sossamon
texas
et
argued
november
decided
april
held
religious
freedom
restoration
act
unconstitutional
applied
state
local
governments
exceeded
congress
power
fourteenth
amendment
see
city
boerne
flores
congress
passed
religious
land
use
institutionalized
persons
act
rluipa
pursuant
spending
clause
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clause
authority
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targets
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areas
state
local
action
regulation
rluipa
restrictions
religious
exercise
institutionalized
persons
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also
provides
express
private
cause
action
appropriate
relief
government
including
inter
alia
instrumentalities
officers
persons
acting
color
state
law
petitioner
sossamon
texas
prison
inmate
sued
respondents
state
prison
officials
seeking
injunctive
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rluipa
prison
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prevented
inmates
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services
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infractions
barred
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prison
chapel
religious
worship
granting
respondents
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judgment
district
held
sovereign
immunity
barred
sossamon
claims
monetary
relief
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circuit
affirmed
holding
statutory
phrase
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relief
government
unambiguously
notify
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acceptance
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funds
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immunity
claims
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relief
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accepting
federal
funding
consent
waive
sovereign
immunity
private
suits
money
damages
rluipa
pp
sovereign
immunity
principles
enforce
important
constitutional
limitation
power
federal
courts
see
pennhurst
state
school
hospital
halderman
consistently
made
clear
federal
jurisdiction
suits
unconsenting
contemplated
constitution
establishing
judicial
power
seminole
tribe
florida
state
however
may
choose
waive
immunity
clark
barnard
determining
whether
done
stringent
one
college
savings
bank
florida
prepaid
postsecondary
ed
expense
state
consent
suit
must
unequivocally
expressed
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statute
text
pennhurst
supra
waiver
strictly
construed
terms
scope
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lane
pe
pp
rluipa
authorization
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sovereign
suggests
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maritime
south
carolina
ports
authority
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susceptible
multiple
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interpretations
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immunity
consider
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waived
sovereign
immunity
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texas
conflicting
plausible
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immunity
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demonstrate
appropriate
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ambiguity
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conclude
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funds
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pp
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phrase
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gwinnett
county
public
schools
barnes
gorman
compel
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conclusion
cases
express
congressional
intent
limit
remedies
available
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entities
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right
action
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supra
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immunity
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direction
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sossamon
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contends
congress
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clause
put
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legislation
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contract
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supra
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contract
principles
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make
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action
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enforce
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immunity
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text
pp
sossamon
also
errs
arguing
texas
put
notice
sued
damages
rluipa
rehabilitation
act
amendments
expressly
waives
state
sovereign
immunity
violations
section
rehabilitation
act
title
ix
education
amendments
age
discrimination
act
title
vi
civil
rights
act
provisions
federal
statute
prohibiting
discrimination
recipients
federal
financial
assistance
even
residual
clause
constitute
unequivocal
textual
waiver
rluipa
prohibits
substantial
burden
religious
exercise
unequivocally
statute
prohibiting
discrimination
within
meaning
statutory
provisions
enumerated
explicitly
prohibit
discrimination
state
might
reasonably
conclude
residual
clause
strictly
construed
covers
provisions
using
term
discrimination
pp
affirmed
thomas
delivered
opinion
roberts
scalia
kennedy
ginsburg
alito
joined
sotomayor
filed
dissenting
opinion
breyer
joined
kagan
took
part
consideration
decision
case
harvey
leroy
sossamon
iii
petitioner
texas
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
fifth
circuit
april
justice
thomas
delivered
opinion
case
presents
question
whether
accepting
federal
funds
consent
waive
sovereign
immunity
suits
money
damages
religious
land
use
institutionalized
persons
act
rluipa
stat
et
seq
hold
sovereign
immunity
therefore
bars
suit
damages
state
texas
rluipa
congress
second
attempt
accord
heightened
statutory
protection
religious
exercise
wake
decision
employment
division
department
human
resources
oregon
smith
congress
first
enacted
religious
freedom
restoration
act
rfra
stat
et
intended
restore
compelling
interest
test
set
forth
sherbert
verner
wisconsin
yoder
cases
free
exercise
religion
substantially
burdened
see
generally
gonzales
centro
espírita
beneficente
uni
vegetal
held
rfra
unconstitutional
applied
state
local
governments
exceeded
congress
power
fourteenth
amendment
see
city
boerne
flores
congress
responded
enacting
rluipa
pursuant
spending
clause
commerce
clause
authority
rluipa
borrows
important
elements
rfra
continues
apply
federal
government
rluipa
less
sweeping
scope
see
cutter
wilkinson
targets
two
areas
state
local
action
regulation
rluipa
restrictions
religious
exercise
institutionalized
persons
rluipa
section
rluipa
provides
government
shall
impose
substantial
burden
religious
exercise
institutionalized
person
unless
rfra
government
demonstrates
burden
furtherance
compelling
governmental
interest
least
restrictive
means
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interest
cf
relevant
applies
case
substantial
burden
imposed
program
activity
receives
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financial
assistance
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also
includes
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cause
action
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person
may
assert
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rluipa
claim
defense
judicial
proceeding
obtain
appropriate
relief
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cf
purposes
provision
government
includes
inter
alia
counties
municipalities
instrumentalities
officers
persons
acting
color
state
law
petitioner
harvey
leroy
sossamon
iii
inmate
robertson
unit
texas
department
criminal
justice
correctional
institutions
division
sossamon
sued
state
texas
various
prison
officials
official
capacities
rluipa
private
cause
action
seeking
injunctive
monetary
relief
sossamon
alleged
two
prison
policies
violated
rluipa
policy
preventing
inmates
attending
religious
services
cell
restriction
disciplinary
infractions
policy
barring
use
prison
chapel
religious
worship
district
granted
summary
judgment
favor
respondents
held
relevant
sovereign
immunity
barred
sossamon
claims
monetary
see
supp
wd
tex
appeals
fifth
circuit
affirmed
acknowledging
congress
enacted
rluipa
pursuant
spending
clause
determined
texas
waived
sovereign
immunity
accepting
federal
funds
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strictly
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text
rluipa
cause
action
favor
state
concluded
statutory
phrase
appropriate
relief
government
unambiguously
notif
texas
acceptance
funds
conditioned
waiver
immunity
claims
money
damages
granted
certiorari
resolve
division
authority
among
courts
appeals
ii
dual
sovereignty
defining
feature
nation
constitutional
blueprint
federal
maritime
south
carolina
ports
authority
upon
ratification
constitution
entered
union
sovereignty
intact
ibid
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
immunity
private
suits
long
considered
central
sovereign
dignity
alden
maine
widely
understood
time
constitution
drafted
inherent
nature
sovereignty
amenable
suit
individual
without
consent
general
sense
general
practice
mankind
exemption
one
attributes
sovereignty
enjoyed
government
every
state
union
federalist
wright
ed
hamilton
indeed
threatened
state
immunity
private
suits
early
nation
history
people
responded
swiftly
reiterate
fundamental
principle
see
hans
louisiana
discussing
chisholm
georgia
dall
eleventh
amendment
sovereign
immunity
principles
enforce
important
constitutional
limitation
power
federal
courts
see
pennhurst
state
school
hospital
halderman
century
consistently
made
clear
federal
jurisdiction
suits
unconsenting
contemplated
constitution
establishing
judicial
power
seminole
tribe
florida
quoting
hans
supra
see
seminole
tribe
supra
collecting
cases
state
however
may
choose
waive
immunity
federal
pleasure
clark
barnard
accordingly
test
determining
whether
state
waived
immunity
jurisdiction
stringent
one
college
savings
bank
florida
prepaid
postsecondary
ed
expense
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
state
consent
suit
must
unequivocally
expressed
text
relevant
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pennhurst
state
school
hospital
supra
see
atascadero
state
hospital
scanlon
requiring
clear
declaration
state
certain
state
fact
consents
suit
college
savings
bank
waiver
may
implied
reasons
waiver
sovereign
immunity
strictly
construed
terms
scope
favor
sovereign
lane
pe
example
state
consent
suit
courts
waiver
immunity
suit
federal
college
savings
bank
supra
similarly
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immunity
types
relief
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immunity
damages
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sovereign
immunity
must
extend
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monetary
claims
lane
supra
cf
nordic
village
construing
ambiguous
waiver
sovereign
immunity
permit
equitable
monetary
claims
hoffman
connecticut
dept
income
maintenance
construing
statute
authorize
injunctive
relief
monetary
recovery
intent
abrogate
immunity
monetary
recovery
clear
language
quoting
atascadero
supra
iii
rluipa
authorization
appropriate
relief
government
unequivocal
expression
state
consent
precedents
require
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relief
clearly
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sovereign
immunity
private
suits
damages
certain
state
fact
consents
suit
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savings
bank
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ambiguous
types
relief
includes
many
lower
courts
recognized
see
far
clearly
identifying
money
damages
word
appropriate
inherently
see
webster
third
new
international
dictionary
defining
appropriate
specially
suitable
fit
proper
context
defendant
sovereign
suggests
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damages
suitable
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see
federal
maritime
tate
sovereign
immunity
serves
important
function
shielding
state
treasuries
indeed
dissent
appeared
agree
west
gibson
appropriate
relief
unambiguously
include
damages
sovereign
question
whether
equal
employment
opportunity
commission
authority
enforce
title
vii
civil
rights
act
federal
government
appropriate
remedies
require
federal
government
pay
damages
dissent
argued
phrase
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authorize
damages
express
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opinion
kennedy
apparently
disagree
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include
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damages
related
statute
amended
explicitly
allow
damages
actions
title
vii
see
statute
susceptible
multiple
plausible
interpretations
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preserving
immunity
consider
state
waived
sovereign
immunity
see
dellmuth
muth
holding
permissible
inference
necessary
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declaration
intended
subject
damages
actions
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village
supra
holding
existence
plausible
interpretations
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recovery
enough
establish
reading
imposing
monetary
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adopted
case
sossamon
argues
rluipa
expressly
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relief
enforce
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phrase
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cause
action
necessarily
must
broader
texas
responds
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immunity
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brought
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government
congress
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suits
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cause
action
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person
may
assert
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defense
emphasis
added
injunction
declaratory
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successful
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explains
explicitly
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cause
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relief
make
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sossamon
also
emphasizes
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requires
construed
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broad
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texas
responds
provision
best
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also
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choice
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black
law
dictionary
ed
defining
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benefit
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lane
conclude
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use
phrase
appropriate
relief
franklin
gwinnett
county
public
schools
barnes
gorman
compel
contrary
conclusion
cases
addressed
remedies
available
municipal
entities
implied
right
action
enforce
title
ix
education
amendments
americans
disabilities
act
rehabilitation
act
statutory
text
interpret
presume
availability
appropriate
remedies
unless
congress
ha
expressly
indicated
otherwise
franklin
described
presumption
general
rule
federal
courts
power
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appropriate
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cause
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brought
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statute
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quoting
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finding
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intent
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supra
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barnes
irrelevant
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immunity
see
lane
supra
eliance
franklin
misplaced
determining
whether
damages
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establish
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extends
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claims
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village
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barnes
congressional
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entirely
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sossamon
contends
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recipients
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notice
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remedies
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contract
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quoting
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acknowledged
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enforce
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pretensions
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force
confer
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independent
sovereign
lynch
quoting
federalist
hamilton
fundamentally
sossamon
proposal
squared
longstanding
rule
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sovereign
immunity
must
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bizarre
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ensures
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considered
state
sovereign
immunity
intentionally
legislated
matter
cf
spector
norwegian
cruise
line
plurality
opinion
lear
statement
rules
ensure
congress
broad
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language
legislate
sensitive
topic
inadvertently
without
due
deliberation
without
clear
statement
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notice
federal
courts
may
step
abrogate
state
sovereign
iv
sossamon
also
argues
rehabilitation
act
amendments
independently
put
state
notice
sued
damages
rluipa
provision
expressly
waives
state
sovereign
immunity
violations
section
rehabilitation
act
title
ix
education
amendments
age
discrimination
act
title
vi
civil
rights
act
provisions
federal
statute
prohibiting
discrimination
recipients
federal
financial
assistance
emphasis
added
section
makes
remedies
including
remedies
law
equity
available
violation
extent
remedies
available
violation
suit
public
private
entity
state
sossamon
contends
rluipa
falls
within
residual
clause
therefore
waives
texas
sovereign
immunity
rluipa
suits
damages
even
assuming
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clause
like
one
constitute
unequivocal
textual
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unequivocally
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discrimination
within
meaning
text
prohibit
discrimination
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substantial
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exercise
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conspicuous
light
rluipa
congress
expressly
prohibited
land
use
regulation
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basis
religion
waiver
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immunity
must
strictly
construed
terms
scope
favor
sovereign
lane
say
residual
clause
clearly
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might
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conclude
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covers
provisions
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term
discrimination
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confirm
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clause
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clause
construed
embrace
objects
similar
nature
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enumerated
preceding
specific
words
washington
state
dept
social
health
servs
guardianship
estate
keffeler
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
see
also
jarecki
searle
noting
maxim
often
wisely
applied
word
capable
many
meanings
order
avoid
giving
unintended
breadth
acts
congress
unlike
statutes
specifically
enumerated
explicitly
prohibits
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see
conclude
accepting
federal
funding
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waive
sovereign
immunity
private
suits
money
damages
rluipa
statute
expressly
unequivocally
includes
waiver
judgment
appeals
fifth
circuit
affirmed
ordered
justice
kagan
took
part
consideration
decision
case
harvey
leroy
sossamon
iii
petitioner
texas
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
fifth
circuit
april
justice
sotomayor
justice
breyer
joins
dissenting
holds
term
appropriate
relief
ambiguous
provide
clear
notice
liable
monetary
damages
religious
land
use
institutionalized
persons
act
rluipa
stat
et
seq
one
disputes
accepting
federal
funds
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suit
violations
rluipa
substantive
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already
apparent
informed
reader
rluipa
comes
remedying
injuries
legal
rights
monetary
damages
appropriate
relief
moreover
noted
text
see
supra
administrative
procedure
act
expressly
excludes
money
damages
relief
available
suggesting
congress
understands
term
normally
encompass
monetary
relief
even
defendant
enjoys
sovereign
immunity
see
bowen
massachusetts
noting
waives
sovereign
immunity
suit
curiously
majority
appears
believe
state
officials
read
statutory
phrase
appropriate
relief
without
reference
general
remedies
principles
see
ante
however
congress
understood
legislate
background
principles
astoria
fed
sav
loan
assn
solimino
doubt
general
legal
principles
necessarily
inform
judicial
determinations
remedies
available
civil
plaintiffs
see
atlantic
sounding
townsend
slip
concluding
light
general
principles
maritime
tort
law
punitive
damages
remedy
available
plaintiff
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
texas
sovereign
immunity
defense
renders
approach
improper
mystery
majority
opinion
leaves
unsolved
lane
pe
nordic
village
hoffman
connecticut
dept
income
maintenance
simply
reaffirmed
principle
sovereign
liability
damages
must
unambiguously
expressed
statute
purporting
waive
immunity
demonstrated
rluipa
satisfies
requirement
majority
tellingly
relies
dissent
assertion
west
gibson
phrase
appropriate
remedies
ambiguous
waive
sovereign
immunity
monetary
relief
see
opinion
kennedy
accordingly
cases
majority
cites
mandate
conclusion
draws
today
agree
majority
conclusion
section
rluipa
addressing
rights
institutionalized
persons
provisio
federal
statute
prohibiting
discrimination
within
meaning
rehabilitation
act
amendments
latter
statute
waiver
provision
put
notice
sued
damages
rluipa
see
ante
bears
noting
however
section
rluipa
explicitly
prohibits
discrimination
land
use
regulation
see
government
shall
impose
implement
land
use
regulation
discriminates
basis
religion
religious
denomination
result
majority
decision
case
means
rluipa
plaintiffs
able
seek
monetary
damages
state
others
even
though
rluipa
provision
appropriate
relief
applies
equally
suits
violations
terms
section
section
see
parents
involved
community
schools
seattle
school
dist
voluntary
cessation
moot
case
controversy
unless
subsequent
events
make
absolutely
clear
allegedly
wrongful
behavior
reasonably
expected
recur
internal
quotation
marks
alterations
omitted
fifth
circuit
declined
apply
voluntary
cessation
doctrine
case
instead
granted
texas
motion
dismiss
moot
petitioner
claim
injunctive
relief
respect
prison
policy
prison
director
averred
policy
longer
force
absent
evidence
voluntary
wa
sham
held
good
faith
nature
texas
change
policy
rendered
moot
petitioner
claim
injunctive
relief
see
see
also
nelson
miller
affirming
district
dismissal
moot
rluipa
claim
evidence
prison
intended
revoke
plaintiff
religious
diet
el
evans
supp
sd
similar