sharpe
argued
november
decided
march
drug
enforcement
administration
dea
agent
patrolling
highway
area
surveillance
suspected
drug
trafficking
noticed
apparently
overloaded
pickup
truck
attached
camper
traveling
tandem
pontiac
respondent
savage
driving
truck
respondent
sharpe
driving
pontiac
following
two
vehicles
miles
agent
decided
make
investigative
stop
radioed
south
carolina
state
highway
patrol
assistance
officer
responded
dea
agent
continued
follow
two
vehicles
attempted
stop
vehicles
pontiac
pulled
side
road
truck
continued
pursued
state
officer
identifying
obtaining
identification
sharpe
dea
agent
attempted
radio
state
highway
patrol
officer
dea
agent
unable
contact
state
officer
see
stopped
truck
radioed
local
police
help
meantime
state
officer
stopped
truck
questioned
savage
told
held
dea
agent
arrived
agent
left
local
police
pontiac
arrived
scene
approximately
minutes
truck
stopped
confirming
suspicion
truck
overloaded
upon
smelling
marihuana
agent
opened
rear
camper
without
savage
permission
observed
number
bales
resembling
bales
marihuana
agent
seen
previous
investigations
agent
placed
savage
arrest
returning
pontiac
also
arrested
sharpe
chemical
tests
later
showed
bales
contained
marihuana
respondents
charged
federal
drug
offenses
district
denied
motion
suppress
contraband
convicted
appeals
reversed
holding
investigative
stops
failed
meet
fourth
amendment
requirement
brevity
governing
detentions
less
probable
cause
marihuana
suppressed
fruit
unlawful
seizures
held
detention
savage
clearly
met
fourth
amendment
standard
reasonableness
pp
evaluating
reasonableness
investigative
stop
examines
whether
officer
action
justified
inception
whether
reasonably
related
scope
circumstances
justified
interference
first
place
terry
ohio
first
part
inquiry
appeals
assumed
officers
articulable
reasonable
suspicion
respondents
engaged
marihuana
trafficking
record
abundantly
supports
assumption
given
circumstances
officers
attempted
stop
pontiac
truck
second
part
inquiry
brevity
investigative
detention
important
factor
determining
whether
detention
unreasonable
courts
must
also
consider
purposes
served
stop
well
time
reasonably
needed
effectuate
purposes
appeals
decision
effectively
establish
per
se
rule
detention
long
justified
terry
doctrine
result
clearly
fundamentally
odds
approach
area
pp
assessing
whether
detention
long
duration
justified
investigative
stop
appropriate
examine
whether
police
diligently
pursued
means
investigation
likely
confirm
dispel
suspicions
quickly
time
necessary
detain
defendant
dea
agent
diligently
pursued
investigation
clearly
delay
unnecessary
investigation
involved
pp
burger
delivered
opinion
white
blackmun
powell
rehnquist
joined
blackmun
filed
concurring
opinion
post
marshall
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
post
brennan
post
stevens
post
filed
dissenting
opinions
deputy
solicitor
general
frey
argued
cause
briefs
solicitor
general
lee
assistant
attorney
general
trott
elliott
schulder
patty
merkamp
stemler
mark
kadish
invitation
argued
cause
filed
brief
amicus
curiae
support
judgment
chief
justice
burger
delivered
opinion
granted
certiorari
decide
whether
individual
reasonably
suspected
engaging
criminal
activity
may
detained
period
minutes
detention
necessary
law
enforcement
officers
conduct
limited
investigation
suspected
criminal
activity
morning
june
agent
cooke
drug
enforcement
administration
dea
patrol
unmarked
vehicle
coastal
road
near
sunset
beach
north
carolina
area
surveillance
suspected
drug
trafficking
approximately
cooke
noticed
blue
pickup
truck
attached
camper
shell
traveling
highway
tandem
blue
pontiac
bonneville
respondent
savage
driving
pickup
respondent
sharpe
driving
pontiac
pontiac
also
carried
passenger
davis
charges
later
dropped
observing
truck
riding
low
rear
camper
bounce
sway
appreciably
truck
drove
bumps
around
curves
agent
cooke
concluded
heavily
loaded
quilted
material
covered
rear
side
windows
camper
cooke
suspicions
sufficiently
aroused
follow
two
vehicles
approximately
miles
proceeded
south
south
carolina
decided
make
investigative
stop
radioed
state
highway
patrol
assistance
officer
thrasher
driving
marked
patrol
car
responded
call
almost
immediately
thrasher
caught
procession
pontiac
pickup
turned
highway
onto
campground
road
cooke
thrasher
followed
two
vehicles
latter
drove
along
road
miles
hour
exceeding
speed
limit
miles
hour
road
eventually
looped
back
highway
onto
savage
sharpe
turned
continued
drive
south
point
four
vehicles
middle
lane
three
lanes
highway
agent
cooke
asked
officer
thrasher
signal
vehicles
stop
thrasher
pulled
alongside
pontiac
lead
turned
flashing
light
motioned
driver
pontiac
stop
sharpe
moved
pontiac
right
lane
pickup
truck
cut
pontiac
thrasher
patrol
car
nearly
hitting
patrol
car
continued
highway
thrasher
pursued
truck
cooke
pulled
behind
pontiac
cooke
approached
pontiac
identified
requested
identification
sharpe
produced
georgia
driver
license
bearing
name
raymond
pavlovich
cooke
attempted
radio
thrasher
determine
whether
successful
stopping
pickup
truck
unable
make
contact
several
minutes
apparently
thrasher
patrol
car
cooke
radioed
local
police
assistance
two
officers
myrtle
beach
police
department
arrived
minutes
later
asking
two
officers
maintain
situation
cooke
left
join
thrasher
meantime
thrasher
stopped
pickup
truck
mile
road
stopping
truck
thrasher
approached
revolver
drawn
ordered
driver
savage
get
assume
spread
eagled
position
side
truck
patted
thrasher
holstered
gun
asked
savage
driver
license
truck
vehicle
registration
savage
produced
florida
driver
license
bill
sale
truck
bearing
name
pavlovich
response
questions
thrasher
concerning
ownership
truck
savage
said
truck
belonged
friend
taking
shock
absorbers
repaired
thrasher
told
savage
held
arrival
cooke
thrasher
identified
dea
agent
savage
became
nervous
said
wanted
leave
requested
return
driver
license
thrasher
replied
savage
free
leave
time
agent
cooke
arrived
scene
approximately
minutes
truck
stopped
thrasher
handed
cooke
savage
license
bill
sale
truck
cooke
noted
bill
sale
bore
name
sharpe
license
cooke
identified
savage
dea
agent
said
thought
truck
loaded
marihuana
cooke
twice
sought
permission
search
camper
savage
declined
give
explaining
owner
truck
cooke
stepped
rear
truck
observing
sink
lower
confirmed
suspicion
probably
overloaded
put
nose
rear
window
covered
inside
reported
smell
marihuana
without
seeking
savage
permission
cooke
removed
keys
ignition
opened
rear
camper
observed
large
number
bales
resembling
bales
marihuana
cooke
seen
previous
investigations
agent
cooke
placed
savage
arrest
left
thrasher
cooke
returned
pontiac
arrested
sharpe
davis
approximately
minutes
elapsed
time
cooke
stopped
pontiac
time
returned
arrest
sharpe
davis
cooke
assembled
various
parties
vehicles
led
myrtle
beach
police
station
evening
dea
agents
took
truck
federal
building
charleston
south
carolina
several
days
later
cooke
supervised
unloading
truck
contained
bales
weighing
total
pounds
acting
without
search
warrant
cooke
eight
randomly
selected
bales
opened
sampled
chemical
tests
showed
samples
marihuana
sharpe
savage
charged
possession
controlled
substance
intent
distribute
violation
district
district
south
carolina
denied
respondents
motion
suppress
contraband
respondents
convicted
divided
panel
appeals
fourth
circuit
reversed
convictions
sharpe
majority
assumed
cooke
articulable
reasonable
suspicion
sharpe
savage
engaged
marijuana
trafficking
thrasher
stopped
pontiac
truck
held
investigative
stops
unlawful
failed
meet
requirement
brevity
thought
govern
detentions
less
probable
cause
ibid
basing
decision
solely
duration
respondents
detentions
majority
concluded
length
detentions
effectively
transformed
de
facto
arrests
without
bases
probable
cause
unreasonable
seizures
fourth
amendment
ibid
majority
determined
samples
marihuana
suppressed
fruit
respondents
unlawful
seizures
alternative
basis
decision
majority
held
warrantless
search
bales
taken
pickup
violated
robbins
california
judge
russell
dissented
grounds
majority
decision
government
petitioned
certiorari
asking
review
alternative
grounds
held
appeals
justify
suppression
granted
petition
vacated
judgment
appeals
remanded
case
consideration
light
intervening
decision
ross
sharpe
remand
divided
panel
appeals
reversed
convictions
majority
concluded
light
ross
required
disavow
alternative
holding
disapproving
warrantless
search
marihuana
bales
inding
ross
adversely
affect
primary
holding
detentions
two
defendants
constituted
illegal
seizures
readopted
prior
opinion
modified
ibid
majority
declined
reexamine
principal
holding
reargue
issues
addressed
detail
original
majority
dissenting
opinions
reasoning
action
complied
mandate
panel
assumed
ad
felt
reversal
order
said
judge
russell
dissented
granted
certiorari
reverse
ii
fourth
amendment
course
guarantee
searches
seizures
unreasonable
searches
seizures
authority
limits
amendment
apply
investigative
stops
vehicles
occurred
hensley
cortez
delaware
prouse
terry
ohio
adopted
dual
inquiry
evaluating
reasonableness
investigative
stop
approach
examine
whether
officer
action
justified
inception
whether
reasonably
related
scope
circumstances
justified
interference
first
place
necessary
us
decide
whether
length
sharpe
detention
unreasonable
detention
bears
causal
relation
agent
cooke
discovery
marihuana
marihuana
savage
pickup
sharpe
pontiac
contraband
introduced
respondents
trial
logically
considered
fruit
sharpe
detention
issue
case
whether
reasonable
circumstances
facing
agent
cooke
officer
thrasher
detain
savage
whose
vehicle
contained
challenged
evidence
approximately
minutes
conclude
detention
savage
clearly
meets
fourth
amendment
standard
reasonableness
appeals
question
reasonableness
officer
thrasher
agent
cooke
conduct
detention
savage
rather
concluded
length
detention
alone
transformed
terry
stop
de
facto
arrest
counsel
respondents
amicus
curiae
assert
conclusion
principal
argument
relying
particularly
upon
decisions
dunaway
new
york
florida
royer
place
reliance
misplaced
dunaway
police
picked
murder
suspect
neighbor
home
brought
police
station
interrogated
hour
confessed
state
conceded
police
lacked
probable
cause
picked
suspect
sought
justify
warrantless
detention
interrogation
investigative
stop
rejected
argument
concluding
defendant
detention
important
respects
indistinguishable
traditional
arrest
dunaway
simply
inapposite
concerned
length
defendant
detention
events
occurring
detention
royer
government
agents
stopped
defendant
airport
seized
luggage
took
small
room
used
questioning
search
luggage
revealed
narcotics
held
defendant
detention
constituted
arrest
see
plurality
opinion
powell
concurring
ibid
brennan
concurring
result
dunaway
though
focus
primarily
facts
duration
defendant
detention
particularly
fact
police
confined
defendant
small
airport
room
questioning
plurality
royer
note
investigative
detention
must
temporary
last
longer
necessary
effectuate
purpose
stop
followed
similar
approach
place
case
law
enforcement
agents
stopped
defendant
arrival
airport
seized
luggage
minutes
take
narcotics
detection
dog
sniff
test
decided
investigative
seizure
personal
property
justified
terry
doctrine
length
detention
respondent
luggage
alone
precludes
conclusion
seizure
reasonable
absence
probable
cause
however
rationale
underlying
conclusion
premised
fact
police
knew
respondent
arrival
time
several
hours
beforehand
assumed
police
arranged
trained
narcotics
dog
advance
thus
avoided
necessity
holding
respondent
luggage
minutes
assessing
effect
length
detention
take
account
whether
police
diligently
pursue
investigation
ibid
see
also
royer
supra
appeals
conclude
police
acted
less
diligently
unnecessarily
prolonged
savage
detention
place
royer
thus
provide
support
appeals
analysis
admittedly
terry
dunaway
royer
place
considered
together
may
instances
create
difficult
problems
distinguishing
investigative
stop
de
facto
arrest
obviously
investigative
stop
continues
indefinitely
point
longer
justified
investigative
stop
cases
impose
rigid
time
limitation
terry
stops
clear
brevity
invasion
individual
fourth
amendment
interests
important
factor
determining
whether
seizure
minimally
intrusive
justifiable
reasonable
suspicion
place
supra
emphasized
need
consider
law
enforcement
purposes
served
stop
well
time
reasonably
needed
effectuate
purposes
hensley
place
supra
michigan
summers
quoting
lafave
search
seizure
pp
much
bright
line
rule
desirable
evaluating
whether
investigative
detention
unreasonable
common
sense
ordinary
human
experience
must
govern
rigid
criteria
sought
make
clear
michigan
summers
supra
purpose
underlying
terry
stop
investigating
possible
criminal
activity
served
police
must
certain
circumstances
able
detain
individual
longer
brief
time
period
involved
terry
adams
williams
understand
desirability
providing
law
enforcement
authorities
clear
rule
guide
conduct
nevertheless
question
wisdom
rigid
time
limitation
limit
undermine
equally
important
need
allow
authorities
graduate
responses
demands
particular
situation
assessing
whether
detention
long
duration
justified
investigative
stop
consider
appropriate
examine
whether
police
diligently
pursued
means
investigation
likely
confirm
dispel
suspicions
quickly
time
necessary
detain
defendant
see
michigan
summers
supra
quoting
lafave
search
seizure
see
also
place
royer
making
assessment
take
care
consider
whether
police
acting
swiftly
developing
situation
cases
indulge
unrealistic
see
generally
post
brennan
dissenting
creative
judge
engaged
post
hoc
evaluation
police
conduct
almost
always
imagine
alternative
means
objectives
police
might
accomplished
fact
protection
public
might
abstract
accomplished
less
intrusive
means
render
search
unreasonable
cady
dombrowski
see
also
question
simply
whether
alternative
available
whether
police
acted
unreasonably
failing
recognize
pursue
readily
conclude
given
circumstances
facing
agent
cooke
pursued
investigation
diligent
reasonable
manner
savage
detention
cooke
attempting
contact
thrasher
enlisting
help
local
police
remained
sharpe
cooke
left
pursue
officer
thrasher
pickup
cooke
reached
officer
thrasher
savage
proceeded
expeditiously
within
space
minutes
examined
savage
driver
license
truck
bill
sale
requested
denied
permission
search
truck
stepped
rear
bumper
noted
truck
move
confirming
suspicion
probably
overloaded
detected
odor
marihuana
clearly
case
involve
delay
unnecessary
legitimate
investigation
law
enforcement
officers
respondents
presented
evidence
officers
dilatory
investigation
delay
case
attributable
almost
entirely
evasive
actions
savage
sought
elude
police
sharpe
moved
pontiac
side
road
except
savage
maneuvers
short
certainly
permissible
detention
likely
taken
place
somewhat
longer
detention
simply
result
graduate
respons
demands
particular
situation
place
supra
reject
contention
stop
unreasonable
police
acted
diligently
suspect
actions
contribute
added
delay
complains
judgment
appeals
reversed
case
remanded
proceedings
consistent
opinion
reversed
remanded
footnotes
granted
certiorari
june
august
counsel
respondents
notified
respondents
become
fugitives
october
directed
counsel
respondents
file
brief
amicus
curiae
support
affirmance
appeals
judgment
reversal
appeals
judgment
may
lead
reinstatement
respondents
convictions
respondents
fugitive
status
render
case
moot
see
molinaro
new
jersey
per
curiam
justice
stevens
adopt
rule
whenever
respondent
appellee
becomes
fugitive
render
decision
must
vacate
judgment
review
remand
directions
dismiss
appeal
theory
supported
precedents
indeed
break
recent
decision
line
authority
upon
dissent
relies
concerns
situation
fugitive
defendant
party
seeking
review
different
cases
dismissal
petition
appeal
based
equitable
principle
fugitive
justice
disentitled
call
upon
review
conviction
see
molinaro
supra
see
also
estelle
dorrough
per
curiam
equitable
principle
wholly
irrelevant
defendant
conviction
nullified
government
seeks
review
thus
confronted
precisely
situation
florida
rodriguez
per
curiam
hesitate
reach
decide
merits
case
thought
decline
reach
every
constitutional
issue
might
become
moot
denied
certiorari
cf
eisler
murphy
dissenting
case
may
become
moot
defendant
return
distinguish
case
decide
subsequent
events
may
render
decision
nugatory
agent
cooke
observed
vehicles
travelling
tandem
miles
area
near
coast
known
frequented
drug
traffickers
cooke
testified
pickup
trucks
camper
shells
often
used
transport
large
quantities
marihuana
app
savage
pickup
truck
appeared
heavily
loaded
windows
camper
covered
quilted
material
rather
curtains
finally
vehicles
took
evasive
actions
started
speeding
soon
officer
thrasher
began
following
marked
car
see
supra
perhaps
none
facts
standing
alone
give
rise
reasonable
suspicion
taken
together
appraised
experienced
law
enforcement
officer
provided
clear
justification
stop
vehicles
pursue
limited
investigation
pertinent
facts
relied
dunaway
defendant
taken
private
dwelling
transported
unwillingly
police
station
subjected
custodial
interrogation
resulting
confession
see
appropriate
officer
thrasher
hold
savage
brief
period
pending
cooke
arrival
thrasher
certain
aware
facts
aroused
cooke
suspicions
highway
patrolman
lacked
cooke
training
experience
dealing
narcotics
investigations
situation
realistically
said
thrasher
state
patrolman
called
assist
federal
agent
making
stop
acted
unreasonably
release
savage
based
solely
limited
investigation
situation
without
consent
agent
cooke
even
inferred
savage
attempting
elude
police
drove
car
thrasher
patrol
car
sharpe
pontiac
process
nearly
hitting
patrol
car
see
app
assumption
alter
analysis
conclusion
significance
savage
actions
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anderson
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ante
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presented
whether
odor
creates
probable
cause
also
justifies
warrantless
search
see
johnson
dors
alone
authorize
search
without
warrant
issue
decided
johns
warrantless
search
justified
automobile
exception
created
ross
course
disagree
theory
ross
see
marshall
dissenting
concur
judgment
question
presented
validity
warrantless
search
seizure
bales
removed
truck
driven
savage
justice
brennan
dissenting
respondent
william
sharpe
passenger
pulled
side
highway
concededly
without
probable
cause
held
minutes
much
time
back
seat
police
cruiser
ultimately
arrested
informed
charges
meantime
respondent
donald
savage
stopped
mile
road
also
according
without
probable
cause
ordered
pickup
truck
gunpoint
frisked
questioned
detaining
patrolman
kenneth
thrasher
suspected
shipment
marihuana
vehicle
although
savage
repeatedly
asked
released
thrasher
held
almost
minutes
dea
agent
luther
cooke
officer
stopped
sharpe
back
road
arrive
sniff
vehicle
windows
determine
whether
smell
suspected
marihuana
thrasher
later
conceded
savage
custodial
arrest
entire
time
record
today
concludes
lengthy
detentions
constituted
reasonable
investigative
stops
within
meaning
terry
ohio
explains
although
length
investigative
stop
made
without
probable
cause
may
point
become
excessive
violate
fourth
amendment
primary
inquiry
must
nevertheless
whether
investigating
officers
acted
diligently
pursuing
stop
longer
necessary
legitimate
investigation
law
enforcement
officers
ante
reasons
terry
brevity
requirement
fact
concept
may
expanded
outward
depending
law
enforcement
purposes
served
stop
ante
applying
analysis
instant
case
concludes
lengthy
detentions
sharpe
savage
reasonable
delay
fault
savage
contends
sought
elude
police
speeding
away
signaled
stop
savage
taken
evasive
actions
agent
cooke
questioned
sharpe
savage
together
short
certainly
permissible
detention
likely
taken
place
ante
dissent
previously
expressed
views
permissible
scope
duration
terry
stops
need
recount
views
detail
today
see
place
brennan
concurring
result
kolender
lawson
brennan
concurring
florida
royer
brennan
concurring
result
write
length
however
believe
opinion
illustrates
several
disturbing
trends
disposition
cases
involving
rights
citizens
accused
crime
first
increasingly
tends
reach
decide
issues
facts
case
recounts
example
propriety
lengthy
detentions
appear
governed
terry
line
cases
opinion
therefore
little
pages
dicta
second
late
shows
increasing
eagerness
make
purely
factual
findings
first
instance
convenient
support
desired
result
example
conclusion
case
savage
sought
elude
police
de
novo
factual
determination
resting
record
ambiguous
best
finally
criminal
cases
increasingly
evaded
plain
requirements
precedents
stand
way
judgment
government
terry
stop
upheld
example
government
must
show
minimum
least
intrusive
means
reasonably
available
used
carrying
stop
florida
royer
supra
opinion
white
government
made
showing
bald
assertion
learly
case
involve
delay
unnecessary
legitimate
law
enforcement
ante
completely
undermined
record
us
portrays
circumstances
leading
detentions
studied
flourish
sharpe
savage
stopped
told
took
evasive
actions
started
speeding
soon
officer
thrasher
began
following
marked
car
ante
two
signaled
stop
savage
pickup
truck
cut
pontiac
thrasher
patrol
car
nearly
hitting
patrol
car
continued
highway
ante
savage
words
sought
elude
police
sharpe
moved
pontiac
side
road
ante
result
savage
evasive
actions
maneuvers
thrasher
chase
leave
agent
cooke
sharpe
thereby
laying
groundwork
challenged
delay
ibid
facts
relates
readily
apparent
insists
using
case
vehicle
expanding
outer
bounds
terry
investigative
stops
thought
rather
well
established
police
officers
reasonably
suspect
individual
may
engaged
criminal
activity
individual
deliberately
takes
flight
officers
attempt
stop
question
officers
generally
longer
mere
reasonable
suspicion
probable
cause
arrest
see
peters
new
york
decided
together
sibron
new
york
companion
case
terry
eliberately
furtive
actions
flight
approach
strangers
law
officers
strong
indicia
mens
rea
coupled
specific
knowledge
part
officer
relating
suspect
evidence
crime
proper
factors
considered
decision
make
arrest
see
also
kolender
lawson
supra
brennan
concurring
ome
reactions
individuals
properly
limited
terry
encounter
flight
may
often
provide
necessary
information
addition
officers
already
possess
constitute
probable
cause
henry
suspicious
circumstances
ripen
probable
cause
defendants
movements
car
mark
fleeing
men
men
acting
furtively
husty
prompt
attempt
escape
hailed
officers
coupled
suspicious
evidence
ripened
probable
cause
course
flight
alone
give
rise
probable
cause
must
coupled
reasonable
articulable
suspicion
see
lafave
search
seizure
act
flight
must
reasonably
appear
response
presence
authorities
however
accepts
questionable
premise
officers
already
reasonable
suspicion
decided
stop
vehicles
boldly
concludes
sharpe
savage
started
speeding
thrasher
approach
savage
sought
elude
police
thrasher
attempted
stop
savage
took
evasive
actions
ante
thus
facts
describes
inclined
view
detention
reasonableness
stops
terry
appear
us
failure
even
consider
question
probable
cause
baffling
ultimately
keeping
recent
practice
terry
cases
reaching
far
beyond
required
resolve
cases
hand
immediately
impose
views
without
bother
abiding
necessarily
gradual
pace
decisionmaking
see
place
brennan
concurring
result
florida
royer
brennan
concurring
result
ii
opinion
flawed
another
critical
respect
discussion
savage
purported
attempt
elude
police
amounts
nothing
de
novo
factual
finding
made
record
best
hopelessly
ambiguous
neither
district
appeals
ever
found
savage
actions
constituted
evasion
flight
nevertheless
engage
de
novo
factfinding
submit
taken
insufficient
account
several
factors
first
savage
actions
continuing
drive
highway
well
entirely
consistent
driver
sees
police
hail
someone
front
side
road
sharpe
pontiac
least
several
car
lengths
front
savage
pickup
truck
thrasher
thought
separation
car
length
two
cooke
testified
distance
anywhere
feet
record
approaching
lane
thrasher
pulled
even
sharpe
lead
vehicle
turned
blue
light
blew
siren
motioned
pull
emphasis
added
savage
moved
right
lane
avoid
hitting
thrasher
slowing
along
sharpe
continued
way
neither
cooke
thrasher
ever
testified
savage
sought
elude
nothing
necessarily
inconsistent
actions
motorist
happens
behind
vehicle
pulled
side
road
view
record
strongly
reinforced
thrasher
inability
stand
give
responsive
answer
question
say
pickup
truck
attempting
allude
sic
passed
thinking
stopped
car
thrasher
replied
nonanswer
ell
across
partially
two
lanes
got
lane
ibid
observation
made
motorist
driving
finally
ail
ure
stop
motor
vehicle
signaled
vehicle
independent
traffic
violation
south
carolina
thrasher
testified
savage
guilty
number
traffic
violations
asked
specify
violations
enumerated
savage
speeding
campground
pickup
truck
improper
license
tags
savage
fact
signaled
stop
truck
taken
evasive
actions
sought
elude
police
ante
find
curious
thrasher
include
actions
litany
savage
traffic
offenses
none
factors
singularly
together
show
beyond
doubt
savage
proceeded
innocently
past
stop
sharpe
given
government
burden
prove
facts
justifying
duration
investigative
detention
florida
royer
supra
opinion
white
given
courts
never
found
savage
sought
elude
authorities
conclusion
contrary
extremely
disturbing
believe
citizens
deemed
forfeited
important
fourth
amendment
safeguards
basis
cold
record
ambiguous
one
us
today
opinion
unfortunately
representative
growing
number
instances
willing
make
de
novo
factual
findings
criminal
cases
convenient
support
decisions
even
time
inclination
engage
conscientious
detailed
examination
record
required
fairly
making
purely
factual
judgments
sort
hasting
stevens
concurring
judgment
exercises
authority
nevertheless
improper
institutional
role
context
focused
resolving
important
questions
federal
law
ensuring
clarity
uniformity
legal
doctrine
young
ante
brennan
concurring
part
dissenting
part
rather
serving
prosecution
factfinder
last
resort
iii
shown
savage
sought
elude
police
agree
constitutional
propriety
detentions
governed
terry
progeny
precedents
lead
inexorably
conclusion
investigative
actions
issue
violated
fourth
amendment
fourth
circuit
emphasized
lengthy
detentions
sharpe
savage
accord
terry
threshold
brevity
requirement
even
length
detentions
alone
compel
affirmance
fourth
circuit
judgment
today
evaded
requirement
terry
precedents
investigative
methods
employed
least
intrusive
means
reasonably
available
verify
dispel
officer
suspicion
short
period
time
government
bears
burden
demonstrating
objectively
infeasible
investigate
expeditious
way
florida
royer
opinion
white
record
us
demonstrates
least
four
reasons
government
carried
burden
first
assuming
savage
break
away
officers
taking
evasive
actions
elude
instance
terry
case
government
demonstrated
two
trained
law
enforcement
officers
driving
separate
vehicles
equipped
flashing
lights
carried
stop
pontiac
pickup
truck
manner
ensure
vehicles
stopped
together
reasonable
methods
bringing
proximate
stop
two
vehicles
readily
come
mind
methods
particularly
important
assumes
officers
knew
cooke
capable
carrying
investigation
second
officers
believed
suspected
marihuana
savage
pickup
truck
cooke
capable
investigating
presence
marihuana
loss
cooke
follow
truck
leave
thrasher
pontiac
rather
vice
versa
third
government
offered
plausible
explanation
thrasher
trained
south
carolina
highway
patrolman
carried
limited
terry
investigation
savage
pickup
truck
however
makes
bold
de
novo
factual
finding
contrary
appropriate
officer
thrasher
hold
savage
brief
period
pending
cooke
arrival
thrasher
certain
aware
facts
aroused
cooke
suspicions
highway
patrolman
lacked
cooke
training
experience
dealing
narcotics
investigations
ante
finally
record
strongly
suggests
delay
may
attributable
large
measure
poor
investigative
coordination
botched
communications
part
dea
drug
enforcement
agents
swarming
throughout
immediate
area
morning
savage
sharpe
detained
conducting
numerous
roadblocks
profile
stops
campers
recreational
vehicles
similar
savage
see
supra
even
accepting
dubious
premise
highway
patrolman
somehow
incapable
carrying
simple
investigative
stop
clear
cooke
followed
sharpe
savage
minutes
knowing
stop
offing
obtained
assistance
dea
agents
fact
precisely
attempted
repeatedly
tried
contact
area
dea
headquarters
complained
police
radio
ca
raise
anybody
else
right
defendant
ex
transcription
asked
local
police
dispatcher
telephone
dea
office
ask
anybody
contact
dea
frequency
dispatcher
reported
line
busy
local
police
units
sent
headquarters
tell
people
get
telephone
units
arrived
learned
one
mar
vista
motel
ibid
additional
units
sent
motel
get
people
sack
ibid
agents
apparently
eventually
located
motel
pancake
house
time
cooke
returned
pontiac
complete
arrests
several
dea
agents
waiting
assist
record
meantime
course
cooke
request
thrasher
local
backup
far
demonstrating
investigative
stops
carried
expeditious
way
using
reasonably
available
investigative
methods
florida
royer
opinion
white
record
case
therefore
strongly
suggests
custodial
detentions
accurately
characterized
resulting
hopelessly
bungled
communications
thrasher
unwillingness
tread
cooke
investigative
turf
mean
suggest
cooke
thrasher
bore
entire
blame
delays
cooke
fault
dea
backups
apparently
sleeping
eating
breakfast
rather
monitoring
radios
calls
thrasher
might
well
felt
place
carry
investigation
apparently
fully
capable
conducting
constitutional
rights
easily
balanced
away
simply
individual
officers
may
subjectively
acting
good
faith
especially
objective
evaluation
facts
suggests
unnecessarily
intrusive
exercise
police
power
must
remember
fourth
amendment
values
stake
framers
understood
ncontrolled
search
seizure
one
first
effective
weapons
arsenal
every
arbitrary
government
mong
deprivations
rights
none
effective
cowing
population
crushing
spirit
individual
putting
terror
every
heart
brinegar
jackson
dissenting
framers
accordingly
provided
individuals
shall
arrested
detained
probable
cause
standard
roots
deep
history
henry
grounded
practical
nontechnical
conception
affording
best
compromise
found
accommodating
often
opposing
interests
effective
law
enforcement
individual
rights
brinegar
supra
requiring
arrests
made
probable
cause
framers
sought
preclude
custodial
detentions
resulting
solely
common
rumor
report
suspicion
even
strong
reason
suspect
henry
supra
terry
progeny
depart
safeguard
sorts
limited
intrusions
wrought
encounters
fall
far
short
kind
intrusion
associated
arrest
dunaway
new
york
detaining
officers
therefore
may
briefly
question
individuals
ask
explain
suspicious
circumstances
detention
search
must
based
consent
probable
cause
emphasis
added
terry
brevity
requirement
thus
functions
important
constitutional
safeguard
prevents
investigative
stop
transformed
custodial
detention
merely
law
enforcement
purposes
served
stop
considered
important
ante
absent
rigorously
enforced
brevity
requirement
terry
rationale
threaten
swallow
general
rule
fourth
amendment
seizures
reasonable
based
probable
cause
dunaway
new
york
supra
justice
marshall
cogently
discusses
today
brevity
requirement
also
serves
compel
law
enforcement
agencies
structure
terry
encounters
employing
resources
methods
necessary
minimize
intrusions
worked
encounters
ante
concurring
judgment
similarly
royer
requirement
prosecution
demonstrate
terry
stop
carried
expeditious
way
using
reasonably
available
investigative
methods
opinion
white
operates
ensure
law
enforcement
agencies
commit
manpower
training
resources
necessary
guarantee
investigative
detentions
carried
least
intrusive
manner
possible
may
protest
requirements
impede
unduly
law
enforcement
surely
reasonable
tradeoffs
authority
seize
detain
citizens
less
probable
cause
may
tempting
relax
requirements
defendant
believed
guilty
standards
prescribe
guilty
define
authority
police
detaining
innocent
well
cf
brinegar
supra
jackson
dissenting
search
brinegar
car
must
regarded
search
car
everyman
connection
particularly
disturbed
suggestion
might
constitutionally
reasonable
highway
patrolman
hold
motorist
terry
suspicion
pending
arrival
officer
training
experience
ante
course
correct
emphasizing
cooke
much
expert
drug
detection
thrasher
imagine
great
many
roadside
stop
situations
might
make
good
police
sense
detaining
officer
hold
motorist
indefinitely
without
probable
cause
officer
expert
interrogator
drive
city
conduct
brief
questioning
authorized
terry
experienced
sergeant
summoned
render
second
opinion
trained
narcotics
dog
owned
adjacent
county
driven
sniff
around
windows
also
imagine
circumstances
given
limited
number
patrol
cars
community
officer
might
prefer
handcuff
person
stopped
investigative
questioning
lamppost
officer
responded
emergency
call
actions
might
preferable
law
enforcement
standpoint
framers
enact
fourth
amendment
investigative
powers
authorities
however
curtail
terry
exception
safeguard
must
expanded
point
constitutionality
citizen
detention
turns
whether
individual
officers
coping
best
given
inadequate
training
marginal
resources
negligent
supervision
botched
communications
precedents
require
demonstration
government
infeasible
conduct
training
ensure
smooth
communications
commit
sort
resources
minimized
intrusions
place
florida
royer
opinion
white
today
evaded
requirements
failed
even
acknowledge
evidence
bungling
miscommunication
reasonable
investigative
alternatives
pronounced
simply
individual
officers
acted
diligently
ante
thus
moved
step
two
appears
emerging
tendency
part
convert
terry
decision
general
statement
fourth
amendment
requires
seizure
reasonable
place
supra
blackmun
concurring
judgment
balancing
process
judicial
thumb
apparently
planted
firmly
law
enforcement
side
scales
iv
justice
douglas
lone
dissenter
terry
warned
powerful
hydraulic
pressures
throughout
history
bear
heavily
water
constitutional
guarantees
give
police
upper
hand
hydraulic
pressures
readily
apparent
outcome
case
eschewed
narrow
grounds
decision
expand
bounds
terry
engaged
questionable
de
novo
factfinding
violation
proper
mission
either
ignored
misconstrued
numerous
factors
record
call
question
reasonableness
custodial
detentions
evaded
requirements
squarely
governing
precedents
breed
decisionmaking
breaches
faith
high
constitutional
duty
prevent
wholesale
intrusions
upon
personal
security
citizenry
davis
mississippi
dissent
concurring
plurality
result
royer
argued
fourth
amendment
requires
even
stringent
standard
lawful
stop
must
strictly
limited
difficult
conceive
less
intrusive
means
effective
accomplish
purpose
stop
see
generally
lafave
search
seizure
already
exists
significant
degree
suspicion
concerning
particular
person
flight
individual
upon
approach
police
may
taken
account
may
well
elevate
suspicion
requisite
fourth
amendment
level
probable
cause
representative
federal
state
cases
applying
principle
include
event
transformed
agents
reasonable
suspicion
probable
cause
martinez
manifestation
guilt
evidenced
flight
agents
back
apartment
agents
approached
talk
green
app
gomez
cert
denied
vasquez
cert
denied
people
amick
cal
app
cal
rptr
people
holdman
cert
denied
commonwealth
ortiz
mass
people
kreichman
attempt
stop
vehicle
reasonable
suspicion
followed
chase
created
probable
cause
commonwealth
dennis
super
otherwise
anyone
desire
talk
police
either
walks
runs
away
always
subject
legal
arrest
hardly
countenanced
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
lafave
supra
quoting
margeson
supp
ed
compare
wong
sun
hen
officer
insufficiently
unclearly
identifies
office
mission
occupant
flight
door
must
regarded
ambiguous
conduct
people
amick
supra
cal
police
right
assume
time
driver
passengers
knew
law
enforcement
officials
wanted
talk
upon
pursued
black
white
unit
officer
kapphahn
red
spotlight
siren
little
doubt
occupants
knew
pursued
officers
although
failed
stop
continued
quarter
mile
forced
stop
see
infra
south
carolina
code
provides
shall
unlawful
motor
vehicle
driver
driving
road
street
highway
state
fail
stop
signaled
vehicle
means
siren
flashing
light
attempt
increase
speed
vehicle
manner
avoid
pursuing
vehicle
signaled
siren
flashing
light
shall
constitute
prima
facie
evidence
violation
section
appeals
discuss
issue
one
way
closest
district
came
passing
question
ambiguous
statement
colloquy
stop
took
little
longer
taken
created
problem
record
reference
arguably
sharpe
savage
construction
tenuous
given
previous
comment
stop
took
longer
taken
seems
addressed
actions
officers
government
quite
properly
never
sought
distill
ambiguous
remark
finding
savage
took
evasive
actions
sought
elude
police
see
oregon
elstad
ante
brennan
dissenting
young
ante
brennan
concurring
part
dissenting
part
hasting
stevens
concurring
judgment
like
justice
marshall
ante
concurring
judgment
understand
feels
compelled
decide
district
finding
reasonable
suspicion
abundantly
supported
record
ante
appeals
merely
assumed
finding
proper
sake
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question
presented
consideration
district
considered
issue
real
close
question
emphasized
great
reluctance
merits
found
government
barely
established
reasonable
suspicion
greater
weight
evidence
shown
sufficient
suspicion
beyond
reasonable
doubt
record
taken
insufficient
account
several
factors
first
detentions
little
profile
stops
similar
numerous
stops
campers
recreational
vehicles
carried
dea
general
area
day
question
none
questionable
profile
stops
turned
evidence
wrongdoing
see
also
dea
set
roadblocks
particular
area
stop
number
vehicles
roadblocks
second
nothing
record
support
assertion
sharpe
savage
started
speeding
soon
officer
thrasher
began
following
marked
car
ante
see
ante
marshall
concurring
judgment
extent
suggests
attempting
speed
away
thrasher
approach
factual
finding
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thrasher
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sharpe
savage
stopped
every
stop
sign
traffic
light
encountered
lawful
conduct
hardly
comports
notions
attempt
elude
authorities
record
finally
appears
strongly
reason
profile
stops
made
cooke
reasonable
suspicions
hardened
run
gas
see
defendant
ex
pp
cooke
discussion
thrasher
police
radio
going
pretty
quick
go
gas
want
try
run
like
take
pontiac
anything
go
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suspicion
like
least
driver
passenger
district
perceptively
observed
possibly
sic
basic
reason
stopping
cooke
run
gas
record
fourth
circuit
held
length
detentions
effectively
transformed
de
facto
arrests
without
bases
probable
cause
unreasonable
seizures
fourth
amendment
officer
thrasher
conceded
savage
custodial
arrest
entire
stop
record
far
merely
brief
narrowly
circumscribed
intrusions
authorized
terry
line
authority
detentions
important
respects
indistinguishable
traditional
arrest
exception
cover
seizure
intrusive
case
threaten
swallow
general
rule
fourth
amendment
seizures
reasonable
based
probable
cause
dunaway
new
york
see
also
ante
marshall
concurring
judgment
previously
argued
believe
absence
less
intrusive
means
make
otherwise
unreasonable
stop
reasonable
florida
royer
concurring
result
see
also
supra
thrasher
driving
marked
police
car
cooke
unmarked
vehicle
carried
portable
flashing
light
attached
dash
see
record
stand
officers
disagreed
one
responsible
questionable
decision
cooke
supposedly
officer
charge
insisted
thrasher
told
get
pontiac
ibid
thrasher
hand
maintained
cooke
said
stay
pontiac
conway
highway
patrol
dispatch
communications
transcript
demonstrates
thrasher
told
cooke
ake
pontiac
get
truck
defendant
ex
see
transcription
exchanges
discussing
known
offloading
marihuana
night
vehicles
movements
appearance
vehicles
record
cooke
conversed
thrasher
attempted
tell
encountered
cooke
asked
professional
opinion
way
truck
riding
thrasher
responded
loaded
got
load
something
cooke
replied
enough
reason
stop
thrasher
answered
affirmative
say
word
defendant
ex
see
also
record
thrasher
suspected
truck
may
marihuana
camper
windows
covered
quilts
camper
appeared
overloaded
thrasher
knew
truck
suspected
carrying
marihuana
fourth
circuit
assumed
without
deciding
odor
raw
marijuana
may
provide
probable
cause
search
vehicle
legitimately
stopped
justice
marshall
notes
question
presented
case
whether
odor
creates
probable
cause
also
justifies
warrantless
search
ante
concurring
judgment
see
johns
brennan
dissenting
cooke
claimed
smelled
marijuana
savage
asked
thrasher
opinion
see
record
remember
savage
saying
cooke
smell
marijuana
let
get
second
opinion
officer
remember
talking
getting
second
opinion
yes
sir
believe
might
thrasher
recall
follow
request
responded
insisting
thrasher
certain
aware
facts
therefore
justified
detaining
savage
indefinitely
ante
pointed
anything
support
bald
de
novo
finding
squarely
contradicted
record
see
supra
addition
reasoning
flies
directly
face
fourth
amendment
requires
authorities
ground
conduct
known
time
actions
rather
might
subsequently
turn
see
henry
arrest
justified
subsequent
search
discloses
johnson
unprecedented
suggestion
contrary
threatens
obliterate
one
fundamental
distinctions
form
government
officers
law
law
ibid
enough
thrasher
possessed
whatever
reasonable
suspicion
cooke
fully
position
conduct
sniffing
investigation
cooke
later
undertook
response
dissent
offers
several
justifications
failure
consult
record
making
de
novo
factual
determinations
first
asserts
judges
indulge
unrealistic
police
conduct
ante
nothing
unrealistic
requiring
police
officers
pursue
least
intrusive
means
reasonably
available
detaining
citizens
less
probable
cause
florida
royer
opinion
white
duty
courts
every
fourth
amendment
case
determine
whether
police
conduct
satisfied
constitutional
standards
moreover
public
understandably
perplexed
ignores
record
refuses
engage
police
conduct
challenged
simultaneously
engages
defendant
conduct
necessary
ensure
verdict
government
addition
attempts
slip
astonishing
assertion
even
textual
discussion
savage
actions
completely
untrue
alter
analysis
conclusion
ante
emphasis
added
contends
whether
innocent
purposeful
savage
conduct
made
necessary
length
detentions
ibid
emphasis
added
authorities
reasonably
carry
stops
however
savage
continued
driving
innocent
conduct
ibid
logically
constitutionally
intolerable
hold
savage
waived
important
fourth
amendment
rights
events
innocent
fault
cf
leon
brennan
dissenting
noting
increasing
resort
analyses
costs
excluding
illegally
obtained
evidence
loom
exaggerated
heights
benefits
exclusion
made
disappear
mere
wave
hand
justice
stevens
dissenting
respondents
fugitives
status
raises
procedural
question
significance
merits
somewhat
questions
government
petition
certiorari
presented
procedural
question
important
escapes
persons
engaged
lucrative
business
smuggling
narcotics
apparently
uncommon
fugitive
status
litigants
may
impact
disposition
case
defendant
escapes
remains
large
appeal
pending
appeal
normally
dismissed
century
ago
smith
explained
rationale
type
disposition
clearly
within
discretion
refuse
hear
criminal
case
error
unless
convicted
party
suing
writ
made
respond
judgment
may
render
case
admitted
plaintiff
error
escaped
within
control
either
actually
custody
constructively
bail
affirm
judgment
likely
appear
submit
sentence
reverse
order
new
trial
appear
may
consider
interest
circumstances
inclined
hear
decide
may
prove
moot
case
record
establishes
respondents
apprehended
engaged
serious
flagrant
violation
law
appeal
appeals
based
claim
evidence
guilt
obtained
unlawful
search
claim
even
meritorious
establishes
neither
lack
culpability
fundamental
unfairness
trial
process
therefore
entirely
appropriate
conclude
fugitives
litigants
accorded
standing
advance
claim
appeal
true
escaped
appeal
pending
appeals
neither
litigants
made
respond
judgment
may
render
judgment
appeals
conclusion
respondents
appeal
meritorious
make
difference
ultimate
outcome
every
application
smith
rule
necessarily
assumes
appeal
may
meritorious
moreover
appeals
ruling
respondents
favor
preclude
possibility
disagree
short
purpose
deciding
whether
smith
rule
applies
believe
merits
appeal
entirely
disregarded
ante
reversal
appeals
judgment
may
lead
reinstatement
respondents
convictions
respondents
fugitive
status
render
case
moot
agree
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technically
moot
escape
however
may
compromise
adversary
character
litigation
lawyer
escapee
presumably
lost
contact
client
desire
vindicate
faithless
client
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control
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parties
case
risk
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process
function
effectively
counsels
deciding
merits
case
kind
correct
disposition
case
believe
treat
though
respondents
escape
mooted
appeal
vacate
judgment
appeals
direct
appeal
judgment
district
dismissed
consequences
escape
occurred
advance
appeals
decision
moreover
vacating
judgment
government
interest
eliminating
precedent
challenged
certiorari
petition
vindicated
finally
disposition
make
unnecessary
decide
constitutional
question
presented
matter
paramount
importance
one
adverse
consequence
disposition
propose
deprive
opportunity
write
opinion
fourth
amendment
case
summary
disposition
case
serve
interest
providing
additional
guidance
law
enforcement
community
regarding
interest
paramount
support
wholesale
adoption
practice
rendering
advisory
opinions
request
executive
practice
abjured
beginning
history
instead
opted
policy
judicial
restraint
studiously
avoiding
unnecessary
adjudication
constitutional
questions
correct
implementation
policy
submit
requires
predicate
disposition
case
respondents
fugitive
status
accordingly
respectfully
dissent
government
petition
grant
writ
certiorari
filed
september
granted
june
may
respondent
sharpe
counsel
wrote
letter
stated
date
sharpe
fugitive
status
charges
northern
district
georgia
state
north
carolina
see
letter
mark
kadish
alexander
stevas
clerk
may
subsequently
july
judge
sol
blatt
district
district
south
carolina
entered
two
orders
forfeiting
bonds
respondents
see
motion
proceed
forma
pauperis
william
harris
sharpe
donald
davis
savage
exhibit
solicitor
general
attorney
office
advised
department
justice
best
knowledge
respondents
remain
fugitives
reply
brief
government
petition
posed
following
questions
whether
law
enforcement
officers
may
temporarily
detain
individual
reasonably
suspected
criminal
activity
period
brief
exceeding
minutes
reasonably
necessary
pursue
circumscribed
investigation
suspected
criminal
activity
whether
assuming
initial
phase
either
respondent
detention
unduly
extended
illegality
mandates
suppression
large
shipment
marijuana
distinct
odor
discovered
immediately
thereafter
respondent
savage
vehicle
pet
cert
see
florida
rodriguez
per
curiam
holmes
cert
denied
wood
sperling
cert
denied
molinaro
new
jersey
per
curiam
case
also
discussed
opinion
issued
five
years
earlier
molinaro
new
jersey
supra
regarding
opinion
wrote
thus
molinaro
new
jersey
dismissed
appeal
escaped
criminal
defendant
stating
persuasive
reason
exists
adjudicate
merits
case
escape
disentitles
defendant
call
upon
resources
determination
claims
see
supra
cf
stone
powell
cf
walder
smith
government
disagrees
proposes
reverse
judgment
appeals
disagree
merits
however
agree
appeals
merits
government
vacate
judgment
appeals
remand
case
directions
dismiss
appeals
prejudice
reply
brief
expressly
endorsed
government
heads
win
tails
lose
position
see
molinaro
new
jersey
see
supra
cf
munsingwear
rescue
army
municipal
los
angeles
spector
motor
service
mclaughlin
one
doctrine
deeply
rooted
process
constitutional
adjudication
pass
questions
constitutionality
unless
adjudication
unavoidable
ashwander
tva
brandeis
concurring
pass
upon
constitutional
question
although
properly
presented
record
also
present
ground
upon
case
may
disposed
burton
habit
decide
questions
constitutional
nature
unless
absolutely
necessary
decision
case
characteristically
matter
simply
ignores
see
ante
florida
rodriguez
per
curiam
relies
neither
litigants
based
argument
respondent
fugitive
status
moreover
inappropriate
vacate
judgment
florida
supervisory
power
state
courts
however
thus
overlooked
important
differences
cases
come
us
state
tribunals
arise
federal
system
stevens
dissenting
see
also
secretary
state
maryland
joseph
munson
stevens
concurring
reliance
also
misplaced
point
justice
stewart
made
respondent
case
fugitive
making
point
justice
stewart
implicitly
assumed
doctrine
smith
supra
apply
case
fugitive
respondent
well
one
fugitive
petitioner
see
hayburn
case
dall
following
decision
made
clear
series
letters
constitutional
practice
rendering
advisory
opinions
correspondences
began
july
thomas
jefferson
secretary
state
wrote
following
letter
chief
justice
john
jay
associate
justices
gentlemen
war
taken
place
among
powers
europe
produces
frequent
transactions
within
ports
limits
questions
arise
considerable
difficulty
greater
importance
peace
questions
depend
solution
construction
treaties
laws
nature
nations
laws
land
often
presented
circumstances
give
cognisance
tribunals
country
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decision
little
analogous
ordinary
functions
executive
occasion
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embarrassment
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president
therefore
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relieved
found
free
refer
questions
description
opinions
judges
whose
knowledge
subject
secure
us
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dangerous
peace
authority
insure
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forbid
pronounce
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sentiments
perfect
respect
gentlemen
obedient
humble
servant
thos
jefferson
attached
letter
behalf
president
washington
questions
see
writings
george
washington
fitzpatrick
ed
two
days
later
chief
justice
jay
associate
justices
penned
following
president
washington
sir
taken
consideration
letter
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us
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secretary
state
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humble
servants
correspondence
public
papers
john
jay
johnston
ed
gentlemen
circumstances
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ask
counsel
certain
legal
questions
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public
exist
means
press
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participation
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satisfaction
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sentiments
high
respect
writings
george
washington
fitzpatrick
ed
sir
considered
previous
question
stated
letter
written
direction
us
secretary
state
last
month
regarding
lines
separation
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constitution
three
departments
government
certain
respects
checks
upon
judges
last
resort
considerations
afford
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power
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calling
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departments
opinions
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obedient
humble
servants
correspondence
public
papers
john
jay
johnston
ed
emphasis
original