
officer
peltier
arrested
respondent
possession
narcotics
took
station
house
ensuing
search
police
discovered
respondent
hatband
another
packet
pills
packet
containing
heroin
hypodermic
needle
respondent
charged
knowingly
intentionally
possessing
heroin
tablets
containing
codeine
tablets
containing
diazepam
violation
comp
laws
preliminary
hearing
officer
peltier
witness
respondent
moved
dismiss
charges
ground
unlawfully
seized
police
pursuit
preceding
disposal
packets
presiding
magistrate
granted
motion
dismissed
complaint
relying
people
terrell
app
magistrate
ruled
bench
police
chase
like
one
involved
case
implicated
fourth
amendment
protections
justified
mere
fact
suspect
ran
sight
police
app
applying
standard
magistrate
ruling
trial
upheld
dismissal
order
michigan
appeals
reluctantly
affirmed
app
noting
although
find
result
unfortunate
say
lower
ruling
clearly
erroneous
present
law
facts
presented
like
courts
appeals
rested
ruling
state
precedents
interpreting
fourth
amendment
determined
first
investigatory
pursuit
amounts
seizure
terry
ohio
soon
officers
began
pursuit
explained
defendant
freedom
restricted
mich
went
conclude
respondent
flight
police
insufficient
give
rise
particularized
suspicion
necessary
justify
kind
seizure
police
saw
respondent
absolutely
nothing
illegal
observe
suspicious
activity
determined
investigatory
pursuit
violated
fourth
amendment
prohibition
unreasonable
seizures
michigan
denied
petitioner
leave
appeal
app
pet
cert
petitioner
sought
review
granted
writ
certiorari
consider
whether
officers
pursuit
respondent
constituted
seizure
implicating
fourth
amendment
protections
whether
act
fleeing
sufficient
constitute
reasonable
suspicion
justifying
seizure
conclude
officers
conduct
constitute
seizure
need
reach
second
question
ii
petitioner
argues
fourth
amendment
never
implicated
individual
stops
response
police
show
authority
thus
petitioner
us
rule
lack
objective
particularized
suspicion
poison
police
conduct
matter
coercive
long
police
succeed
actually
apprehending
individual
respondent
contends
sharp
contrast
police
chases
fourth
amendment
seizures
respondent
us
rule
police
may
never
pursue
individual
absent
particularized
objective
basis
suspecting
engaged
criminal
activity
petitioner
respondent
seems
us
attempts
fashion
rule
applicable
investigatory
pursuits
failed
heed
clear
direction
assessment
whether
police
conduct
amounts
seizure
implicating
fourth
amendment
must
take
account
circumstances
surrounding
incident
individual
case
ins
delgado
quoting
mendenhall
opinion
stewart
rather
adopting
either
rule
proposed
parties
determining
investigatory
pursuit
necessarily
seizure
fourth
amendment
adhere
traditional
contextual
approach
determine
particular
case
police
conduct
question
amount
seizure
terry
ohio
noted
obviously
personal
intercourse
policemen
citizens
involves
seizures
persons
officer
means
physical
force
show
authority
way
restrained
liberty
citizen
may
conclude
seizure
occurred
test
necessarily
imprecise
designed
assess
coercive
effect
police
conduct
taken
whole
rather
focus
particular
details
conduct
isolation
moreover
constitutes
restraint
liberty
prompting
person
conclude
free
leave
vary
particular
police
conduct
issue
also
setting
conduct
occurs
compare
mendenhall
supra
considering
whether
police
request
see
identification
ticket
individual
stopped
upon
police
approach
constituted
seizure
ins
delgado
supra
considering
whether
ins
factory
survey
conducted
employees
continued
move
constituted
seizure
entire
work
force
test
flexible
enough
applied
whole
range
police
conduct
equally
broad
range
settings
calls
consistent
application
one
police
encounter
next
regardless
particular
individual
response
actions
police
test
objective
standard
looking
reasonable
man
interpretation
conduct
question
allows
police
determine
advance
whether
conduct
contemplated
implicate
fourth
amendment
lafave
search
seizure
pp
ed
supp
reasonable
person
standard
also
ensures
scope
fourth
amendment
protection
vary
state
mind
particular
individual
approached
applying
test
facts
case
conclude
respondent
seized
police
discarded
packets
containing
controlled
substance
although
officer
peltier
referred
police
conduct
chase
magistrate
originally
dismissed
complaint
impressed
description
characterization
enough
standing
alone
implicate
fourth
amendment
protections
contrary
respondent
assertion
chase
necessarily
communicates
detention
intended
imminent
brief
respondent
police
conduct
involved
communicated
reasonable
person
attempt
capture
otherwise
intrude
upon
respondent
freedom
movement
record
reflect
police
activated
siren
flashers
commanded
respondent
halt
displayed
weapons
operated
car
aggressive
manner
block
respondent
course
otherwise
control
direction
speed
movement
tr
oral
arg
presence
police
car
driving
parallel
running
pedestrian
somewhat
intimidating
kind
police
presence
standing
alone
constitute
seizure
cf
knotts
holding
continuous
surveillance
public
thoroughfares
visual
observation
electronic
beeper
constitute
seizure
florida
royer
plurality
opinion
noting
mere
approach
law
enforcement
officers
identified
constitute
seizure
without
police
conduct
brief
acceleration
catch
respondent
followed
short
drive
alongside
intimidating
respondent
reasonably
believed
free
disregard
police
presence
go
business
ins
delgado
police
therefore
required
particularized
objective
basis
suspecting
respondent
criminal
activity
order
pursue
cortez
iii
respondent
unlawfully
seized
initial
police
pursuit
conclude
charges
improperly
dismissed
accordingly
reverse
judgment
michigan
appeals
remand
case
proceedings
inconsistent
opinion
ordered
footnotes
terrell
police
officer
got
unmarked
car
gave
chase
foot
allegedly
observing
defendant
stick
hand
pocket
run
sight
officer
mich
according
officer
defendant
ran
apartment
building
officer
observed
drop
clear
envelope
containing
brown
powdery
substance
determined
package
might
contain
heroin
officer
arrested
defendant
pretrial
hearing
trial
granted
defendant
motion
suppress
envelope
contents
michigan
appeals
affirmed
finding
police
investigatory
pursuit
constituted
seizure
unjustified
particularized
suspicion
defendant
engaged
criminal
activity
michigan
appeals
rested
holding
people
terrell
supra
people
shabaz
cert
dism
view
respondent
death
effect
defendant
question
seized
violation
fourth
amendment
constitution
shabaz
michigan
quoted
michigan
analogous
constitutional
provision
without
elaboration
following
recitation
fourth
amendment
said
nothing
suggest
michigan
constitution
seizure
provision
provided
independent
source
relief
entire
analysis
rested
expressly
fourth
amendment
federal
cases
similarly
terrell
michigan
appeals
stated
suppression
evidence
dismissal
charges
defendant
soundly
based
existing
law
state
federal
made
clear
scope
right
question
defined
fourth
amendment
general
proscription
unreasonable
searches
seizures
mich
citing
terry
ohio
light
bases
decisions
shabaz
terrell
readily
conclude
decision
likewise
rests
michigan
courts
interpretation
federal
constitution
adequate
independent
state
ground
see
michigan
long
defense
effect
concedes
see
tr
oral
arg
two
justices
michigan
granted
leave
appeal
see
app
pet
cert
three
justices
otherwise
majority
chose
reach
question
whether
federal
officers
seized
respondent
opinion
concurring
part
concurring
judgment
preliminary
hearing
magistrate
interrupted
state
attorney
asserting
police
simply
performing
routine
patrolling
duties
following
fine
officer
said
chasing
car
otherwise
agree
ears
picked
officer
said
know
said
went
around
asked
chasing
car
chasing
said
running
wanted
see
going
app
officer
peltier
explained
goal
chase
capture
respondent
see
going
course
subjective
intent
officers
relevant
assessment
fourth
amendment
implications
police
conduct
extent
intent
conveyed
person
confronted
mendenhall
opinion
stewart
see
also
lafave
search
seizure
ed
supp
uncommunicated
intent
police
irrelevant
determination
whether
seizure
occurred
facts
case
identical
facts
involved
terrell
shabaz
upon
michigan
courts
relied
finding
seizure
case
terrell
shabaz
police
officer
got
car
chase
pedestrian
suspect
foot
defendant
abandoned
inculpatory
evidence
people
terrell
mich
people
shabaz
shabaz
state
appears
stipulated
chase
whose
clear
object
apprehend
defendant
constituted
seizure
similar
stipulation
entered
terrell
goal
chase
appears
equally
clear
course
intimate
view
federal
constitutional
correctness
either
michigan
cases
submitted
brief
amicus
curiae
suggests
circumstances
police
pursuit
amount
stop
outset
early
point
chase
police
command
person
halt
indicate
free
go
brief
amicus
curiae
course
circumstances
us
case
therefore
leave
another
day
determination
circumstances
police
pursuit
amount
seizure
fourth
amendment
justice
kennedy
justice
scalia
joins
concurring
bold
step
conclude
evidence
admitted
respondent
unprovoked
flight
gave
police
ample
cause
stop
instead
concentrates
significance
chase
fair
interpret
opinion
finding
absence
improper
conduct
well
add
barring
need
inquire
hot
pursuit
issue
neither
chase
investigative
pursuit
need
included
lexicon
fourth
amendment
fourth
amendment
seizure
occurs
individual
remains
control
law
enforcement
officials
reasonably
believes
basis
conduct
toward
free
go
see
ins
delgado
mendenhall
opinion
stewart
case
us
presented
opportunity
consider
whether
even
unmistakable
show
authority
result
seizure
person
attempts
elude
apprehension
discloses
contraband
incriminating
evidence
ultimately
detained
least
plausible
say
whether
officers
conduct
communicates
person
reasonable
belief
intend
apprehend
conduct
implicate
fourth
amendment
protections
achieves
restraining
effect
opinion
foreclose
holding
concur