yarborough
warden
alvarado
argued
march
decided
june
respondent
alvarado
helped
paul
soto
try
steal
truck
leading
death
truck
owner
alvarado
called
interview
los
angeles
detective
comstock
alvarado
years
old
time
parents
brought
station
waited
lobby
interview
comstock
took
alvarado
small
room
two
present
interview
lasted
two
hours
alvarado
given
warning
miranda
arizona
although
first
denied
present
shooting
alvarado
slowly
began
change
story
finally
admitting
helped
soto
try
steal
victim
truck
hide
gun
murder
comstock
twice
asked
alvarado
needed
break
interview
returned
parents
drove
home
california
charged
alvarado
murder
attempted
robbery
trial
denied
motion
suppress
interview
statements
miranda
grounds
affirming
alvarado
conviction
district
appeal
hereinafter
state
ruled
miranda
warning
required
alvarado
custody
interview
test
articulated
thompson
keohane
requires
consider
circumstances
surrounding
interrogation
determine
whether
reasonable
person
felt
liberty
leave
federal
district
agreed
state
habeas
review
ninth
circuit
reversed
holding
state
erred
failing
account
alvarado
youth
inexperience
evaluating
whether
reasonable
person
position
felt
free
leave
interview
noting
considered
suspect
juvenile
status
criminal
law
contexts
see
haley
ohio
appeals
held
state
error
warranted
habeas
relief
antiterrorism
effective
death
penalty
act
aedpa
resulted
decision
involved
unreasonable
application
clearly
established
federal
law
determined
held
state
considered
proper
factors
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conclusion
alvarado
custody
miranda
purposes
police
interview
pp
aedpa
requires
federal
courts
consider
whether
decision
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application
clearly
established
law
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established
law
refers
holdings
opposed
dicta
decisions
time
relevant
decision
williams
taylor
miranda
custody
test
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test
two
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inquiries
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person
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leave
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lines
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resolve
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inquiry
formal
arrest
restraint
freedom
movement
degree
associated
formal
arrest
thompson
pp
adjudication
involve
unreasonable
application
clearly
established
law
concluded
alvarado
custody
meaning
unreasonable
depend
part
specificity
relevant
legal
rule
rule
specific
range
reasonable
judgment
may
narrow
applications
rule
may
plainly
correct
incorrect
rules
general
meaning
must
emerge
application
time
general
rule
leeway
courts
reaching
outcomes
case
case
determinations
cf
wright
west
jurists
disagree
whether
alvarado
custody
custody
test
general
state
application
law
fits
within
matrix
prior
decisions
certain
facts
weigh
finding
alvarado
custody
police
transport
station
require
appear
particular
time
cf
oregon
mathiason
threaten
suggest
placed
arrest
ibid
parents
remained
lobby
interview
suggesting
interview
brief
see
berkemer
mccarty
comstock
appealed
alvarado
interest
telling
truth
helpful
police
officer
cf
mathiason
comstock
twice
asked
alvarado
wanted
take
break
end
interview
alvarado
went
home
ibid
facts
point
opposite
direction
comstock
interviewed
alvarado
police
station
interview
lasted
times
longer
interview
mathiason
comstock
tell
alvarado
free
leave
brought
station
legal
guardians
rather
arriving
accord
parents
allegedly
asked
present
interview
rebuffed
given
differing
indications
state
application
custody
standard
reasonable
indeed
number
facts
echo
mathiason
per
curiam
summary
reversal
found
clear
suspect
custody
pp
state
failure
consider
alvarado
age
inexperience
provide
proper
basis
finding
state
decision
unreasonable
application
clearly
established
law
opinions
applying
miranda
custody
test
mentioned
suspect
age
much
less
mandated
consideration
indications
opinions
relevant
suspect
experience
law
enforcement
rejected
reliance
factors
see
berkemer
supra
therefore
improper
appeals
grant
relief
basis
state
failure
consider
important
conceptual
difference
miranda
test
line
cases
contexts
considering
age
experience
miranda
custody
inquiry
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test
see
thompson
supra
furthers
clarity
miranda
rule
berkemer
ensuring
police
need
gues
circumstances
issue
deciding
may
interrogate
suspect
objective
inquiry
reasonably
viewed
different
doctrinal
tests
depend
actual
mindset
particular
suspect
consider
suspect
age
experience
concluding
factors
also
apply
miranda
custody
inquiry
ninth
circuit
ignored
argument
inquiry
objective
rule
designed
give
clear
guidance
police
consideration
suspect
individual
characteristics
including
age
viewed
creating
subjective
inquiry
cf
mathiason
supra
reliance
alvarado
prior
history
law
enforcement
improper
deferential
standard
also
de
novo
matter
cases
police
know
suspect
interrogation
history
see
berkemer
supra
even
relationship
suspect
experiences
likelihood
reasonable
person
experience
feel
free
leave
often
speculative
officers
asked
consider
contingent
psychological
factors
deciding
suspects
advised
miranda
rights
see
berkemer
supra
pp
reversed
kennedy
delivered
opinion
rehnquist
scalia
thomas
joined
filed
concurring
opinion
breyer
filed
dissenting
opinion
stevens
souter
ginsburg
joined
michael
yarborough
warden
petitioner
michael
alvarado
writ
certiorari
appeals
ninth
circuit
june
justice
kennedy
delivered
opinion
antiterrorism
effective
death
penalty
act
aedpa
stat
federal
grant
application
writ
habeas
corpus
behalf
person
held
pursuant
judgment
adjudication
resulted
decision
contrary
involved
unreasonable
application
clearly
established
federal
law
determined
appeals
ninth
circuit
ruled
state
unreasonably
applied
clearly
established
law
held
respondent
custody
miranda
purposes
alvarado
hickman
disagree
reverse
paul
soto
respondent
michael
alvarado
attempted
steal
truck
parking
lot
shopping
mall
santa
fe
springs
california
soto
alvarado
part
larger
group
teenagers
mall
night
soto
decided
steal
truck
alvarado
agreed
help
soto
pulled
magnum
approached
driver
francisco
castaneda
standing
near
truck
emptying
trash
dumpster
soto
demanded
money
ignition
keys
castaneda
alvarado
five
months
short
birthday
approached
passenger
side
door
truck
crouched
castaneda
refused
comply
soto
demands
soto
shot
castaneda
killing
alvarado
helped
hide
soto
gun
los
angeles
county
sheriff
detective
cheryl
comstock
led
investigation
circumstances
castaneda
death
month
shooting
comstock
left
word
alvarado
house
also
contacted
alvarado
mother
work
message
wished
speak
alvarado
alvarado
parents
brought
pico
rivera
sheriff
station
interviewed
around
lunchtime
waited
lobby
alvarado
went
comstock
interviewed
alvarado
contends
parents
asked
present
interview
rebuffed
comstock
brought
alvarado
small
interview
room
began
interviewing
interview
lasted
two
hours
recorded
comstock
alvarado
knowledge
comstock
alvarado
present
alvarado
given
warning
miranda
arizona
comstock
began
interview
asking
alvarado
recount
events
night
shooting
night
alvarado
explained
drinking
alcohol
friend
house
friends
acquaintances
hours
part
group
went
home
rest
walked
nearby
mall
use
public
telephones
alvarado
initial
telling
end
group
went
back
friend
home
went
bed
app
unpersuaded
comstock
pressed
okay
real
good
point
everything
said
pretty
accurate
till
point
except
left
shooting
shooting
uh
huh
shooting
well
never
seen
shooting
well
afraid
never
seen
shooting
well
beg
differ
told
quite
opposite
witnesses
saying
quite
opposite
seen
shooting
take
deep
breath
like
told
best
thing
honest
ca
many
people
get
involved
murder
expect
going
tell
truth
okay
granted
maybe
one
person
might
able
keep
fingers
crossed
say
god
hope
tell
truth
problem
tell
truth
okay
simply
giving
opportunity
tell
truth
got
many
people
telling
story
sudden
tell
something
way
far
fetched
different
punctuation
added
point
alvarado
slowly
began
change
story
first
acknowledged
present
carjacking
occurred
claimed
know
happened
gun
hesitated
say
comstock
tried
encourage
alvarado
discuss
happened
appealing
sense
honesty
need
bring
man
shot
castaneda
justice
see
hat
looking
see
tell
truth
know
difficult
comes
time
dime
somebody
parent
mother
brother
sister
darn
well
want
killer
go
jail
one
right
take
someone
life
like
alvarado
admitted
helped
man
try
steal
truck
standing
near
passenger
side
door
next
admitted
man
paul
soto
knew
soto
armed
helped
hide
gun
murder
alvarado
explained
expected
soto
scare
driver
gun
expect
soto
kill
anyone
toward
end
interview
comstock
twice
asked
alvarado
needed
take
break
alvarado
declined
interview
comstock
returned
alvarado
lobby
sheriff
station
parents
waiting
alvarado
father
drove
home
months
later
state
california
charged
soto
alvarado
murder
attempted
robbery
citing
miranda
supra
alvarado
moved
suppress
statements
comstock
interview
trial
denied
motion
ground
interview
noncustodial
app
alvarado
soto
tried
together
alvarado
testified
defense
offered
innocent
explanation
conduct
testifying
happened
standing
parking
lot
mall
gun
went
nearby
government
relied
alvarado
statement
comstock
alvarado
admitted
made
statements
denied
others
alvarado
denied
particular
statements
prosecution
countered
playing
excerpts
audio
recording
interview
alvarado
agreed
interview
comstock
pretty
friendly
conversation
sort
free
flow
alvarado
detective
comstock
alvarado
feel
coerced
threatened
way
interview
ibid
jury
convicted
soto
alvarado
murder
attempted
robbery
trial
judge
later
reduced
alvarado
conviction
murder
comparatively
minor
role
offense
judge
sentenced
soto
life
prison
alvarado
direct
appeal
second
appellate
district
appeal
hereinafter
state
affirmed
people
soto
cal
app
cal
rptr
unpublished
relevant
part
state
rejected
alvarado
contention
statements
comstock
excluded
trial
miranda
warnings
given
ruled
alvarado
custody
interview
warning
required
state
relied
upon
custody
test
articulated
thompson
keohane
requires
consider
circumstances
surrounding
interrogation
determine
whether
reasonable
person
felt
liberty
leave
state
reviewed
facts
comstock
interview
concluded
alvarado
custody
app
pet
cert
emphasized
absence
intense
aggressive
tactics
noted
comstock
told
alvarado
leave
california
denied
discretionary
review
alvarado
filed
petition
writ
habeas
corpus
district
central
district
california
district
agreed
state
alvarado
custody
miranda
purposes
interview
alvarado
hickman
ed
app
pet
cert
minimum
district
added
deferential
standard
review
provided
foreclosed
relief
app
pet
cert
appeals
ninth
circuit
reversed
alvarado
hickman
first
appeals
held
state
erred
failing
account
alvarado
youth
inexperience
evaluating
whether
reasonable
person
position
felt
free
leave
noted
considered
suspect
juvenile
status
evaluating
voluntariness
confessions
waiver
privilege
see
citing
inter
alia
haley
ohio
gault
appeals
held
light
authorities
alvarado
age
experience
must
factor
miranda
custody
inquiry
minor
criminal
record
likely
feel
coerced
police
tactics
conclude
arrest
experienced
adult
appeals
reasoned
required
extra
safeguards
commensurate
age
circumstances
juvenile
defendant
see
according
appeals
effect
alvarado
age
inexperience
substantial
turned
interview
custodial
interrogation
appeals
next
considered
whether
alvarado
obtain
relief
light
deference
federal
must
give
determination
habeas
review
deference
required
aedpa
bar
relief
appeals
held
relevance
juvenile
status
case
law
whole
compelled
extension
principle
juvenile
status
relevant
context
miranda
custody
determinations
light
clearly
established
law
considering
juvenile
status
simply
unreasonable
conclude
reasonable
prior
history
arrest
police
interviews
felt
liberty
terminate
interrogation
leave
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
granted
certiorari
ii
begin
determining
relevant
clearly
established
law
purposes
clearly
established
law
determined
refers
holdings
opposed
dicta
decisions
time
relevant
decision
williams
taylor
look
governing
legal
principle
principles
set
forth
time
state
renders
decision
lockyer
andrade
miranda
held
preinterrogation
warnings
required
context
custodial
interrogations
given
compulsion
inherent
custodial
surroundings
explained
custodial
interrogation
meant
questioning
initiated
law
enforcement
officers
person
taken
custody
otherwise
deprived
freedom
action
significant
way
miranda
decision
provide
opportunity
apply
test
set
facts
miranda
first
applied
custody
test
oregon
mathiason
per
curiam
mathiason
police
officer
contacted
suspect
burglary
victim
identified
officer
arranged
meet
suspect
nearby
police
station
outset
questioning
officer
stated
belief
suspect
involved
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arrest
interview
suspect
admitted
guilt
allowed
leave
held
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indication
questioning
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noted
suspect
come
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station
informed
arrest
allowed
leave
end
interview
ibid
california
beheler
per
curiam
reached
result
case
facts
similar
mathiason
beheler
state
distinguished
mathiason
based
described
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totality
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police
interviewed
beheler
shortly
crime
occurred
beheler
drinking
earlier
day
emotionally
distraught
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known
police
parolee
knew
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police
agreed
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case
must
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reemphasized
ultimate
inquiry
simply
whether
formal
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marks
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mathiason
noted
much
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knew
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crime
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inquiry
recent
cases
instruct
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must
determined
based
reasonable
person
suspect
situation
perceive
circumstances
berkemer
mccarty
police
officer
stopped
suspected
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driver
asked
questions
although
officer
reached
decision
arrest
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stop
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acknowledged
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beer
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held
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policeman
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suspect
custody
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explained
relevant
inquiry
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man
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position
understood
situation
ibid
cited
new
york
state
case
view
objective
test
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upon
police
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curiam
confirmed
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explained
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gauge
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marks
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finally
thompson
keohane
offered
following
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miranda
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two
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inquiries
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first
circumstances
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second
given
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reasonable
person
felt
liberty
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players
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must
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test
resolve
ultimate
inquiry
formal
arrest
restraint
freedom
movement
degree
associated
formal
arrest
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
turn
case
us
ask
adjudication
claim
involved
unreasonable
application
clearly
established
law
concluded
alvarado
custody
see
williams
kennedy
concurring
judgment
based
principles
conclude
state
application
clearly
established
law
reasonable
ignoring
deferential
standard
moment
said
jurists
disagree
whether
alvarado
custody
one
hand
certain
facts
weigh
finding
alvarado
custody
police
transport
alvarado
station
require
appear
particular
time
cf
mathiason
threaten
suggest
placed
arrest
ibid
alvarado
parents
remained
lobby
interview
suggesting
interview
brief
see
berkemer
fact
according
trial
counsel
alvarado
parents
told
interview
going
long
app
interview
comstock
focused
soto
crimes
rather
alvarado
instead
pressuring
alvarado
threat
arrest
prosecution
appealed
interest
telling
truth
helpful
police
officer
cf
mathiason
addition
comstock
twice
asked
alvarado
wanted
take
break
end
interview
alvarado
went
home
ibid
objective
facts
consistent
interrogation
environment
reasonable
person
felt
free
terminate
interview
leave
indeed
number
facts
echo
mathiason
per
curiam
summary
reversal
found
clear
facts
suspect
custody
ibid
facts
point
opposite
direction
comstock
interviewed
alvarado
police
station
interview
lasted
two
hours
four
times
longer
interview
mathiason
unlike
officer
mathiason
comstock
tell
alvarado
free
leave
alvarado
brought
police
station
legal
guardians
rather
arriving
accord
making
extent
control
presence
unclear
counsel
alvarado
alleges
alvarado
parents
asked
present
interview
rebuffed
fact
known
alvarado
might
reasonably
led
someone
alvarado
position
feel
restricted
otherwise
facts
weigh
favor
view
alvarado
custody
differing
indications
lead
us
hold
state
application
custody
standard
reasonable
appeals
nowhere
close
mark
concluded
otherwise
although
question
unreasonable
application
law
might
difficult
cases
difficult
custody
test
general
state
application
law
fits
within
matrix
prior
decisions
grant
relief
aedpa
conducting
independent
inquiry
whether
state
correct
de
novo
matter
federal
habeas
may
issue
writ
simply
concludes
independent
judgment
decision
applied
law
incorrectly
woodford
visciotti
per
curiam
relief
available
state
decision
objectively
unreasonable
see
williams
supra
andrade
standard
relief
granted
iii
appeals
reached
opposite
result
placing
considerable
reliance
alvarado
age
inexperience
law
enforcement
stated
suspect
age
experience
relevant
miranda
custody
analysis
counsel
alvarado
press
importance
either
factor
direct
appeal
habeas
proceedings
according
appeals
however
emphasis
juvenile
status
contexts
demanded
consideration
alvarado
age
inexperience
appeals
viewed
state
failure
extend
clearly
established
legal
principle
relevance
juvenile
status
new
context
objectively
unreasonable
case
requiring
issuance
writ
quoting
anthony
cambra
petitioner
contends
habeas
must
extend
rationale
apply
facts
hand
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clearly
established
time
decision
brief
petitioner
see
also
hawkins
alabama
asserting
similar
argument
force
argument
section
undermined
habeas
courts
introduced
rules
clearly
established
guise
extensions
existing
law
cf
teague
lane
time
difference
applying
rule
extending
always
clear
certain
principles
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permutations
arise
necessity
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rule
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doubt
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opinions
applying
miranda
custody
test
mentioned
suspect
age
much
less
mandated
consideration
indications
opinions
relevant
suspect
experience
law
enforcement
rejected
reliance
factors
see
beheler
rejecting
lower
view
defendant
prior
interview
police
relevant
custody
inquiry
berkemer
supra
citing
people
noted
difficulties
subjective
test
require
police
frailties
idiosyncrasies
every
person
describing
suspect
criminal
past
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record
circumstance
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difference
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custody
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line
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age
experience
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nce
scene
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apply
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test
resolve
ultimate
inquiry
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quotation
marks
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miranda
rule
berkemer
ensuring
police
need
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issue
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may
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time
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tests
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age
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voluntariness
statement
often
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whether
defendant
overborne
lynumn
illinois
question
logically
depend
characteristics
accused
schneckloth
bustamonte
characteristics
accused
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suspect
age
education
intelligence
see
well
suspect
prior
experience
law
enforcement
see
lynumn
supra
concluding
principled
reason
factors
also
apply
miranda
custody
inquiry
appeals
ignored
argument
custody
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objective
rule
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give
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consideration
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individual
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age
viewed
creating
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inquiry
cf
mathiason
noting
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custody
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rule
reasons
state
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age
provide
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state
decision
unreasonable
application
clearly
established
law
indeed
reliance
alvarado
prior
history
law
enforcement
improper
deferential
standard
also
de
novo
matter
cases
police
officers
know
suspect
interrogation
history
see
berkemer
supra
even
relationship
suspect
past
experiences
likelihood
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person
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feel
free
leave
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speculative
true
suspects
prior
law
enforcement
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may
understand
police
procedures
reasonably
feel
free
leave
unless
told
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hand
may
view
past
prologue
expect
another
string
arrests
ask
police
officers
consider
contingent
psychological
factors
deciding
suspects
advised
miranda
rights
see
berkemer
supra
inquiry
turns
much
suspect
subjective
state
mind
enough
objective
circumstances
interrogation
stansbury
state
considered
proper
factors
reached
reasonable
conclusion
judgment
appeals
reversed
michael
yarborough
warden
petitioner
michael
alvarado
writ
certiorari
appeals
ninth
circuit
june
justice
concurring
join
opinion
write
separately
express
additional
reason
reversal
may
cases
suspect
age
relevant
miranda
custody
inquiry
case
however
alvarado
almost
years
old
time
interview
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expect
police
recognize
suspect
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age
majority
even
police
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suspect
age
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bearing
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feel
free
leave
especially
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vary
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many
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adults
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state
decision
case
called
unreasonable
application
federal
law
simply
failed
explicitly
mention
alvarado
age
michael
yarborough
warden
petitioner
michael
alvarado
writ
certiorari
appeals
ninth
circuit
june
justice
breyer
justice
stevens
justice
souter
justice
ginsburg
join
dissenting
view
michael
alvarado
clearly
custody
police
questioned
without
miranda
warnings
murder
francisco
castaneda
put
question
terms
federal
law
legal
standards
reasonable
person
alvarado
position
felt
liberty
terminate
interrogation
leave
thompson
keohane
stansbury
california
per
curiam
must
answer
question
light
circumstances
surrounding
interrogation
obvious
answer
law
case
asks
judges
apply
arcane
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legal
directives
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sense
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person
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position
felt
free
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get
walk
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reader
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circumstances
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question
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hears
parents
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parents
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station
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parents
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police
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alvarado
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station
public
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question
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self
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want
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walk
person
harbored
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think
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police
officer
refused
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parents
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think
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situation
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answer
questions
reasonable
person
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pick
leave
middle
interrogation
believe
california
courts
clearly
wrong
hold
contrary
ninth
circuit
right
concluding
state
courts
unreasonably
applied
clearly
established
federal
law
see
majority
view
jurists
disagree
whether
alvarado
custody
ante
consider
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says
weigh
finding
custody
police
transport
alvarado
station
require
appear
particular
time
ibid
true
parents
brought
station
police
request
matter
relevant
question
whether
alvarado
came
station
free
submitted
questioning
voluntarily
cf
oregon
mathiason
per
curiam
california
beheler
per
curiam
thompson
supra
thomas
dissenting
involvement
alvarado
parents
suggests
involuntary
voluntary
behavior
alvarado
part
alvarado
parents
remained
lobby
interview
suggesting
interview
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fact
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parents
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citation
omitted
whatever
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questioning
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interview
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alvarado
expected
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see
berkemer
mccarty
end
interview
alvarado
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ante
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acknowledges
recent
case
law
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person
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leave
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see
ante
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stansbury
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interview
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crimes
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ante
fact
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ringleader
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alvarado
participated
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castaneda
killed
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alvarado
fear
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witness
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involved
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stansbury
officer
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arrest
prosecution
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police
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bring
station
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parents
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question
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facts
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person
alvarado
circumstances
felt
free
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leave
alvarado
youth
fact
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show
unlikely
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free
ignore
parents
request
come
station
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schall
martin
juveniles
assumed
subject
control
parents
likely
say
take
police
officer
assertion
authority
keep
parents
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room
assertion
authority
keep
child
inside
well
majority
suggests
law
might
prevent
judge
taking
account
fact
alvarado
see
ante
find
nothing
law
supports
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cases
instruct
lower
courts
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person
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person
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pretend
alvarado
aging
parents
whose
children
parents
ask
respect
say
pretend
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statistically
determined
average
person
working
married
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female
high
school
degree
see
dept
commerce
bureau
census
statistical
abstract
rather
precise
legal
definition
reasonable
person
may
depending
legal
context
appropriately
account
certain
personal
characteristics
negligence
suits
example
question
reasonable
person
similar
circumstances
answering
question
courts
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including
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youth
advanced
age
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keeton
owen
prosser
keeton
law
torts
pp
ed
see
see
also
restatement
third
torts
comment
pp
tent
draft
mar
american
jurisdictions
count
person
childhood
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child
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man
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see
holmes
common
law
howe
ed
present
context
miranda
custody
inquiry
law
introduced
concept
reasonable
person
avoid
judicial
inquiry
subjective
mind
focus
inquiry
instead
upon
objective
circumstances
known
officer
suspect
likely
relevant
way
person
understand
situation
see
stansbury
supra
berkemer
focus
helps
keep
miranda
workable
rule
see
berkemer
supra
case
alvarado
youth
objective
circumstance
known
police
special
quality
rather
widely
shared
characteristic
generates
commonsense
conclusions
behavior
perception
focus
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age
case
like
complicate
custody
inquiry
say
courts
ignore
widely
shared
objective
characteristics
like
age
ground
large
minority
population
possesses
produce
absurd
results
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instance
case
point
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points
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suggesting
limitation
cf
alvarado
hickman
case
listing
cases
different
jurisdictions
suggesting
contrary
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majority
makes
real
argument
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believe
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fact
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age
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ante
concurring
may
cases
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age
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inquiry
majority
discuss
suspect
history
law
enforcement
ante
bright
red
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present
context
alvarado
youth
objective
fact
simply
helps
show
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legal
presumption
appearance
police
station
voluntary
see
supra
ii
said
law
case
clear
cases
establish
even
police
tell
suspect
arrest
handcuff
lock
cell
threaten
may
nonetheless
reasonably
believe
free
leave
place
questioning
thus
custody
miranda
purposes
see
stansbury
berkemer
supra
cases
also
make
clear
determine
suspect
gaug
ed
freedom
movement
must
carefully
examine
circumstances
surrounding
interrogation
stansbury
supra
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
including
example
long
interrogation
lasted
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routine
protracted
see
berkemer
supra
suspect
came
questioned
voluntarily
see
mathiason
questioning
took
place
police
station
public
see
berkemer
supra
officer
communicated
individual
interrogation
suspect
arrest
free
leave
see
stansbury
supra
present
case
every
one
factors
argues
argues
strongly
alvarado
custody
miranda
purposes
police
questioned
common
sense
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law
basic
purpose
area
enough
make
clear
alvarado
age
objective
widely
shared
characteristic
police
plainly
knew
also
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cf
kaupp
texas
per
curiam
unless
one
prepared
pretend
alvarado
someone
gentleman
police
practices
seems
clear
california
courts
made
serious
mistake
agree
ninth
circuit
similar
conclusions
consequently
dissent