matheson
argued
october
decided
march
utah
statute
requires
physician
otify
possible
parents
guardian
minor
upon
abortion
performed
appellant
unmarried
minor
living
dependent
parents
became
pregnant
physician
advised
abortion
best
medical
interest
statute
refused
perform
abortion
without
first
notifying
parents
believing
proceed
abortion
without
notifying
parents
appellant
instituted
suit
state
seeking
declaration
statute
unconstitutional
injunction
enforcement
sought
represent
class
consisting
unmarried
minors
suffering
unwanted
pregnancies
desire
terminate
pregnancies
may
physicians
insistence
complying
statute
trial
upheld
statute
unconstitutionally
restricting
minor
right
privacy
obtain
abortion
enter
relationship
utah
affirmed
held
since
appellant
allege
offer
evidence
either
member
class
mature
emancipated
lacks
standing
challenge
utah
statute
unconstitutional
face
ground
overbreadth
construed
apply
unmarried
minor
girls
including
mature
emancipated
harris
mcrae
moreover
state
bound
ruling
another
case
statute
apply
emancipated
minors
utah
occasion
consider
statute
application
mature
minors
pp
applied
unemancipated
minor
girl
living
dependent
upon
parents
making
claim
showing
maturity
relations
parents
utah
statute
serves
important
state
interests
narrowly
drawn
protect
interests
violate
guarantees
constitution
pp
although
state
may
constitutionally
legislate
blanket
unreviewable
power
parents
veto
daughter
abortion
bellotti
baird
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
statute
setting
mere
requirement
parental
notice
possible
violate
constitutional
rights
immature
dependent
minor
pp
utah
statute
give
parents
veto
power
minor
abortion
decision
applied
immature
dependent
minors
statute
serves
important
considerations
family
integrity
protecting
adolescents
well
providing
opportunity
parents
supply
essential
medical
information
physician
statute
unconstitutional
failing
specify
information
parents
may
furnish
physicians
provide
mandatory
period
delay
physician
notifies
parents
state
allows
pregnant
minor
consent
medical
procedures
without
formal
notice
parents
carries
child
term
notice
requirement
may
inhibit
minors
seeking
abortions
pp
burger
delivered
opinion
stewart
white
powell
rehnquist
joined
powell
filed
concurring
opinion
stewart
joined
post
stevens
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
post
marshall
filed
dissenting
opinion
brennan
blackmun
joined
post
david
dolowitz
argued
cause
filed
brief
appellant
paul
tinker
assistant
attorney
general
utah
argued
cause
appellees
brief
robert
hansen
attorney
general
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
abigail
english
pauline
tesler
coalition
medical
rights
women
et
al
eve
paul
harriet
pilpel
planned
federation
america
et
al
dennis
horan
victor
rosenblum
john
gorby
patrick
trueman
dolores
horan
filed
brief
americans
life
amicus
curiae
urging
affirmance
lynn
wardle
robert
barker
filed
brief
utah
association
women
et
al
amici
curiae
chief
justice
burger
delivered
opinion
question
presented
case
whether
state
statute
requires
physician
otify
possible
parents
dependent
unmarried
minor
girl
prior
performing
abortion
girl
violates
federal
constitutional
guarantees
spring
appellant
unmarried
girl
living
parents
utah
dependent
support
discovered
pregnant
consulted
social
worker
physician
physician
advised
appellant
abortion
best
medical
interest
however
utah
code
ann
refused
perform
abortion
without
first
notifying
appellant
parents
section
enacted
provides
enable
physician
exercise
best
medical
judgment
considering
possible
abortion
shall
consider
factors
relevant
woman
upon
abortion
performed
including
limited
physical
emotional
psychological
health
safety
age
familial
situation
notify
possible
parents
guardian
woman
upon
abortion
performed
minor
husband
woman
married
emphasis
supplied
appellant
believed
reasons
proceed
abortion
without
notifying
parents
according
appellant
social
worker
concurred
decision
still
first
trimester
pregnancy
appellant
instituted
action
third
judicial
district
utah
sought
declaration
unconstitutional
injunction
prohibiting
appellees
governor
attorney
general
utah
enforcing
statute
appellant
sought
represent
class
consisting
unmarried
minor
women
suffering
unwanted
pregnancies
desire
terminate
pregnancies
may
physicians
insistence
complying
trial
judge
declined
grant
temporary
restraining
order
preliminary
injunction
trial
judge
held
hearing
appellant
witness
appellant
affirmed
allegations
complaint
giving
monosyllabic
answers
attorney
leading
questions
however
state
attempted
appellant
reasons
wishing
notify
parents
appellant
counsel
vigorously
objected
insisting
specifics
reasons
really
irrelevant
constitutional
issue
constitutionally
permissible
prerequisites
performance
abortion
insisted
desire
girl
medical
approval
physician
trial
judge
sustained
objection
tentatively
construing
statute
require
appellant
physician
notify
parents
able
physically
contact
thereafter
trial
judge
entered
findings
fact
conclusions
law
concluded
appellant
appropriate
representative
represent
class
purports
represent
construed
statute
require
notice
appellant
parents
physically
possible
concluded
es
unconstitutionally
restrict
right
privacy
minor
obtain
abortion
enter
relationship
accordingly
dismissed
complaint
appeal
utah
unanimously
upheld
statute
relying
decisions
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
carey
population
services
international
bellotti
baird
bellotti
ii
concluded
statute
serves
significant
state
interest
present
respect
minors
absent
case
adult
women
looked
first
subsection
provision
observed
expressly
incorporates
factors
identified
doe
bolton
pertinent
exercise
physician
best
medical
judgment
making
abortion
decision
doe
stated
agree
district
medical
judgment
may
exercised
light
factors
physical
emotional
psychological
familial
woman
age
relevant
patient
factors
may
relate
health
allows
attending
physician
room
needs
make
best
medical
judgment
emphasis
supplied
utah
held
notifying
parents
minor
seeking
abortion
substantially
logically
related
doe
factors
set
parents
ordinarily
possess
information
essential
physician
exercise
best
medical
judgment
concerning
child
also
concluded
encouraging
unmarried
pregnant
minor
seek
advice
parents
making
decision
whether
carry
child
term
promotes
significant
state
interest
supporting
important
role
parents
reasoned
since
statute
allows
veto
power
minor
decision
unduly
intrude
upon
minor
rights
utah
also
rejected
appellant
argument
phrase
possible
construed
give
physician
discretion
whether
notify
appellant
parents
concluded
physician
required
notify
parents
circumstances
exercise
reasonable
diligence
ascertain
identity
location
feasible
practicable
give
notification
added
however
time
element
important
factor
must
sufficient
expedition
provide
effective
opportunity
abortion
ii
appellant
challenges
statute
unconstitutional
face
contends
overbroad
construed
apply
unmarried
minor
girls
including
mature
emancipated
need
reach
question
since
allege
proffer
evidence
either
member
class
mature
emancipated
trial
found
appellant
unmarried
fifteen
years
age
resides
home
dependent
parents
affords
insufficient
basis
finding
either
mature
emancipated
harris
mcrae
therefore
lacks
personal
stake
controversy
needed
confer
standing
advance
overbreadth
argument
particularly
strong
reasons
applying
established
rules
standing
case
district
utah
held
apply
emancipated
minors
applied
unconstitutional
hansen
civil
since
appeal
ruling
controlling
state
assume
statute
challenged
proper
case
construed
also
exempt
demonstrably
mature
minors
see
bellotti
baird
bellotti
reason
assume
minor
need
emergency
treatment
treated
way
different
similarly
situated
adult
utah
occasion
consider
application
statute
situations
bellotti
supra
unanimously
declined
pass
constitutional
challenges
abortion
regulation
statute
statute
susceptible
construction
state
judiciary
might
avoid
whole
part
necessity
federal
constitutional
adjudication
least
materially
change
nature
problem
quoting
harrison
naacp
see
kleppe
new
mexico
ashwander
tva
concurring
opinion
reaffirm
approach
find
controlling
insofar
appellant
challenges
purported
statutory
exclusion
mature
emancipated
minors
issue
us
facial
constitutionality
statute
requiring
physician
give
notice
parents
possible
prior
performing
abortion
minor
daughter
girl
living
dependent
upon
parents
emancipated
marriage
otherwise
made
claim
showing
maturity
relations
parents
iii
appellant
contends
statute
violates
right
privacy
recognized
prior
cases
respect
abortions
places
primary
reliance
bellotti
ii
danforth
struck
state
statutes
imposed
requirement
prior
written
consent
patient
spouse
minor
patient
parents
prerequisite
abortion
held
state
constitutional
authority
give
third
party
absolute
possibly
arbitrary
veto
decision
physician
patient
terminate
patient
pregnancy
regardless
reason
withholding
consent
bellotti
ii
dealing
class
concededly
mature
pregnant
minors
struck
massachusetts
statute
requiring
parental
judicial
consent
abortion
performed
unmarried
minor
state
highest
construed
statute
allow
overrule
minor
decision
even
found
minor
capable
making
fact
made
informed
reasonable
decision
abortion
held
among
things
statute
unconstitutional
failure
allow
mature
minors
decide
undergo
abortions
without
parental
consent
four
justices
concluded
flaws
statute
construed
state
permitted
overruling
mature
minor
decision
abort
pregnancy
requires
parental
consultation
notification
every
instance
without
affording
pregnant
minor
opportunity
receive
independent
judicial
determination
mature
enough
consent
abortion
best
interests
four
justices
concluded
defect
making
abortion
decision
minor
subject
veto
third
party
whether
parent
judge
matter
mature
capable
informed
decisionmaking
minor
might
although
held
state
may
constitutionally
legislate
blanket
unreviewable
power
parents
veto
daughter
abortion
statute
setting
mere
requirement
parental
notice
violate
constitutional
rights
immature
dependent
minor
four
justices
bellotti
ii
joined
stating
plaintiffs
suggest
mere
requirement
parental
notice
unduly
burdens
right
seek
abortion
stated
part
ii
however
parental
notice
consent
qualifications
typically
may
imposed
state
minor
right
make
important
decisions
immature
minors
often
lack
ability
make
fully
informed
choices
take
account
immediate
consequences
state
reasonably
may
determine
parental
consultation
often
desirable
best
interest
minor
may
determine
general
proposition
consultation
particularly
desirable
respect
abortion
decision
one
people
raises
profound
moral
religious
concerns
little
doubt
state
furthers
constitutionally
permissible
end
encouraging
unmarried
pregnant
minor
seek
help
advice
parents
making
important
decision
whether
bear
child
grave
decision
girl
tender
years
emotional
stress
may
make
without
mature
advice
emotional
support
seems
unlikely
obtain
adequate
counsel
support
attending
physician
abortion
clinic
abortions
pregnant
minors
frequently
take
place
omitted
quoting
danforth
concurring
opinion
addition
constitutional
interpretation
consistently
recognized
parents
claim
authority
household
direct
rearing
children
basic
structure
society
ginsberg
new
york
quilloin
walcott
expanded
theme
recognized
numerous
occasions
relationship
parent
child
constitutionally
protected
see
wisconsin
yoder
stanley
illinois
meyer
nebraska
cardinal
us
custody
care
nurture
child
reside
first
parents
whose
primary
function
freedom
include
preparation
obligations
state
neither
supply
hinder
quoting
prince
massachusetts
utah
statute
gives
neither
parents
judges
veto
power
minor
abortion
decision
bellotti
concerned
statute
directed
toward
minors
unquestionably
greater
risks
inability
give
informed
consent
applied
immature
dependent
minors
statute
plainly
serves
important
considerations
family
integrity
protecting
adolescents
identified
bellotti
ii
addition
applied
class
statute
serves
significant
state
interest
providing
opportunity
parents
supply
essential
medical
information
physician
medical
emotional
psychological
consequences
abortion
serious
lasting
particularly
patient
immature
adequate
medical
psychological
case
history
important
physician
parents
provide
medical
psychological
data
refer
physician
sources
medical
history
family
physicians
authorize
family
physicians
give
relevant
data
appellant
intimates
statute
failure
declare
terms
detailed
description
information
parents
may
provide
physicians
provide
mandatory
period
delay
physician
notifies
parents
renders
statute
unconstitutional
notion
statute
must
itemize
information
supplied
parents
finds
support
logic
experience
decisions
utah
recognized
time
likely
essence
abortion
decision
utah
statute
reasonably
calculated
protect
minors
appellant
class
enhancing
potential
parental
consultation
concerning
decision
potentially
traumatic
permanent
consequences
appellant
also
contends
constitutionality
statute
undermined
utah
allows
pregnant
minor
consent
medical
procedures
without
formal
notice
parents
carries
child
term
state
interests
pregnancies
sufficiently
different
justify
line
drawn
statutes
cf
maher
roe
pregnant
girl
elects
carry
child
term
medical
decisions
made
entail
perhaps
none
potentially
grave
emotional
psychological
consequences
decision
abort
requirement
notice
parents
may
inhibit
minors
seeking
abortions
valid
basis
void
statute
applied
appellant
class
properly
us
constitution
compel
state
finetune
statutes
encourage
facilitate
abortions
contrary
state
action
encouraging
childbirth
except
urgent
circumstances
rationally
related
legitimate
governmental
objective
protecting
potential
life
harris
mcrae
accord
maher
roe
supra
applied
class
properly
us
statute
plainly
serves
important
state
interests
narrowly
drawn
protect
interests
violate
guarantees
constitution
judgment
utah
affirmed
footnotes
utah
also
provides
statute
abortion
may
performed
unless
voluntary
informed
written
consent
first
obtained
attending
physician
patient
order
consent
voluntary
informed
patient
must
advised
minimum
available
adoption
services
fetal
development
foreseeable
complications
risks
abortion
see
utah
code
ann
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
rejected
constitutional
attack
written
consent
provisions
utah
code
ann
appellant
counsel
stated
jurisdictional
statement
brief
physician
concluded
abortion
appellant
best
interests
also
parental
notification
appellant
best
interests
however
oral
argument
counsel
corrected
statement
conceded
evidence
support
assertion
tr
oral
arg
record
reveal
whether
appellant
proceeded
abortion
trial
judge
allowed
appellant
proceed
without
appointment
guardian
ad
litem
noted
guardian
required
notify
parents
testimony
follows
dolowitz
appellant
counsel
time
complaint
matter
signed
pregnant
yes
consulted
counselor
pregnancy
yeah
determined
talking
counselor
felt
get
abortion
yes
felt
want
notify
parents
right
decision
feel
reasons
discuss
right
discussing
matter
counselor
still
believed
discuss
parents
right
notified
right
talking
matter
counselor
counselor
concurred
decision
parents
notified
right
advised
abortion
performed
without
notifying
yes
came
see
filing
suit
right
discussed
whether
right
wanted
yes
decided
discussion
still
proceed
action
try
obtain
abortion
without
notifying
parents
right
time
signed
complaint
spoke
counselor
spoke
first
trimester
pregnancy
within
first
twelve
weeks
pregnancy
yes
feel
talking
counselor
thinking
situation
discussing
make
decision
wished
abort
pregnancy
yes
living
home
yes
still
felt
even
though
living
home
parents
discuss
matter
right
mccarthy
counsel
state
still
living
home
yes
dependent
parents
yes
money
comes
yes
old
fifteen
aside
issue
abortion
reason
feel
ca
talk
parents
problems
yes
reasons
dolowitz
moving
problem
area
indicated
appellant
repeatedly
pressed
point
despite
trial
statements
conceive
situation
child
probably
tell
parents
statute
might
nconstitutional
relates
particular
fact
situation
onstitutional
relates
another
fact
situation
evidence
support
surmise
dissent
post
appellant
expects
family
conflict
abortion
decision
tr
trial
judge
adopted
verbatim
findings
fact
conclusions
law
prepared
appellant
findings
conclusions
opinion
state
make
mention
whatsoever
precise
limits
class
trial
judge
also
ruled
statute
violate
bellotti
ii
contrast
principal
class
consisted
unmarried
pregnant
minors
massachusetts
adequate
capacity
give
valid
informed
consent
abortion
wish
involve
parents
emphasis
supplied
courts
considered
rights
pregnant
minors
might
affected
statute
record
shows
state
unsuccessfully
argued
trial
permitted
inquire
appellant
degree
maturity
tr
justice
stevens
dissent
argue
utah
held
statute
may
validly
applied
members
class
described
complaint
post
however
shown
neither
state
courts
mentioned
scope
limits
class
see
supra
moreover
appellant
counsel
prepared
findings
conclusions
addition
considerations
standing
construe
ambiguity
appellant
authority
view
expressed
dissent
statute
apply
minors
emergency
health
care
needs
post
appellant
contend
utah
case
took
pains
say
time
essence
abortion
decision
specific
question
properly
posed
bellotti
ii
massachusetts
statute
construed
state
apply
cases
true
minors
hostile
home
situations
class
referred
appellant
amici
curiae
dissent
post
bellotti
ii
danforth
bellotti
ii
supra
dissenting
opinion
danforth
supra
concurring
opinion
see
bellotti
baird
bellotti
cf
carey
population
services
international
main
premise
dissent
seems
requirement
notice
parents
functional
equivalent
requirement
parental
consent
see
post
bellotti
ii
however
expressly
declined
equate
notice
requirements
consent
requirements
bellotti
ii
supra
short
shrift
given
dissent
parental
authority
family
integrity
post
runs
contrary
long
line
constitutional
cases
see
cases
cited
supra
bellotti
ii
supra
abortion
associated
increased
risk
complication
subsequent
pregnancies
maine
abortion
affect
later
pregnancies
family
planning
perspectives
emotional
psychological
effects
pregnancy
abortion
experience
markedly
severe
girls
adults
wallerstein
kurtz
psychosocial
sequelae
therapeutic
abortion
young
unmarried
women
arch
psychiatry
see
also
babikian
goldman
study
pregnancy
psychiatry
least
five
enacted
parental
notification
statutes
containing
brief
mandatory
waiting
periods
see
la
rev
stat
ann
west
supp
hours
actual
notice
hours
constructive
notice
except
abortions
mass
laws
ch
west
supp
hours
rev
stat
tit
hours
cent
code
supp
hours
code
ann
supp
two
days
members
particular
class
us
case
constitutional
right
notify
lieu
notifying
parents
see
bellotti
ii
supra
case
require
us
decide
circumstances
state
must
provide
alternatives
parental
notification
see
utah
code
ann
permitting
female
give
informed
consent
health
care
prohibited
law
connection
pregnancy
childbirth
see
also
bellotti
ii
bellotti
danforth
connecticut
menillo
west
side
women
services
city
cleveland
supp
nd
ohio
affirmance
order
cert
denied
appellant
argues
statute
violates
right
secure
necessary
treatment
physician
exercise
best
medical
judgment
believe
parents
notified
since
evidence
physician
opinion
decline
reach
question
see
supra
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opinion
purports
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opinion
clear
signal
decide
future
case
concerning
similar
statute
goes
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merits
today
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function
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question
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occasion
intimate
predict
view
proper
resolution
future
case
speaking
unanimous
kleppe
new
mexico
justice
marshall
took
note
impropriety
deciding
constitutional
questions
absence
adequate
record
quoting
public
affairs
associates
rickover
justice
powell
justice
stewart
joins
concurring
case
requires
consider
divisive
questions
raised
state
statute
intended
encourage
parental
involvement
decision
pregnant
minor
abortion
see
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
bellotti
baird
bellotti
ii
agree
utah
code
ann
unconstitutionally
burden
appellant
right
abortion
join
opinion
understanding
leaves
open
question
whether
unconstitutionally
burdens
right
mature
minor
minor
whose
best
interests
served
parental
notification
see
ante
write
make
clear
continue
entertain
views
question
stated
opinion
bellotti
ii
see
infra
ii
section
requires
physician
otify
possible
parents
guardian
woman
upon
abortion
performed
minor
appellant
attacks
notice
requirement
ground
burdens
right
minor
emancipated
mature
enough
make
abortion
decision
independently
parental
involvement
whose
parents
react
obstructively
upon
notice
see
ante
threshold
question
opinion
notes
whether
appellant
standing
make
challenge
standing
depends
initially
complaint
alleges
warth
seldin
courts
power
redress
otherwise
protect
injury
complaining
party
complaint
case
carefully
drawn
appellant
allegations
familial
situation
laconic
alleged
wish
inform
parents
condition
believe
best
interest
parents
informed
condition
complaint
also
alleged
understood
involved
decision
physician
consulted
told
perform
abortion
upon
without
informing
parents
prior
aborting
appellant
years
age
lived
home
parents
filed
complaint
claim
mature
made
allegations
respect
relationship
parents
aver
obstructive
notified
advance
reason
notice
parents
best
interest
similarly
complaint
contains
allegation
physician
apparently
willing
perform
abortion
believed
notifying
parents
adverse
consequences
fact
nothing
record
shows
physician
information
appellant
parents
familial
situation
even
examined
appellant
case
come
us
allegations
complaint
alone
evidentiary
hearing
occurred
trial
denied
appellant
motion
preliminary
injunction
appellant
witness
testimony
statements
counsel
make
clear
beyond
question
bare
bones
averments
complaint
deliberate
appellant
arguing
mere
notice
requirement
invalid
per
se
without
regard
minor
age
whether
emancipated
whether
parents
likely
obstructive
whether
health
reason
notification
minor
best
interests
direct
examination
appellant
merely
verified
allegations
complaint
affirming
allegation
paraphrased
lawyer
series
leading
questions
testimony
added
nothing
complaint
addition
appellant
lawyer
insistently
objected
questions
counsel
state
appellant
reasons
wishing
notify
parents
trial
initiative
pressed
unsuccessfully
elicit
reasons
inquiring
find
validity
appellant
reasons
without
state
lawyer
permitted
tr
appellant
lawyer
replied
position
onstitutionally
right
make
abortion
decision
consulted
counselor
counselor
concurs
valid
reasons
terms
going
beyond
complaint
allegations
point
specifics
reasons
really
irrelevant
onstitutional
issue
emphasis
supplied
sum
opinion
emphasizes
appellant
alleges
nothing
desires
abortion
decided
reasons
declined
reveal
best
interest
notify
parents
physician
willing
perform
abortion
notice
required
although
trial
rule
terms
standing
clear
bald
allegations
confer
standing
claim
unconstitutionally
burdens
right
either
mature
minor
minor
whose
best
interests
served
parental
notification
confer
standing
claim
unconstitutional
burden
upon
unemancipated
minor
desires
abortion
without
parental
notification
also
desires
explain
anyone
reasons
either
wanting
abortion
wanting
notify
parents
facts
case
agree
unconstitutional
burden
appellant
right
abortion
numerous
significant
interests
compete
minor
decides
whether
abort
pregnancy
right
make
decision
may
unconstitutionally
burdened
roe
wade
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
addition
minor
interest
effectuating
decision
abort
decision
makes
bellotti
ii
state
aside
interest
encouraging
childbirth
rather
abortion
cf
maher
roe
harris
mcrae
interest
fostering
consultation
assist
minor
making
decision
wisely
possible
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
supra
stewart
concurring
post
stevens
concurring
judgment
state
also
may
interest
family
institution
inculcate
pass
many
cherished
values
moral
cultural
moore
east
cleveland
parents
traditional
substantial
interest
well
responsibility
rearing
welfare
children
especially
immature
years
bellotti
ii
supra
none
interests
absolute
even
adult
woman
right
abortion
unqualified
roe
wade
supra
particularly
minor
becomes
pregnant
considers
abortion
relevant
circumstances
may
vary
widely
depending
upon
age
maturity
mental
physical
condition
stability
home
emancipated
relationship
parents
like
accept
appellant
claim
per
se
invalid
burden
asserted
right
minor
make
abortion
decision
circumstances
normally
relevant
counsel
insisted
immaterial
supra
decide
minor
wishes
virtually
absolute
sure
cases
emphasized
necessity
consult
physician
never
held
respect
minor
opinion
single
physician
need
desirability
abortion
outweighs
state
parental
interests
sum
state
may
validly
require
notice
parents
cases
without
providing
independent
decisionmaker
pregnant
minor
recourse
believes
mature
enough
make
abortion
decision
independently
notification
otherwise
best
interests
opinion
bellotti
ii
joined
three
justices
stated
length
reasons
decisionmaker
needed
bellotti
ii
supra
circumstances
relevant
abortion
decision
minor
vary
substantially
absolute
rules
requiring
parental
notice
cases
none
create
inflexibility
often
allow
consideration
rights
interests
identified
cases
never
gone
extreme
view
section
quoted
full
opinion
ante
appellant
testimony
direct
examination
quoted
full
opinion
ante
appellant
testimony
quoted
full
opinion
ante
direct
examination
appellant
state
brief
appellant
lawyer
insisted
repeatedly
subsequent
argument
relevancy
facts
tr
particular
facts
come
minor
doctor
irrelevant
specific
facts
individual
case
matter
ridiculous
strong
weak
really
become
irrelevant
ibid
summarizing
position
appellant
lawyer
stated
position
relationship
key
doctor
determines
go
ahead
patient
specific
facts
case
whether
doctor
wrong
right
onstitutionally
protected
make
decision
go
ahead
act
say
irrelevant
ibid
end
evidentiary
hearing
appellant
lawyer
framed
trial
ruling
follows
ruling
possible
used
statute
means
physically
possible
circumstances
whatever
justify
violation
statute
issue
closed
case
class
action
might
presumed
members
raise
question
whether
pregnant
minor
right
abortion
without
parental
notice
upon
showing
mature
parents
interfere
abortion
record
case
contains
facts
support
presumption
class
includes
members
complaint
allegations
class
appellant
claims
typical
claims
members
class
class
consists
minor
women
suffering
unwanted
pregnancies
desire
terminate
pregnancies
may
inasmuch
physicians
perform
abortion
upon
without
compliance
provisions
section
complaint
thus
record
supports
conclusion
class
consists
entirely
pregnant
minors
assert
identical
claim
appellant
presents
constitutional
right
abortion
without
notifying
parents
without
claiming
mature
notification
best
interest
short
class
members
like
appellant
assert
absolute
right
make
decision
independently
everyone
except
physician
trial
entered
findings
fact
conclusions
law
evidentiary
hearing
paragraph
trial
findings
reads
plaintiff
consulted
counselor
assist
deciding
whether
terminate
pregnancy
determined
consultation
counselor
secure
abortion
advised
consulting
physician
provisions
section
utah
code
annotated
believed
along
aborted
felt
best
medical
interest
perform
abortion
upon
without
informing
parents
prior
aborting
required
statute
unwilling
perform
abortion
upon
without
complying
provisions
statute
even
though
believed
best
civil
medical
judgment
physician
course
respected
reason
believe
general
proposition
even
conscientious
physician
interest
overall
welfare
minor
equated
parents
moreover
abortion
clinics
readily
available
urban
communities
may
operated
commercial
basis
abortions
often
may
obtained
demand
see
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
stewart
concurring
bellotti
ii
although
bellotti
ii
involved
statute
requiring
parental
consent
rationale
plurality
opinion
respect
need
applicable
dissenting
opinion
justice
marshall
hold
utah
statute
invalid
face
elevates
decision
minor
physician
absolute
status
ignoring
state
parental
interests
justice
stevens
concurring
judgment
points
class
action
appellant
represents
unmarried
minor
women
suffering
unwanted
pregnancies
desire
terminate
pregnancies
may
physicians
insistence
complying
utah
code
ante
utah
held
statute
may
validly
applied
members
class
appeal
therefore
squarely
presents
question
whether
holding
consistent
constitution
however
declines
reach
question
instead
decides
narrower
question
presented
appellant
particular
factual
situation
believe
duty
answer
broader
question
decided
utah
unable
join
opinion
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
held
pregnant
minor
right
make
decision
obtain
abortion
may
conditioned
parental
consent
dissent
holding
qualify
duty
respect
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law
see
bellotti
baird
stevens
concurring
judgment
however
noted
bellotti
neither
case
danforth
determines
constitutionality
statute
require
notice
parents
without
affording
third
party
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veto
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outcome
case
controlled
danforth
principles
considered
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parental
consent
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case
plainly
dictate
utah
statute
us
upheld
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state
statute
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upon
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rather
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state
interests
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interest
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statute
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state
interest
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interest
fundamental
substantial
state
interest
welfare
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citizens
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variety
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may
make
enforceable
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may
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travel
pleases
even
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exhibitions
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motion
pictures
persons
certain
age
may
marry
without
parental
consent
indeed
consent
essential
even
young
woman
already
pregnant
state
interest
protecting
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person
harm
justifies
imposition
restraints
freedom
even
though
comparable
restraints
adults
constitutionally
impermissible
therefore
holding
roe
wade
abortion
decision
entitled
constitutional
protection
merely
emphasizes
importance
decision
lead
conclusion
state
legislature
power
enact
legislation
purpose
protecting
young
pregnant
woman
consequences
incorrect
decision
abortion
decision
course
important
decision
attend
avoid
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motion
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work
long
hours
factory
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away
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even
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kind
decision
young
person
may
ever
make
assumption
merely
enhances
quality
state
interest
maximizing
probability
decision
made
correctly
full
understanding
consequences
either
alternative
course
conclusion
utah
statute
invalid
prevent
young
pregnant
women
voluntarily
seeking
advice
parents
prior
making
abortion
decision
state
may
legitimately
decide
consultation
made
probable
ensuring
parents
informed
daughter
decision
notice
requirement
many
minors
submit
abortion
procedure
without
ever
informing
parents
assumption
parental
reaction
hostile
disparaging
violent
doubt
persuades
many
children
simply
bypass
parental
counsel
fact
loving
supportive
indeed
indispensable
unrealistic
judgment
assume
every
relationship
either
perfect
communication
accord
take
place
routinely
imperfect
absence
communication
reflects
child
correct
prediction
parent
act
arbitrarily
selfish
interest
rather
child
interest
state
legislature
may
conclude
parents
primarily
interested
welfare
children
imposition
notice
requirement
appropriate
method
giving
parents
opportunity
foster
welfare
helping
pregnant
distressed
child
make
implement
correct
decision
stevens
fact
certain
members
class
unmarried
minor
women
suffering
unwanted
pregnancies
desire
terminate
pregnancies
may
actually
emancipated
sufficiently
mature
make
abortion
decision
view
undercut
validity
utah
statute
stated
danforth
state
legislature
constitutional
power
utilize
purposes
implementing
requirement
yardstick
based
upon
chronological
age
unmarried
pregnant
women
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imprecise
even
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particular
cases
render
use
state
legislature
impermissible
federal
constitution
accordingly
reach
question
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hold
utah
statute
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valid
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members
certified
class
view
case
danforth
state
interest
protecting
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pregnant
woman
consequences
incorrect
abortion
decision
sufficient
justify
requirement
agree
decision
utah
affirmed
conclusion
case
danforth
state
legislature
may
rationally
decide
parents
informed
daughter
pregnancy
act
welfare
mind
consistent
pages
human
experience
teach
parents
generally
act
child
best
interests
relied
upon
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also
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justice
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opinion
parham
joined
noted
parham
presumption
parents
act
best
interests
children
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fact
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undercuts
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however
parents
decide
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custody
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mental
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decision
raises
inference
parental
authority
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child
best
interests
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brennan
dissenting
part
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comparable
gravity
reliance
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decide
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utah
statute
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certified
state
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presumably
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requiring
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parents
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might
prevent
minor
obtaining
abortion
see
ante
almost
definition
however
woman
intellectually
emotionally
capable
making
important
decisions
without
parental
assistance
also
capable
ignoring
parental
disapproval
furthermore
every
minor
wisdom
adult
constitutional
right
treated
adult
uniform
minimum
voting
age
surely
suspect
instead
simply
enforcing
general
rules
promulgated
legislature
perhaps
judiciary
grant
hearings
young
persons
desirous
establishing
status
mature
emancipated
minors
instead
confining
privilege
unmarried
pregnant
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women
justice
marshall
justice
brennan
justice
blackmun
join
dissenting
decision
narrow
finds
shortcomings
appellant
complaint
therefore
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relief
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plaintiff
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success
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defective
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utah
finds
appellant
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mature
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parents
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result
reasons
appellant
lacks
standing
challenge
overbreadth
utah
parental
notification
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standing
analysis
rests
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warth
seldin
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appellant
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ante
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protected
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relief
requested
see
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power
carolina
environmental
study
group
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plurality
opinion
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doe
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connecticut
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alabama
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rel
patterson
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believe
prudential
considerations
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upon
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utah
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interests
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remand
remand
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determine
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claims
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minor
women
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finding
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notice
requirement
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find
rights
interests
raised
appellant
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challenge
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statute
conduct
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review
appellant
claims
ii
treatment
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review
appellant
claims
due
attention
precedents
cases
established
pregnant
woman
fundamental
right
choose
whether
obtain
abortion
carry
pregnancy
term
roe
wade
doe
bolton
choice
like
deeply
intimate
decisions
marry
procreate
use
contraceptives
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state
intervention
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due
process
clause
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right
privacy
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making
certain
kinds
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interest
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matters
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roe
abortion
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right
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roe
wade
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held
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trimester
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interest
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health
potential
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scope
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action
area
doe
bolton
supra
struck
procedural
requirements
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woman
private
decision
physician
review
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hospital
committee
also
settled
right
privacy
like
many
constitutional
rights
extends
minors
planned
parenthood
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mo
danforth
bellotti
baird
bellotti
ii
powell
stevens
jones
supp
utah
summarily
aff
grounds
indeed
unwanted
pregnancy
probably
crisis
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adult
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majority
situations
denying
minor
right
make
important
decision
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indelible
bellotti
ii
supra
powell
thus
adult
minor
woman
burdens
abortion
decision
justified
upon
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restrictions
advance
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state
interests
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accord
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parenthood
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danforth
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examining
state
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claim
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imping
woman
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obstacles
path
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brief
appellees
requires
examination
whether
parental
notice
requirement
utah
statute
imposes
burden
abortion
decision
ideal
supportive
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culture
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examine
burdens
imposed
statute
requiring
parental
notice
minor
daughter
decision
terminate
pregnancy
long
deferred
bonds
join
family
members
mutual
sustenance
see
pierce
society
sisters
may
anderson
griswold
connecticut
stanley
illinois
moore
east
cleveland
plurality
opinion
powell
especially
times
adversity
relationships
within
family
offer
security
constant
caring
aid
see
ideally
minor
facing
important
decision
naturally
seek
advice
support
parents
turn
respond
comfort
wisdom
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minor
confides
family
plainly
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right
avoid
telling
involving
minor
circumstance
statutory
requirement
parental
notice
hardly
imposes
burden
realistically
however
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families
conform
ideal
many
minors
like
appellant
oppose
parental
notice
seek
instead
preserve
fundamental
personal
right
privacy
minors
parental
notification
requirement
creates
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context
involving
minor
parents
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right
avoid
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choice
see
whalen
roe
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notice
requirement
publicizes
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doctor
interjects
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roe
wade
supra
besides
revealing
confidential
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access
means
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population
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many
minor
women
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parents
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abortion
decision
furthermore
threat
parental
notice
may
cause
minor
women
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past
first
trimester
pregnancy
health
risks
increase
significantly
pregnant
minors
may
attempt
obtain
illegal
abortion
rather
risk
parental
notification
still
others
may
foresake
abortion
bear
unwanted
child
given
minor
probable
education
employment
skills
financial
resources
emotional
maturity
may
exceptionally
burdensome
bellotti
ii
powell
possibility
problems
may
occur
particular
cases
alter
hardship
created
notice
requirement
face
hardship
mere
disincentive
created
state
instead
actual
obstacle
exercise
minor
woman
free
choice
class
pregnant
minors
represented
appellant
obstacle
onerous
bar
desired
abortions
significantly
interference
sanctioned
statute
operate
neutral
fashion
notice
required
medical
care
minor
women
wish
abort
encounter
burden
imposed
notification
statute
utah
requirement
mandatory
parental
notice
unquestionably
burdens
minor
privacy
right
proper
analysis
turns
next
state
proffered
justifications
infringements
posed
statute
iii
established
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
statute
survive
appellant
challenge
unless
justified
significant
state
interest
state
must
demonstrate
means
selected
closely
tailored
serve
interest
regulations
burden
rights
pregnant
adults
held
state
legitimately
may
concerned
protection
health
medical
standards
prenatal
life
roe
wade
concluded
however
first
trimester
pregnancy
none
interests
sufficiently
justifies
state
interference
decision
reached
pregnant
woman
physician
nonetheless
appellees
assert
parental
notice
requirement
advances
additional
state
interests
implicated
pregnant
adult
decision
abort
specifically
appellees
contend
notice
requirement
improves
physician
medical
judgment
pregnant
minor
two
ways
permits
parents
provide
additional
information
physician
encourages
consultation
parents
minor
woman
appellees
also
advance
independent
state
interest
preserving
parental
rights
family
autonomy
consider
asserted
interests
turn
upholding
statute
utah
concluded
notification
provision
might
encourage
parental
transmission
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information
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prove
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physician
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medical
judgment
yet
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courts
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parents
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medical
judgment
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facts
patient
medical
history
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minor
mature
enough
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seek
medical
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provide
physician
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decision
addition
law
physician
already
obligated
obtain
information
necessary
form
best
medical
judgment
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bars
consultation
parents
physician
find
necessary
even
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parental
notice
serves
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statute
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parents
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woman
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excludes
married
minors
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notice
requirement
husband
need
told
planned
abortion
utah
code
ann
utah
makes
claim
possesses
information
valuable
physician
judgment
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pregnant
woman
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care
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see
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code
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age
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medical
care
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woman
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removal
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delivery
medical
care
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pregnancy
physician
decisions
concerning
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parental
information
much
abortion
decision
yet
abortion
decision
triggers
parental
notice
requirement
result
especially
anomalous
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comparatively
lesser
health
risks
associated
abortion
contrasted
medical
care
thus
statute
fails
promote
transfer
information
claimed
apply
closely
related
contexts
exchange
information
less
important
goal
promoting
consultation
physician
parents
pregnant
minor
sustain
statute
serve
appellees
also
claim
statute
serves
legitimate
purpose
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minor
decision
encouraging
consultation
minor
woman
parents
appellees
dispute
state
legally
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require
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appellees
contest
fact
decision
ultimately
minor
make
nonetheless
state
seeks
notice
requirement
give
parents
opportunity
contribute
minor
woman
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facilitation
supportive
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assist
pregnant
minor
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measured
rationality
means
employed
utah
statute
simply
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imposes
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notice
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timely
permit
discussion
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minor
parents
moreover
appellant
claims
require
us
examine
statute
purpose
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parents
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believes
likely
respond
hostility
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light
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plainly
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parental
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hardly
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state
purpose
minor
pregnancy
resulted
incest
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parental
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assured
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fears
response
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desires
absolute
nature
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requirement
exception
permitted
parents
physically
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regulations
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interest
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preserve
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right
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decision
especially
made
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require
state
act
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sensitivity
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involvement
matter
bellotti
ii
powell
utah
absolute
notice
requirement
demonstrates
sensitivity
approve
interference
minor
private
consultation
physician
first
trimester
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finally
appellees
assert
state
interest
protecting
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authority
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integrity
course
recognized
primary
role
parents
upbringing
children
established
beyond
debate
enduring
american
tradition
wisconsin
yoder
see
prince
massachusetts
meyer
nebraska
indeed
nurture
child
direct
destiny
right
coupled
high
duty
recognize
prepare
additional
obligations
pierce
society
sisters
similarly
decisions
respected
private
realm
family
life
state
enter
prince
massachusetts
supra
see
also
moore
east
cleveland
critical
thrust
decisions
protect
privacy
individual
families
unwarranted
state
intrusion
ironically
appellees
invoke
decisions
seeking
justify
state
interference
normal
functioning
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state
fact
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rather
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family
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unable
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woman
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decision
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parenthood
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parent
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appellees
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however
utah
statute
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parents
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important
activities
children
attempting
prevent
denial
parental
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brief
appellees
casting
purpose
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salvage
statute
threat
parental
authority
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minor
child
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parents
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life
mandated
utah
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result
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traditionally
placed
parental
authority
parental
authority
never
absolute
denied
legal
protection
exercise
threatens
health
safety
minor
children
prince
massachusetts
supra
indeed
legal
protection
parental
rights
frequently
tempered
replaced
concern
child
interest
whatever
importance
elsewhere
parental
authority
deserves
de
minimis
legal
reinforcement
minor
exercise
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right
burdened
decide
case
need
determine
whether
parental
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protection
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rights
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mature
minors
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health
care
needs
utah
recognizes
law
long
entitled
medical
care
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parental
involvement
relevant
appellant
claim
statutory
restriction
applies
even
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best
interests
evaluated
physician
call
abortion
utah
trial
found
fact
appellant
physician
believed
along
aborted
felt
best
medical
interest
perform
abortion
upon
without
informing
parents
prior
aborting
required
statute
unwilling
perform
abortion
upon
without
complying
provisions
statute
even
though
believed
best
civ
findings
fact
even
review
adults
physician
counselor
attorney
necessary
assess
minor
best
interests
see
bellotti
ii
opinion
powell
utah
rejection
exception
notice
requirement
pregnant
minor
plainly
overbroad
bellotti
ii
unwilling
cut
pregnant
minor
avenue
obtain
help
beyond
parents
yet
utah
statute
area
believe
must
join
state
courts
legislatures
acknowledged
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circumstances
capacity
need
determine
health
care
needs
without
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parents
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parenthood
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danforth
ny
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parent
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daughter
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legitimate
interest
adding
scheme
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parental
notice
minor
abortion
decision
conclusion
affect
parents
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children
development
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utah
notice
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parents
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whether
terminate
pregnancy
iv
eagerness
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clear
application
precedents
today
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mistaken
view
law
prudential
standing
requirements
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issue
presented
complaint
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leaves
precedents
intact
precedents
doubt
challenged
statute
infringes
upon
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right
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attached
minor
woman
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complete
terminate
pregnancy
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tailored
serve
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appellant
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require
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criminal
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state
attempt
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within
family
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reverse
judgment
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insofar
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attack
majority
view
assure
standing
plaintiff
pregnant
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simply
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desire
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view
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performed
without
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parents
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finds
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alleges
plaintiff
emancipated
mature
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reaffirms
standing
analysis
employed
bellotti
baird
bellotti
ii
see
ante
addition
relies
part
decision
federal
district
utah
enjoined
application
utah
statute
involved
emancipated
minors
hansen
civil
apparently
contemplates
similar
challenges
meet
success
future
example
district
hansen
also
accorded
intervenor
status
awarded
preliminary
relief
minor
woman
like
appellant
years
old
dependent
upon
parent
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difference
allegations
instant
appellant
intervenor
latter
express
allegation
parental
notice
result
expulsion
home
destruction
relationship
parent
hansen
civil
findings
fact
conclusions
law
finally
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question
prior
decision
upholding
standing
physicians
challenge
abortion
restrictions
see
infra
essence
concludes
appellant
neglected
make
specific
allegations
situation
lacks
personal
stake
controversy
needed
confer
standing
advance
overbreadth
argument
ante
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harris
mcrae
majority
thus
assumes
plaintiff
raising
overbreadth
challenge
abortion
statute
must
allege
falls
within
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overbroad
reach
quotation
harris
actually
refers
entirely
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kind
standing
issue
plaintiffs
lacked
standing
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allege
position
either
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receive
medicaid
thus
lacked
concrete
adverseness
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challenge
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cases
cited
point
harris
apply
instant
appeal
see
littleton
plaintiffs
lack
standing
failure
allege
specific
injury
bailey
patterson
petitioners
lack
standing
enjoin
criminal
prosecutions
mississippi
statutes
since
allege
prosecuted
threatened
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standing
limitation
overbreadth
challenges
abortion
statute
roots
context
hardly
analogous
instant
case
frequently
ruled
criminal
defendants
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challenge
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indisputedly
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legitimate
core
national
dairy
products
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williams
rulings
bear
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relationship
appellant
challenge
state
restriction
exercise
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right
see
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
doe
bolton
relevant
believe
analysis
standing
claim
statute
overbreadth
affects
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liberties
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first
amendment
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facial
overbreadth
challenges
without
showing
moving
party
conduct
falls
within
protected
core
gooding
wilson
coates
cincinnati
robel
shuttlesworth
city
birmingham
cox
louisiana
aptheker
secretary
state
kunz
new
york
see
also
reese
facial
challenge
fifteenth
amendment
see
supra
question
exceptions
parental
notice
requirement
necessary
minors
emancipated
custody
control
parents
see
infra
minors
able
demonstrate
maturity
purpose
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ante
see
also
bellotti
ii
powell
stevens
depart
view
made
explicit
justice
powell
opinion
bellotti
ii
supra
state
require
parental
notice
minor
best
interests
position
articulated
anew
today
justice
powell
ante
bolstered
majority
acknowledges
need
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notification
interferes
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medical
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ante
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open
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civil
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risk
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standing
challenge
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asserting
rights
patients
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
supra
doe
bolton
supra
griswold
connecticut
instant
case
application
prudential
rule
causes
undue
commingling
jurisdictional
merits
issues
interests
even
come
play
appellant
wishes
rebut
state
interests
asserted
appellant
established
burden
protected
interests
first
appellant
must
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merits
fundamental
right
privacy
consulting
physician
abortion
burdened
utah
statute
need
state
assert
countervailing
state
interests
include
promoting
family
autonomy
parental
authority
rebuttal
appellant
next
challenge
overbroad
means
employed
state
absolute
ban
regulates
abortion
decision
emancipated
mature
minors
others
whose
best
interests
call
abortion
without
parental
notice
thus
name
prudence
majority
standing
analysis
depends
upon
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merits
appellant
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three
professionals
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powell
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ante
appellant
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parents
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transcript
set
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ante
justice
powell
correctly
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ante
hearing
elicited
appellant
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essentially
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complaint
also
true
counsel
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appellees
trial
judge
regarding
appellant
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powell
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note
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specific
appellant
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duty
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parents
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trial
judge
ruled
statute
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regardless
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appellant
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judge
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ii
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eisen
carlisle
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federal
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action
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practice
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claims
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reviewing
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named
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tractor
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speech
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powell
app
cert
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barnett
grant
arkansas
ed
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board
ed
portland
arkansas
school
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difficult
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trial
judge
fact
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party
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subject
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challenged
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representative
see
also
carey
population
services
international
griswold
connecticut
zablocki
redhail
loving
virginia
skinner
oklahoma
ex
rel
williamson
see
also
cleveland
board
education
la
fleur
eisenstadt
baird
griswold
connecticut
supra
carey
population
services
international
supra
poe
ullman
harlan
dissenting
ban
contraception
intolerable
unjustifiable
invasion
privacy
conduct
intimate
concerns
individual
personal
life
see
also
union
pacific
botsford
right
held
sacred
carefully
guarded
common
law
right
every
individual
possession
control
person
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interference
others
unless
clear
unquestionable
authority
law
right
often
termed
right
let
alone
see
olmstead
brandeis
dissenting
quoted
approval
stanley
georgia
eisenstadt
baird
supra
defining
spheres
within
government
may
act
without
sufficient
justification
notion
privacy
emanates
totality
constitutional
scheme
live
poe
ullman
supra
douglas
dissenting
constitutional
rights
mature
come
magically
one
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age
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minors
well
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protected
constitution
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tinker
des
moines
school
gault
indeed
however
long
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state
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authority
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children
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prince
massachusetts
ginsberg
new
york
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
see
also
brown
board
education
children
entitled
equal
protection
schools
privacy
right
necessarily
guarantee
every
minor
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age
maturity
may
give
effective
consent
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pregnancy
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
supra
utah
however
assigns
consent
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woman
age
seeks
medical
care
utah
code
ann
subject
state
informed
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requirements
see
utah
code
ann
appeal
present
broad
issue
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state
require
parental
consent
surgical
procedure
minor
child
utah
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scope
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notice
requirement
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utah
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planning
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minors
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district
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financial
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motherhood
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right
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jones
supp
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grounds
appellees
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appellees
view
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parenthood
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danforth
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realization
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quilloin
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moore
east
cleveland
nothing
prevents
physician
encouraging
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parents
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record
contains
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appellant
situation
trial
judge
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evidence
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notice
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light
claim
notice
requirement
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exercise
right
choose
abortion
however
may
surmise
appellant
expects
family
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abortion
decision
indeed
transcript
evidentiary
hearing
quoted
ante
opinion
burger
demonstrates
consultation
social
worker
physician
lawyer
alter
appellant
steadfast
belief
discuss
issue
parents
records
cases
also
instructive
interference
posed
parents
exercise
minor
privacy
right
see
hansen
civil
utah
preliminary
relief
awarded
minor
alleging
parent
expelled
home
minor
sister
disclosed
facts
pregnancy
abortion
see
women
community
health
center
cohen
supp
expert
affidavits
parents
pressure
minor
causing
great
emotional
distress
otherwise
disrupting
family
relationship
baird
bellotti
supp
mass
uncontested
evidence
parents
insist
undesired
marriage
continuance
pregnancy
punishment
even
physically
harm
minor
wynn
carey
suggesting
problems
diane
del
ch
father
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grounds
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parent
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daughter
bear
child
deter
future
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see
margaret
edwards
supp
ed
la
parents
also
may
oppose
minor
decision
abort
smith
md
app
see
generally
furstenberg
unplanned
parenthood
social
consequences
teenage
childbearing
jolly
young
female
outside
law
teenage
women
juvenile
justice
system
changing
values
young
girl
becomes
pregnant
many
families
refuse
allow
back
home
osofsky
osofsky
teenage
pregnancy
psychosocial
considerations
clin
obstet
gynecol
see
also
bedger
teenage
pregnancy
large
majority
sampled
pregnant
minors
predict
parental
opposition
abortions
women
community
health
center
cohen
supra
affidavits
showing
parental
notice
may
cause
adolescent
delay
seeking
assistance
pregnancy
increasing
hazardousness
abortion
choose
one
cates
adolescent
abortions
adolescent
health
care
bracken
kasl
delay
seeking
induced
abortion
review
theoretical
analysis
obstet
gynecol
hofmann
consent
confidentiality
legal
ethical
implications
adolescent
medicine
medical
care
adolescent
gallagher
heald
garell
ed
decides
abort
first
trimester
pregnancy
minor
faces
serious
health
risks
roe
wade
benditt
abortion
family
planning
perspectives
cates
schulz
crimes
tyler
effect
delay
method
choice
risk
abortion
morbidity
family
planning
perspectives
decides
bear
child
health
risks
also
greater
first
trimester
abortion
cates
adolescent
health
care
supra
cates
tietze
standardized
mortality
rates
associated
legal
abortion
family
planning
perspectives
abortion
within
first
weeks
pregnancy
safer
carrying
pregnancy
term
earlier
safer
applies
abortions
family
planning
perspectives
see
also
zackler
andelman
bauer
young
adolescent
obstetric
risk
obstet
gynecol
complications
associated
childbirth
minors
women
community
health
center
cohen
supra
affidavits
minor
may
turn
illegal
abortion
rather
parents
notified
see
also
kahan
baker
freeman
effect
legalized
abortion
morbidity
resulting
criminal
abortion
obstet
gynecol
illegal
abortion
rate
drops
legal
abortion
available
minor
may
also
seek
abort
alice
department
social
welfare
cal
app
cal
rptr
holder
legal
issues
pediatrics
adolescent
medicine
even
commit
suicide
see
teicher
solution
chronic
problem
living
adolescent
attempted
suicide
current
issues
adolescent
psychiatry
schoolar
ed
study
showing
approximately
female
minors
attempt
suicide
believe
pregnant
presence
notice
requirement
merely
implementation
particular
case
signifies
intrusion
cf
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
availability
veto
exercise
veto
found
unconstitutional
despite
objection
today
past
expressly
declined
equate
notice
requirements
consent
requirements
ante
bellotti
ii
rejected
statute
authorizing
judicial
review
minor
abortion
decision
alternative
parental
consent
precisely
parent
notified
action
might
interfere
thus
justice
powell
wrote
four
members
district
recognized
parents
obstruct
perhaps
altogether
prevent
minor
right
go
reason
believe
majority
cases
consent
withheld
many
parents
hold
strong
views
subject
abortion
young
pregnant
minors
especially
living
home
particularly
vulnerable
parents
efforts
obstruct
abortion
access
thus
notice
requirement
produces
predictable
disincentives
choose
abort
harris
mcrae
marshall
dissenting
brennan
dissenting
also
direct
state
interference
protected
activity
quoting
approval
maher
roe
see
doe
bolton
invalidating
procedural
restrictions
availability
abortions
carey
population
services
international
partial
restrictions
access
contraceptives
subject
constitutional
challenge
regardless
personal
views
us
may
hold
privacy
right
definition
secures
latitude
choice
pregnant
minor
without
state
approval
one
decision
another
thus
justice
stevens
improperly
inverts
reasoning
decisions
reiterates
previous
view
importance
abortion
decision
points
state
interest
maximizing
probability
decision
made
correctly
full
understanding
consequences
either
alternative
ante
emphasis
added
see
text
accompanying
see
nn
supra
utah
permits
pregnant
minors
consent
medical
procedure
connection
pregnancy
childbirth
requires
parental
notice
abortion
compare
utah
code
ann
cf
zablocki
redhail
naacp
button
roe
wade
concluded
woman
privacy
right
may
tempered
important
state
interests
ultimately
applied
compelling
state
interest
test
commonly
used
reviewing
state
burdens
fundamental
rights
although
may
seem
minor
privacy
right
somehow
less
fundamental
may
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significant
state
interest
sensible
view
state
interests
inapplicable
adults
may
justify
burdening
minor
right
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
supra
roe
wade
supra
griswold
connecticut
appellees
also
argue
notice
requirement
furthers
legitimate
state
interests
enforcing
utah
criminal
laws
statutory
rape
fornication
adultery
incest
brief
appellees
interests
asserted
tenuous
considered
seriously
section
requires
physician
consider
factors
relevant
woman
upon
abortion
performed
including
limited
physical
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psychological
health
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age
familial
situation
names
addresses
two
licensed
adoption
agencies
state
utah
services
performed
agencies
nonagency
adoption
may
legally
arranged
details
development
unborn
children
abortion
procedures
including
foreseeable
complications
risks
nature
recuperation
period
factors
deems
relevant
voluntary
informed
consent
utah
code
ann
moreover
physician
licensed
state
recognized
state
capable
exercising
acceptable
clinical
judgment
fails
professional
censure
deprivation
license
available
remedies
doe
bolton
parties
conceded
much
oral
argument
tr
oral
arg
baffled
majority
statement
today
pregnant
girl
elects
carry
child
term
medical
decisions
made
entail
perhaps
none
potentially
grave
emotional
psychological
consequences
decision
abort
ante
choosing
participate
diagnostic
tests
involves
risks
mother
child
also
may
burden
pregnant
woman
knowledge
child
handicapped
see
national
institutes
health
prevention
embryonic
fetal
perinatal
disease
brent
harris
eds
risks
practice
modern
obstetrics
aladjem
ed
decision
undergo
surgery
save
child
life
certainly
carries
serious
emotional
psychological
consequences
pregnant
adolescent
decision
abort
instances
minor
confronts
task
calculating
medical
risks
also
issues
involved
giving
birth
child
see
unwed
adolescent
issues
include
future
educational
job
opportunities
well
immediate
problems
finding
financial
emotional
support
offspring
dependent
entirely
michael
sonoma
county
superior
post
nn
rehnquist
plurality
opinion
surgery
save
child
life
poses
greater
risks
mother
life
emotional
ethical
dimensions
medical
care
decision
assume
crisis
proportion
course
minors
mere
fact
pregnancy
experience
childbirth
produce
psychological
upheaval
flexible
regulations
defer
physician
judgment
provide
parental
notice
emergencies
proposed
standards
juvenile
justice
rights
minors
minor
consent
medical
care
physician
seek
obtain
minor
permission
notify
parent
notify
parent
minor
objection
failure
inform
seriously
jeopardize
health
minor
state
special
interest
encouraging
require
unmarried
pregnant
minor
seek
advice
parents
making
important
decision
whether
bear
child
ibid
notification
statute
per
se
impose
restriction
minor
decision
terminate
pregnancy
cf
utah
code
ann
woman
age
consent
medical
care
related
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see
generally
planned
parenthood
central
mo
danforth
state
may
delegate
absolute
veto
authority
parents
pregnant
minor
seeking
abortion
counseling
services
contrast
promote
family
dialogue
also
improve
minor
decisionmaking
process
appellant
example
consulted
counselor
supported
decision
role
counselors
significant
facilitating
pregnant
woman
adjustment
decisions
related
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see
smith
study
women
request
abortion
orthopsychiatry
interest
although
discussed
state
courts
subject
appellees
vigorous
argument
challenged
provision
fall
within
offenses
family
chapter
utah
criminal
code
ante
opinion
burger
also
provides
criminal
sanctions
bigamy
utah
code
ann
incest
adultery
fornication
nonsupport
sale
children
wynn
carey
note
minor
right
privacy
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state
action
danforth
carey
colum
rev
fact
minor
became
pregnant
sought
abortion
contrary
parents
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indicates
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parent
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entirely
believe
enforcing
single
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time
minor
near
majority
status
instrument
blunt
state
statute
extremely
unlikely
restore
parental
control
poe
gerstein
summarily
aff
thus
prince
massachusetts
held
even
parental
rights
protected
first
amendment
limited
state
interest
prohibiting
child
labor
see
wisconsin
yoder
discussing
prince
state
traditionally
exercises
parens
patriae
function
protecting
take
care
see
ginsberg
new
york
earliest
applications
parens
patriae
protected
children
objectionable
parents
wellesley
wellesley
bli
eng
see
generally
kleinfeld
balance
power
among
infants
parents
state
part
iii
family
every
state
enacted
legislation
defend
children
parental
abuse
wilcox
child
abuse
laws
past
present
future
forensic
sciences
contexts
issue
may
arise
varied
support
general
rule
appellees
cite
recent
decision
parham
support
claim
parents
presumed
competent
involved
minor
daughter
abortion
decision
decision
inapposite
case
several
respects
first
minor
child
parham
committed
mental
hospital
presumed
incompetent
make
commitment
decision
stewart
concurring
judgment
contrast
appellant
statute
presumed
competent
make
decision
whether
complete
abort
pregnancy
furthermore
parham
placed
critical
reliance
ultimately
determinative
independent
review
commitment
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medical
experts
physician
independent
medical
judgment
abortion
appellant
best
medical
interest
ultimate
defeated
notice
requirement
finally
justice
stewart
emphasized
opinion
concurring
judgment
parham
pregnant
minor
personal
substantive
right
decide
abortion
legislature
courts
adopted
principle
minor
may
become
freed
disabilities
status
time
release
parents
parental
obligations
prior
actual
date
majority
certain
acts
may
occasion
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see
cal
civ
code
ann
west
supp
emancipation
upon
marriage
entry
armed
services
utah
code
ann
supp
emancipation
upon
marriage
crook
crook
minor
may
become
partially
emancipated
partially
still
entitled
parental
assistance
see
katz
schroeder
sidman
emancipating
children
coming
legal
age
america
fam
several
statute
permit
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yale
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bellotti
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parents
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attempting
locate
notify
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majority
purports
draw
support
view
utah
statute
point
massachusetts
statute
construed
massachusetts
judicial
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ante
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medical
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old
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decision
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active
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ipso
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enough
consent
health
care
hofmann
supra
see
goldstein
yale
utah
code
ann
utah
code
ann
requires
voluntary
informed
written
consent
see
supra
cf
wynn
carey