board
regents
university
wisconsin
system
southworth
et
argued
november
decided
march
petitioner
board
regents
university
wisconsin
system
hereinafter
university
requires
students
university
madison
campus
pay
segregated
activity
fee
fee
supports
various
campus
services
extracurricular
student
activities
university
view
fees
enhance
students
educational
experience
promoting
extracurricular
activities
stimulating
advocacy
debate
diverse
points
view
enabling
participation
campus
administrative
activity
providing
opportunities
develop
social
skills
consistent
university
broad
educational
mission
registered
student
organizations
rso
engaging
number
diverse
expressive
activities
eligible
receive
portion
fees
administered
student
government
subject
university
approval
parties
stipulated
process
reviewing
approving
rso
applications
funding
administered
fashion
rso
may
also
obtain
funding
student
referendum
respondents
present
former
madison
campus
students
filed
suit
university
alleging
inter
alia
fee
violates
first
amendment
rights
university
must
grant
choice
fund
rso
engage
political
ideological
expression
offensive
personal
beliefs
granting
respondents
summary
judgment
federal
district
declared
fee
program
invalid
abood
detroit
bd
keller
state
bar
enjoined
university
using
fees
fund
rso
engaging
political
ideological
speech
agreeing
district
compelled
speech
precedents
control
seventh
circuit
concluded
program
germane
university
mission
vital
university
policy
imposed
great
burden
respondents
free
speech
rights
added
protecting
rights
heightened
concern
following
rosenberger
rector
visitors
univ
university
discriminate
distributing
funds
students
compelled
fund
organizations
engaging
political
ideological
speech
extended
district
order
enjoined
university
requiring
students
pay
portion
fee
used
fund
rso
engaged
political
ideological
expression
held
first
amendment
permits
public
university
charge
students
activity
fee
used
fund
program
facilitate
extracurricular
student
speech
provided
program
viewpoint
neutral
university
exacts
fee
issue
sole
purpose
facilitating
free
open
exchange
ideas
among
students
objecting
students
however
may
insist
upon
certain
safeguards
respect
expressive
activities
required
support
public
forum
cases
instructive
close
analogy
complaining
students
must
pay
fees
subsidize
speech
find
objectionable
even
offensive
rights
acknowledged
abood
keller
implicated
cases
held
required
service
fee
paid
nonunion
employees
union
abood
supra
fees
paid
lawyers
required
join
state
bar
association
keller
supra
used
fund
speech
germane
organizations
purposes
fund
organizations
political
expression
precedents
identify
protesting
students
interests
germane
speech
standard
unworkable
context
student
speech
university
gives
insufficient
protection
objecting
students
university
program
even
union
context
encountered
difficulties
deciding
germane
standard
becomes
unmanageable
public
university
setting
particularly
state
undertakes
stimulate
whole
universe
speech
ideas
insist
upon
asking
speech
germane
contrary
goal
university
seeks
pursue
vast
extent
permitted
expression
also
underscores
high
potential
intrusion
objecting
students
first
amendment
rights
inevitable
fees
subsidize
speech
students
find
objectionable
offensive
university
free
protect
rights
allowing
optional
refund
system
system
constitutional
requirement
university
determines
mission
well
served
students
means
engage
dynamic
discussion
broad
range
issues
may
impose
mandatory
fee
sustain
dialogue
must
provide
protection
students
first
amendment
interests
however
proper
measure
principal
standard
protection
objecting
students
requirement
viewpoint
neutrality
allocation
funding
support
obligation
given
substance
rosenberger
rector
visitors
univ
supra
concerned
student
right
use
extracurricular
speech
program
already
place
instant
case
considers
antecedent
question
whether
public
university
may
require
students
pay
fee
creates
mechanism
extracurricular
speech
first
instance
university
may
sustain
extracurricular
dimensions
programs
using
mandatory
student
fees
viewpoint
neutrality
operational
principle
symmetry
holding
rosenberger
pp
parties
stipulated
university
program
respects
principle
viewpoint
neutrality
program
basic
structure
must
found
consistent
first
amendment
decision
makes
distinction
campus
activities
taken
imply
university
agents
employees
faculty
speak
subject
first
amendment
analysis
controls
case
pp
well
developed
present
record
referendum
aspect
university
program
appears
permit
rso
funding
defunding
majority
vote
student
body
extent
referendum
substitutes
majority
determinations
viewpoint
neutrality
undermine
constitutional
protection
program
requires
pp
reversed
remanded
kennedy
delivered
opinion
rehnquist
scalia
thomas
ginsburg
joined
souter
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
stevens
breyer
joined
board
regents
university
wisconsin
system
petitioner
scott
harold
southworth
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
seventh
circuit
march
justice
kennedy
delivered
opinion
second
time
recent
years
consider
constitutional
questions
arising
program
designed
facilitate
extracurricular
student
speech
public
university
respondents
group
students
university
wisconsin
brought
first
amendment
challenge
mandatory
student
activity
fee
imposed
petitioner
board
regents
university
wisconsin
used
part
university
support
student
organizations
engaging
political
ideological
speech
respondents
object
speech
expression
student
organizations
relying
upon
precedents
protect
members
unions
bar
associations
required
pay
fees
used
speech
members
find
objectionable
district
appeals
invalidated
university
student
fee
program
university
contends
mandatory
student
activity
fee
speech
supports
appropriate
educational
mission
reverse
first
amendment
permits
public
university
charge
students
activity
fee
used
fund
program
facilitate
extracurricular
student
speech
program
viewpoint
neutral
sustain
however
student
referendum
mechanism
university
program
appears
permit
exaction
fees
violation
viewpoint
neutrality
principle
aspect
program
remand
proceedings
university
wisconsin
public
corporation
state
wisconsin
see
stat
state
law
defines
university
mission
broad
terms
develop
human
resources
discover
disseminate
knowledge
extend
knowledge
application
beyond
boundaries
campuses
serve
stimulate
society
developing
students
heightened
intellectual
cultural
humane
sensitivities
sense
purpose
undergraduate
students
graduate
professional
students
attend
university
madison
campus
ranking
among
nation
largest
institutions
higher
learning
students
come
renowned
university
foreign
countries
last
year
marked
anniversary
celebrate
distinguished
history
university
sponsored
series
research
initiatives
campus
forums
workshops
historical
exhibits
public
lectures
reaffirming
commitment
explore
universe
knowledge
ideas
responsibility
governing
university
wisconsin
system
vested
law
board
regents
law
empowers
students
share
aspects
university
governance
one
functions
administer
student
activities
fee
program
statute
tudents
consultation
chancellor
subject
final
confirmation
board
regents
shall
responsibility
disposition
student
fees
constitute
substantial
support
campus
student
activities
students
large
measure
student
government
called
associated
students
madison
asm
various
asm
subcommittees
program
university
maintains
support
extracurricular
activities
undertaken
many
student
organizations
subject
present
controversy
seems
since
founding
university
required
students
enrolled
madison
campus
pay
nonrefundable
activity
fee
app
academic
year
suit
commenced
activity
fee
amounted
per
year
fee
segregated
university
tuition
charge
collected
activity
fees
deposited
university
accounts
state
wisconsin
fees
drawn
upon
university
support
various
campus
services
extracurricular
student
activities
university
view
activity
fees
enhance
educational
experience
students
promot
ing
extracurricular
activities
stimulating
advocacy
debate
diverse
points
view
enabling
participa
tion
political
activity
promot
ing
student
participa
tion
campus
administrative
activity
providing
opportunities
develop
social
skills
consistent
university
mission
board
regents
classifies
segregated
fee
allocable
nonallocable
portions
nonallocable
portion
approximates
total
fee
covers
expenses
student
health
services
intramural
sports
debt
service
upkeep
operations
student
union
facilities
respondents
challenge
purposes
university
commits
nonallocable
portion
segregated
fee
allocable
portion
fee
supports
extracurricular
endeavors
pursued
university
registered
student
organizations
rso
qualify
rso
status
students
must
organize
group
limit
membership
primarily
students
agree
undertake
activities
related
student
life
campus
school
year
groups
rso
status
madison
campus
name
rso
included
future
financial
gurus
america
international
socialist
organization
college
democrats
college
republicans
american
civil
liberties
union
campus
chapter
one
expect
expressive
activities
undertaken
rso
diverse
range
content
displaying
posters
circulating
newsletters
throughout
campus
hosting
campus
debates
guest
speakers
best
described
political
lobbying
rso
may
obtain
portion
allocable
fees
one
three
ways
seeking
funding
student
government
activity
fund
sgaf
administered
asm
sgaf
moneys
may
issued
support
rso
operations
events
well
travel
expenses
central
purpose
organization
alternative
rso
apply
funding
general
student
services
fund
gssf
administered
asm
finance
committee
academic
year
rso
received
gssf
funding
rso
included
campus
tutoring
center
student
radio
station
student
environmental
group
gay
bisexual
student
center
community
legal
office
aids
support
network
campus
women
center
wisconsin
student
public
interest
research
group
wispirg
university
acknowledges
addition
providing
campus
services
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counseling
rso
engage
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ideological
expression
brief
petitioner
gssf
well
sgaf
consists
moneys
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portion
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fee
parties
stipulated
respect
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gssf
funding
process
reviewing
approving
allocations
funding
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fashion
university
use
fee
program
advocating
particular
point
view
student
referendum
provides
third
means
rso
obtain
funding
record
sparse
feature
university
program
parties
inform
us
student
body
vote
either
approve
disapprove
assessment
particular
rso
one
referendum
resulted
allocation
wispirg
academic
year
oral
argument
counsel
university
acknowledged
referendum
also
operate
defund
rso
veto
funding
decision
asm
october
example
student
body
voted
terminate
funding
national
student
organization
university
belonged
parties
confirmed
oral
argument
stipulation
regarding
program
viewpoint
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extend
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process
tr
oral
arg
respect
gssf
sgaf
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asm
finance
committee
makes
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decisions
app
asm
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session
interested
students
may
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rso
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also
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asm
must
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results
student
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approval
appears
pro
forma
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us
student
government
voluntarily
views
th
referendum
binding
tr
oral
arg
asm
approves
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board
regents
review
approval
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approximately
university
rso
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year
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identify
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main
costs
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supplies
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fees
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contain
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views
expressed
asm
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membership
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purposes
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ifts
donations
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services
ctivities
politically
partisan
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nature
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give
examples
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political
orientation
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political
group
policy
adds
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use
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fees
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purposes
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one
point
brief
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suggest
prohibition
expenditures
politically
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purposes
renders
program
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brief
respondents
view
fact
parties
entered
stipulation
contrary
outset
litigation
reiterated
oral
argument
consider
respondents
challenge
aspect
university
program
university
student
organization
handbook
guidelines
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conduct
activities
rso
addition
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rso
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fee
program
rules
regulations
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establish
procedures
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student
complain
university
rso
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extensive
investigative
process
place
evaluate
remedy
violations
university
policy
includes
range
sanctions
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including
probation
suspension
termination
rso
status
one
rso
appears
operate
manner
distinct
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wispirg
reasons
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record
wispirg
receives
cash
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university
counsel
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us
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reduced
gssf
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pool
tr
oral
arg
full
extent
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wispirg
puts
funds
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know
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wispirg
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consumer
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issues
app
coordinated
community
food
drives
educational
programs
spent
portion
activity
fees
lobbying
efforts
parent
organization
student
internships
aimed
influencing
legislation
march
respondents
attended
still
attend
university
madison
campus
filed
suit
district
western
district
wisconsin
members
board
regents
respondents
alleged
inter
alia
imposition
segregated
fee
violated
rights
free
speech
free
association
free
exercise
first
amendment
contended
university
must
grant
choice
fund
rso
engage
political
ideological
expression
offensive
personal
beliefs
respondents
requested
injunctive
declaratory
relief
summary
judgment
district
ruled
favor
declaring
university
segregated
fee
program
invalid
abood
detroit
bd
ed
keller
state
bar
cal
district
decided
fee
program
compelled
students
support
political
ideological
activity
disagree
violation
respondents
first
amendment
rights
freedom
speech
association
app
pet
cert
reach
respondents
free
exercise
claim
district
order
enjoined
board
regents
using
segregated
fees
fund
rso
engaging
political
ideological
speech
appeals
seventh
circuit
affirmed
part
reversed
part
vacated
part
southworth
grebe
district
done
appeals
found
compelled
speech
precedents
controlling
examining
university
fee
program
test
outlined
lehnert
ferris
faculty
assn
concluded
program
germane
university
mission
vital
policy
university
imposed
much
burden
respondents
free
speech
rights
ike
objecting
union
members
abood
appeals
reasoned
students
first
amendment
interest
compelled
contribute
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whose
expressive
activities
conflict
personal
beliefs
added
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objecting
students
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speech
rights
heightened
concern
following
decision
rosenberger
rector
visitors
univ
university
discriminate
disbursement
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extended
district
order
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board
regents
requiring
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students
pay
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expression
three
members
appeals
dissented
denial
university
motion
rehearing
en
banc
view
panel
opinion
overlooked
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requirement
pay
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organization
explicitly
aims
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viewpoints
abood
keller
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group
creates
forum
true
student
activity
fee
southworth
grebe
wood
dissenting
courts
addressing
first
amendment
challenges
similar
student
fee
programs
reached
conflicting
results
compare
rounds
oregon
state
bd
higher
ed
hays
county
guardian
supple
cert
denied
kania
fordham
good
associated
students
univ
en
banc
smith
regents
univ
cal
cal
cert
denied
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together
importance
issue
presented
led
us
grant
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judgment
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ii
inevitable
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adopt
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defend
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rust
sullivan
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representation
case
decide
however
raise
issue
government
right
specific
university
right
use
funds
advance
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message
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whole
justification
fostering
challenged
expression
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initiative
students
alone
give
purpose
content
course
extracurricular
endeavors
university
disclaimed
speech
reach
question
whether
traditional
political
controls
ensure
responsible
government
action
sufficient
overcome
first
amendment
objections
allow
challenged
program
principle
government
speak
challenged
speech
financed
tuition
dollars
university
officials
responsible
content
case
might
evaluated
premise
government
speaker
case
us
university
wisconsin
exacts
fee
issue
sole
purpose
facilitating
free
open
exchange
ideas
among
students
conclude
objecting
students
may
insist
upon
certain
safeguards
respect
expressive
activities
required
support
public
forum
cases
instructive
close
analogy
true
even
though
student
activities
fund
public
forum
traditional
sense
term
despite
circumstance
cases
often
involve
demand
access
claim
exempt
supporting
speech
see
lamb
chapel
center
moriches
union
free
school
widmar
vincent
standard
viewpoint
neutrality
found
public
forum
cases
provides
standard
find
controlling
decide
viewpoint
neutrality
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program
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sufficient
protect
rights
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student
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aspect
program
funding
speech
expressive
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however
appears
inconsistent
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must
begin
recognizing
complaining
students
required
pay
fees
subsidies
speech
find
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even
offensive
abood
keller
cases
provide
beginning
point
analysis
abood
detroit
bd
keller
state
bar
precedents
identify
interests
protesting
students
means
implementing
first
amendment
protections
adopted
decisions
neither
applicable
workable
context
extracurricular
student
speech
university
abood
nonunion
public
school
teachers
challenged
agreement
requiring
condition
employment
pay
service
fee
equal
amount
union
dues
objecting
teachers
alleged
union
use
fees
engage
political
speech
violated
freedom
association
guaranteed
first
fourteenth
amendments
agreed
held
objecting
teacher
prevent
union
spending
part
required
service
fees
contribute
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candidates
express
political
views
unrelated
duties
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bargaining
representative
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students
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education
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speech
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subjects
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campus
life
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hall
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students
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principal
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students
conclude
requirement
viewpoint
neutrality
allocation
funding
support
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gave
substance
rosenberger
rector
visitors
univ
university
virginia
feared
association
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newspaper
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religious
viewpoints
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establishment
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argument
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school
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rule
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student
fee
program
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newspapers
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rosenberger
concerned
rights
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use
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speech
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considers
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rosenberger
whether
public
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requiring
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pay
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instance
ensuring
integrity
program
operation
funds
collected
conclude
university
wisconsin
may
sustain
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dimensions
programs
using
mandatory
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fees
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principle
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expression
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amendment
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forum
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viewpoint
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cf
find
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way
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impose
upon
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constitutional
matter
requirement
adopt
geographic
spatial
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rsos
entitlement
reimbursement
universities
possess
significant
interests
encouraging
students
take
advantage
social
civic
cultural
religious
opportunities
available
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communities
throughout
country
universities
like
society
finding
traditional
conceptions
territorial
boundaries
difficult
insist
upon
age
marked
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changes
communications
information
transfer
means
discourse
rule
viewpoint
neutrality
respected
holding
affords
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latitude
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speech
program
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opportunities
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university
agents
employees
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amendment
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speaks
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name
regents
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rust
sullivan
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taxation
representation
held
suggested
government
speaks
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discussed
come
play
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speaks
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end
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citizenry
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elected
officials
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contrary
position
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case
speech
university
agents
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speech
instructor
professor
academic
context
principles
applicable
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speech
considered
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rosenberger
supra
discussing
discretion
universities
possess
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matters
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mission
iii
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record
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point
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theory
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discussed
judgment
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case
remanded
proceedings
consistent
opinion
parties
shall
bear
costs
ordered
board
regents
university
wisconsin
system
petitioner
scott
harold
southworth
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
seventh
circuit
march
justice
souter
justice
stevens
justice
breyer
join
concurring
judgment
majority
today
validates
university
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activity
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ante
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southworth
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scheme
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claim
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two
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law
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question
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cases
grouped
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freedom
law
might
implicated
university
proffered
rationale
grant
scheme
funded
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activity
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discharge
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mission
app
excerpt
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students
office
student
organization
handbook
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activities
student
groups
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id
statement
associate
dean
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regents
univ
ewing
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id
citations
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books
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conceptions
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freedom
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seem
clothe
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immunity
challenge
regulations
made
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discharge
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mission
sweezy
new
hampshire
justice
frankfurter
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result
joined
justice
harlan
explained
importance
university
ability
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mission
quoting
statement
open
universities
south
africa
business
university
provide
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essential
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ewing
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ewing
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justice
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discussion
sweezy
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full
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opinion
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result
cases
academic
freedom
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student
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courts
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spectrum
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college
teaching
majority
recognizes
ante
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universities
lie
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amendment
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cases
go
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simply
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litigated
grounds
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freedom
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protecting
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discretion
shape
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mission
may
prove
important
consideration
first
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student
fees
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frankfurter
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rata
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matter
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case
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speech
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schemes
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offensive
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equivalent
restricting
modifying
message
student
wishes
express
cf
hurley
gay
lesbian
bisexual
group
boston
require
individual
bear
offensive
statement
personally
wooley
maynard
let
alone
affirm
moral
political
commitment
west
virginia
bd
ed
barnette
cases
government
imposing
far
directly
offensively
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individual
collecting
fee
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speakers
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next
agree
majority
abood
keller
line
cases
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abood
detroit
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keller
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bar
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cases
individual
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least
drop
money
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promoting
messages
subject
objection
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supra
keller
supra
connection
forced
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ultimate
message
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student
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parties
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app
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year
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fee
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bar
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evident
second
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force
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fees
support
government
program
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public
discourse
noted
rosenberger
rector
visitors
univ
dissenting
opinion
university
fee
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tax
state
university
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app
although
facts
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holdings
government
speech
university
expressly
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claim
ante
cases
suggest
first
amendment
government
may
properly
use
tax
revenue
promote
general
discourse
buckley
valeo
per
curiam
rejected
challenge
congressional
program
providing
viewpoint
neutral
subsidies
presidential
candidates
based
part
reasoning
program
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effort
abridge
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speech
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money
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discussion
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process
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people
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program
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pertinent
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values
id
recognized
principle
outside
sphere
government
spending
well
pruneyard
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shopping
mall
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blanket
claim
private
property
owner
first
amendment
right
forced
state
use
property
forum
speech
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omitted
upheld
right
individuals
exercise
rights
expression
shopping
mall
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property
noting
among
things
danger
requirement
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vigor
limi
variety
public
debate
id
quoting
miami
herald
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original
consideration
goes
fee
payer
speech
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scheme
third
prior
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speech
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funding
cases
distinguishable
basis
legitimacy
governmental
interest
one
disputes
university
assertion
educational
value
derived
activities
supported
fee
ante
supra
whereas
governmental
interest
mandating
union
bar
association
support
beyond
supporting
collective
bargaining
professional
regulatory
functions
organizations
see
abood
keller
legitimate
governmental
interest
requiring
publication
affirmation
propositions
bearer
speaker
agree
wooley
barnette
finally
weakness
southworth
claim
underscored
setting
within
university
whose
students
inevitably
required
support
expression
personally
offensive
viewpoints
ways
thought
constitutionally
objectionable
unless
one
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deny
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choice
teach
one
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fraction
students
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payments
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course
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ideologically
offensive
students
paying
professors
say
things
university
forum
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odds
politics
particular
students
least
anyone
claim
university
somehow
required
offer
spectrum
courses
satisfy
viewpoint
neutrality
requirement
see
rosenberger
supra
souter
dissenting
university
need
provide
junior
years
abroad
north
korea
well
france
instruct
theory
plutocracy
well
democracy
teach
nietzsche
well
thomas
since
uses
tuition
payments
optional
anyone
wishes
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college
may
fund
offensive
speech
far
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student
activity
fee
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activity
fee
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stronger
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basis
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judgment
footnotes
limit
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general
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scheme
agree
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see
ante
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reasoning
majority
need
reach
question
whether
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case
university
program
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funds
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accordingly
stipulation
app
viewpoint
neutrality
sufficient
condition
majority
uphold
scheme
limited
ground
without
deciding
whether
necessary
one
long
recognized
constitutional
importance
academic
freedom
see
wieman
updegraff
frankfurter
concurring
sweezy
new
hampshire
plurality
opinion
shelton
tucker
keyishian
board
regents
univ
state
university
cases
dealt
restrictions
imposed
outside
academy
individual
teachers
speech
associations
keyishian
board
regents
supra
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tucker
supra
sweezy
new
hampshire
supra
wieman
updegraff
supra
cases
dealing
right
teaching
institutions
limit
expressive
freedom
students
confined
high
schools
hazelwood
school
dist
kuhlmeier
bethel
school
dist
fraser
tinker
des
moines
independent
community
school
whose
students
schools
relation
different
least
arguably
distinguishable
counterparts
college
education
indeed
acceptance
general
statement
academic
freedom
south
african
manifesto
quoted
justice
frankfurter
might
thought
even
sanction
student
speech
codes
public
universities
noted
contexts
act
funding
may
communicative
element
see
rosenberger
rector
visitors
univ
dissenting
opinion
national
endowment
arts
finley
dissenting
opinion
allegation
general
expression
objectionable
clear
claim
necessarily
raises
substantial
first
amendment
concerns
light
speech
promoting
educational
aspects
expression
cf
buckley
valeo
per
curiam
see
also
infra
true
one
go
college
one
real
estate
receive
dividend
unlike
majority
hold
mere
fact
university
disclaims
speech
expression
takes
scope
jurisprudence
government
directed
speech
never
generally
questioned
university
spacious
discretion
allocate
public
funds
see
rosenberger
supra
souter
dissenting
citing
rust
sullivan
regan
taxation
representation
course
believe
even
government
program
promotes
broad
range
expression
subject
specific
prohibition
government
funding
promote
religion
imposed
establishment
clause
see
rosenberger
supra
souter
dissenting
legitimacy
governmental
objective
distinguishes
case
view
one
brought
university
student
objected
supporting
religious
evangelism
see
rosenberger
supra
souter
dissenting