reno
attorney
general
bossier
parish
school
board
argued
april
decided
january
bossier
parish
louisiana
jurisdiction
covered
voting
rights
act
thereby
prohibited
enacting
change
voting
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
without
first
obtaining
preclearance
either
attorney
general
district
following
census
bossier
parish
school
board
submitted
proposed
redistricting
plan
attorney
general
denied
preclearance
board
filed
preclearance
action
district
section
authorizes
preclearance
proposed
voting
change
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
appellants
conceded
board
plan
prohibited
effect
since
retrogressive
worsen
position
minority
voters
see
beer
claimed
violated
enacted
discriminatory
purpose
district
granted
preclearance
appeal
disagreed
district
proposition
evidence
dilutive
nonretrogressive
effect
forbidden
irrelevant
whether
board
enacted
plan
retrogressive
purpose
forbidden
reno
bossier
parish
school
bd
bossier
parish
vacated
remanded
proceedings
board
purpose
adopting
plan
id
leaving
district
question
whether
purpose
inquiry
ever
extends
beyond
search
retrogressive
intent
ibid
remand
district
granted
preclearance
concluding
inter
alia
evidence
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
purpose
left
open
question
whether
prohibits
preclearance
plan
enacted
purpose
held
rejects
board
contention
cases
mooted
fact
plan
never
used
next
scheduled
election
occur
board
new
plan
place
based
upon
data
census
least
one
respect
plan
probable
continuing
effect
serve
baseline
appellee
next
voting
plan
evaluated
preclearance
purposes
pp
light
language
beer
holding
prohibit
preclearance
redistricting
plan
enacted
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
purpose
pp
order
obtain
preclearance
covered
jurisdiction
must
establish
proposed
change
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
covered
jurisdiction
bears
burden
persuasion
points
see
bossier
parish
supra
beer
concluded
context
claim
phrase
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
limited
term
effect
retrogressive
effects
appellants
contention
qualifying
term
purpose
phrase
impose
limitation
retrogression
means
discrimination
generally
untenable
see
bankamerica
richmond
distinguished
appellants
argue
subjecting
prongs
limitation
produces
purpose
prong
trivial
reach
covering
incompetent
retrogressors
true
adequate
justify
giving
words
different
meanings
qualifying
purpose
effect
instances
applied
construction
innumerable
statutes
barring
conduct
particular
purpose
effect
yet
appellants
unable
cite
single
case
moreover
purpose
prong
value
effect
even
cover
conduct
additional
incompetent
retrogressor
government
need
refute
jurisdiction
prima
facie
showing
proposed
voting
change
retrogressive
purpose
need
counter
jurisdiction
evidence
regarding
actual
retrogressive
effect
although
virtually
identical
language
fifteenth
amendment
read
refer
retrogression
discrimination
generally
giving
language
different
meaning
faithful
different
context
term
abridging
used
appellants
reading
exacerbate
substantial
federalism
costs
preclearance
procedure
already
exacts
lopez
monterey
county
perhaps
extent
raising
concerns
constitutionality
see
miller
johnson
resolution
issue
renders
unnecessary
address
appellants
challenge
district
factual
conclusion
evidence
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
intent
pp
rejects
appellants
contention
notwithstanding
bossier
parish
explicitly
le
ft
open
another
day
question
whether
extends
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
intent
two
prior
decisions
already
reached
conclusion
dictum
beer
holding
pleasant
grove
distinguished
pp
supp
affirmed
scalia
delivered
opinion
part
ii
unanimous
parts
iii
iv
joined
rehnquist
kennedy
thomas
jj
thomas
filed
concurring
opinion
souter
filed
opinion
concurring
part
dissenting
part
stevens
ginsburg
breyer
joined
stevens
filed
dissenting
opinion
ginsburg
joined
breyer
filed
dissenting
opinion
janet
reno
attorney
general
appellant
bossier
parish
school
board
george
price
et
al
appellants
bossier
parish
school
board
appeals
district
district
columbia
january
justice
scalia
delivered
opinion
cases
present
question
whether
voting
rights
act
stat
amended
prohibits
preclearance
redistricting
plan
enacted
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
purpose
second
time
present
cases
us
thus
recite
facts
procedural
history
brief
like
every
political
subdivision
state
louisiana
bossier
parish
history
discriminatory
voting
practices
jurisdiction
covered
voting
rights
act
see
fed
reg
therefore
prohibited
enacting
change
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
without
first
obtaining
either
administrative
preclearance
attorney
general
judicial
preclearance
district
district
columbia
bossier
parish
governed
police
jury
elected
districts
terms
early
police
jury
set
redraw
electoral
districts
order
account
demographic
changes
reflected
decennial
census
adopted
redistricting
plan
like
plan
effect
contained
districts
although
blacks
made
approximately
parish
population
may
police
jury
submitted
new
districting
plan
attorney
general
two
months
later
attorney
general
granted
preclearance
bossier
parish
school
board
board
constituted
fashion
police
jury
undertook
redraw
districts
census
course
redistricting
george
price
president
local
chapter
national
association
advancement
colored
people
naacp
proposed
board
adopt
plan
districts
fall
amid
controversy
board
rejected
price
suggestion
adopted
police
jury
redistricting
plan
january
board
submitted
redistricting
plan
attorney
general
preclearance
although
attorney
general
precleared
identical
plan
submitted
police
jury
interposed
formal
objection
board
plan
asserting
new
information
specifically
naacp
plan
proposed
price
demonstrated
black
residents
sufficiently
numerous
geographically
compact
constitute
majority
two
districts
app
juris
statement
attorney
general
disclaimed
attempt
compel
board
adopt
particular
plan
maintained
board
free
adopt
plan
unnecessarily
limits
opportunity
minority
voters
elect
candidates
choice
ibid
attorney
general
denied
board
request
reconsideration
board
filed
present
action
judicial
preclearance
plan
district
district
columbia
section
voting
rights
act
authorizes
preclearance
proposed
voting
change
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
district
appellants
conceded
board
plan
prohibited
effect
since
worsen
position
minority
voters
beer
held
plan
prohibited
effect
retrogressive
instead
appellants
made
two
distinct
claims
first
argued
preclearance
denied
board
plan
creating
many
districts
create
violated
voting
rights
act
bars
discriminatory
voting
practices
second
contended
although
board
plan
retrogressive
effect
nonetheless
violated
enacted
discriminatory
purpose
district
granted
preclearance
bossier
parish
school
bd
reno
supp
dc
first
appellants
two
claims
district
held
deny
preclearance
proposed
voting
change
simply
change
violated
moreover
order
prevent
government
indirectly
directly
district
stated
permit
section
evidence
prove
discriminatory
purpose
section
second
appellants
claims
district
concluded
board
borne
burden
proving
plan
adopted
two
legitimate
nondiscriminatory
purposes
assure
prompt
preclearance
since
identical
plan
precleared
police
jury
enable
easy
implementation
since
adopted
plan
unlike
naacp
proposed
plan
required
redrawing
precinct
lines
appellants
filed
jurisdictional
statements
noted
probable
jurisdiction
reno
bossier
parish
school
appeal
agreed
district
proposed
voting
change
denied
preclearance
simply
violates
disagreed
proposition
evidence
dilutive
nonretrogressive
effect
forbidden
irrelevant
whether
board
enacted
plan
retrogressive
purpose
forbidden
reno
bossier
parish
school
bd
bossier
parish
since
language
district
opinion
left
us
uncertain
whether
fact
applied
proposition
decision
vacated
remanded
proceedings
board
purpose
adopting
plan
id
light
disposition
left
open
additional
question
whether
purpose
inquiry
ever
extends
beyond
search
retrogressive
intent
ibid
existence
purpose
said
relevance
issues
decided
remand
ibid
remand
district
comparatively
brief
opinion
relying
clarifying
extensive
earlier
opinion
granted
preclearance
supp
dc
first
response
invitation
address
existence
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
purpose
district
summarily
concluded
record
support
conclusion
extends
beyond
presence
absence
retrogressive
intent
id
noted
one
imagine
set
facts
establish
nevertheless
discriminatory
purpose
imagined
facts
present
ibid
district
therefore
left
open
question
left
open
remand
namely
whether
purpose
inquiry
extends
beyond
search
retrogressive
intent
second
district
considered
greater
length
dilutive
impact
board
plan
bore
question
whether
board
enacted
plan
retrogressive
intent
concluded
applying
multifactor
test
articulated
arlington
heights
metropolitan
housing
development
allegations
dilutive
effect
discriminatory
animus
insufficient
establish
retrogressive
intent
supp
jurisdictional
statements
appellants
contended
first
district
conclusion
evidence
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
purpose
clearly
erroneous
second
voting
rights
act
prohibits
preclearance
redistricting
plan
enacted
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
purpose
appellants
challenge
district
determination
evidence
retrogressive
intent
noted
probable
jurisdiction
ii
proceeding
merits
must
dispose
challenge
jurisdiction
board
contends
cases
moot
since
plan
never
used
purpose
motion
dismiss
affirm
louisiana
law
school
board
members
elected
serve
terms
la
rev
stat
ann
west
one
month
appellants
filed
jurisdictional
statements
appeal
scheduled
election
board
took
place
next
scheduled
election
occur
time
appellants
concede
data
upcoming
decennial
census
available
board
required
precedents
new
apportionment
plan
place
accordingly
appellee
argues
district
declaratory
judgment
respect
plan
longer
moment
dispute
longer
presents
live
case
controversy
purposes
article
iii
constitution
preiser
newkirk
mills
green
appellants
posit
several
contingencies
board
plan
put
use
including
resignation
death
one
board
members
failure
agree
upon
replacement
plan
election
also
assert
hold
preclearance
improper
seek
injunction
voiding
elections
held
plan
ordering
special
election
brief
appellants
price
et
al
opposing
motion
dismiss
affirm
might
entitled
injunction
brief
appellant
reno
opposition
motion
dismiss
affirm
need
pause
consider
whether
possibility
somewhat
speculative
uncertain
events
suffices
keep
cases
alive
since
least
one
respect
plan
probable
continuing
effect
absent
successful
subsequent
challenge
rather
predecessor
plan
contains
quite
different
voting
districts
serve
baseline
appellee
next
voting
plan
evaluated
purposes
preclearance
whether
precisely
future
plan
represents
change
baseline
whether
retrogressive
effect
depend
whether
preclearance
plan
proper
turn
merits
iii
appellants
press
two
claims
initially
raised
jurisdictional
statements
first
district
factual
conclusion
evidence
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
intent
clearly
erroneous
second
voting
rights
act
prohibits
preclearance
redistricting
plan
enacted
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
purpose
resolution
second
claim
renders
unnecessary
address
first
considered
light
longstanding
interpretation
effect
prong
application
vote
dilution
claims
language
leads
conclusion
purpose
prong
covers
retrogressive
dilution
noted
earlier
order
obtain
preclearance
covered
jurisdiction
must
demonstrate
proposed
change
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
covered
jurisdiction
therefore
must
make
two
distinct
showings
first
proposed
change
purpose
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
second
proposed
change
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
ered
jurisdiction
bears
burden
persuasion
points
see
bossier
parish
judicial
preclearance
cfr
administrative
preclearance
beer
addressed
meaning
requirement
context
allegation
vote
dilution
case
presented
question
whether
reapportionment
plan
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
effect
rights
black
voters
denied
preclearance
reasoning
must
read
light
purpose
insur
ing
changes
made
lead
retrogression
position
racial
minorities
respect
effective
exercise
electoral
franchise
held
legislative
reapportionment
enhances
position
racial
minorities
respect
effective
exercise
electoral
franchise
hardly
effect
diluting
abridging
right
vote
account
race
within
meaning
words
concluded
context
challenge
phrase
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
specifically
context
claim
phrase
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
limited
term
qualified
effect
retrogressive
effects
appellants
contend
qualifying
term
purpose
phrase
impose
limitation
retrogression
phrase
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
means
retrogression
modifies
effect
means
discrimination
generally
modifies
purpose
think
simply
untenable
construction
text
effect
recasting
phrase
purpose
effect
read
purpose
effect
past
refuse
adopt
construction
attribute
different
meanings
phrase
sentence
depending
object
modifying
see
bankamerica
declining
give
different
meanings
phrase
modified
banks
common
carriers
clause
appellants
point
give
purpose
prong
broader
meaning
effect
prong
richmond
case
involved
requested
preclearance
proposed
annexation
reduced
black
population
city
richmond
virginia
concluded
although
annexation
may
effect
creating
political
unit
lower
percentage
blacks
long
fairly
reflect
ed
strength
negro
community
exist
ed
annexation
violate
id
reasoned
interpretation
effect
prong
justified
peculiar
circumstances
presented
annexation
cases
hold
otherwise
either
forbid
annexations
require
price
approval
annexation
black
community
assigned
proportion
council
seats
hence
perhaps
permanently
overrepresenting
underrepresenting
elements
community
including
nonblack
citizens
annexed
area
unwilling
hold
congress
intended
either
consequence
enacting
ibid
refused
however
impose
similar
limitation
purpose
prong
stating
preclearance
denied
jurisdiction
acting
purpose
effecting
percentage
reduction
black
population
even
though
denied
jurisdiction
action
merely
effect
id
must
acknowledged
richmond
created
discontinuity
effect
purpose
prongs
regard
however
nothing
ex
necessitate
limitation
upon
effect
prong
particular
context
annexation
avoid
invalidation
annexations
areas
lower
proportion
minority
voters
annexing
unit
case
certainly
stand
proposition
purpose
effect
prongs
fundamentally
different
meanings
latter
requiring
retrogression
former
urged
approved
effect
redistricting
richmond
hypothetically
disapproved
purpose
retrogressive
found
necessary
make
exception
normal
effect
principles
normal
purpose
principles
order
permit
routine
annexation
sheds
little
light
upon
issue
us
appellants
textual
justification
giving
purpose
effect
prongs
different
meanings
otherwise
reduce
purpose
prong
section
trivial
matter
brief
federal
appellant
reargument
effectively
delet
purpose
prong
reply
brief
appellants
price
et
al
reargument
give
purpose
prong
trivial
reach
limited
case
incompetent
retrogressor
reply
brief
federal
appellant
true
adequate
justify
giving
words
different
meaning
qualifying
purpose
qualifying
effect
one
expect
appellants
cite
least
instances
applied
muscular
construction
innumerable
statutes
barring
conduct
particular
purpose
effect
see
prohibiting
sale
article
purpose
effect
manipulating
controlling
prices
meatpacking
industry
barring
savings
loan
holding
companies
engaging
activity
behalf
savings
association
subsidiary
purpose
effect
evading
law
regulation
applicable
savings
association
supp
iii
prohibiting
cable
franchising
authorities
imposing
requirement
purpose
effect
prohibiting
limiting
restricting
conditioning
provision
telecommunications
service
cable
operator
affiliate
thereof
cite
single
one
aware
none
true
enough
whenever
congress
enacts
statute
bars
conduct
purpose
effect
purpose
prong
application
entirely
separate
effect
prong
regard
unlikely
conduct
purpose
fails
effect
present
context
conduct
incompetent
retrogressor
purpose
prong
value
effect
however
even
cover
additional
conduct
regard
conduct
purpose
effect
government
need
prove
conduct
issue
purpose
order
prevail
specific
context
covered
jurisdiction
burden
persuasion
government
need
refute
covered
jurisdiction
prima
facie
showing
proposed
voting
change
retrogressive
purpose
order
preclearance
denied
spared
necessity
countering
jurisdiction
evidence
regarding
actual
retrogressive
effect
cases
often
complex
undertaking
advantage
plus
ability
reach
malevolent
incompetence
may
represent
massive
addition
effect
prong
enough
justify
separate
existence
purpose
prong
statute
less
justifies
separate
existence
provision
many
laws
bottom
appellants
disagreement
reading
rests
upon
textual
analysis
upon
opposition
holding
beer
although
explicitly
contend
beer
overruled
arguing
untenable
conclude
beer
phrase
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
refers
retrogression
reply
brief
federal
appellant
reargument
light
fact
virtually
identical
language
elsewhere
voting
rights
act
indeed
fifteenth
amendment
never
read
refer
retrogression
see
voting
rights
act
voting
practice
shall
imposed
applied
state
political
subdivision
manner
results
denial
abridgement
right
citizen
vote
account
race
color
amdt
right
citizens
vote
shall
denied
abridged
state
account
race
color
previous
condition
servitude
term
abridge
however
whose
core
meaning
shorten
see
webster
new
international
dictionary
ed
american
heritage
dictionary
ed
necessarily
entails
comparison
makes
sense
suggest
voting
practice
abridges
right
vote
without
baseline
compare
practice
preclearance
proceedings
uniquely
deal
specifically
changes
voting
procedures
baseline
status
quo
proposed
changed
change
abridges
right
vote
relative
status
quo
preclearance
denied
status
quo
however
discriminatory
may
remains
effect
fifteenth
amendment
proceedings
contrast
involve
changes
much
commonly
status
quo
comparison
must
made
hypothetical
alternative
status
quo
results
abridgement
right
vote
abridge
right
vote
relative
right
vote
status
quo
must
changed
reading
abridging
referring
retrogression
discrimination
generally
fifteenth
amendment
faithful
differing
contexts
term
used
another
argument
applies
equally
holding
beer
appellants
object
reading
require
district
attorney
general
preclear
proposed
voting
changes
discriminatory
effect
purpose
even
strikes
appellants
inconceivable
prospect
refuse
accept
limited
meaning
said
preclearance
context
represent
approval
voting
change
nothing
determination
voting
change
dilutive
replaces
therefore
stopped
advance
extraordinary
procedures
must
attacked
normal
means
action
repeatedly
noted
cases
prevents
nothing
backsliding
preclearance
affirms
nothing
absence
backsliding
bossier
parish
miller
johnson
beer
explains
sole
consequence
failing
obtain
preclearance
continuation
status
quo
deny
preclearance
plan
retrogressive
matter
unconstitutional
may
risk
leaving
effect
status
quo
even
worse
example
case
voting
change
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
purpose
discriminatory
ameliorative
effect
result
denying
preclearance
preserve
status
quo
discriminatory
effect
proposed
change
sum
suggesting
extends
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
purposes
appellants
ask
us
declined
bossier
parish
blur
distinction
shift
ing
focus
nonretrogression
vote
dilution
chang
ing
benchmark
jurisdiction
existing
plan
hypothetical
undiluted
plan
reading
also
exacerbate
substantial
federalism
costs
preclearance
procedure
already
exacts
lopez
monterey
county
perhaps
extent
raising
concerns
constitutionality
see
miller
supra
importantly
however
light
holding
beer
appellants
reading
finds
support
language
iv
notwithstanding
fact
bossier
parish
explicitly
le
ft
open
another
day
question
whether
extends
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
intent
see
appellants
contend
two
prior
decisions
already
reached
conclusion
first
appellants
note
beer
stated
ameliorative
new
legislative
apportionment
violate
unless
apportionment
discriminates
basis
race
color
violate
constitution
appellants
contend
suggests
least
cases
covered
jurisdiction
acts
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
dilutive
purpose
covered
jurisdiction
denied
preclearance
acting
unconstitutionally
think
implausible
interpretation
time
beer
decided
established
discriminatory
purpose
well
discriminatory
effect
necessary
constitutional
violation
compare
white
regester
washington
davis
statement
beer
meant
appellants
suggest
either
anticipating
without
argument
later
holding
else
gutting
beer
holding
since
showing
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
effect
constitutional
violation
despite
holding
beer
sufficed
deny
preclearance
much
plausible
explanation
statement
referred
constitutional
violation
vote
dilution
specifically
violation
consisting
denial
right
vote
rather
abridgement
although
context
denial
claims
less
context
abridgement
claims
antibacksliding
rationale
effect
avoiding
preservation
even
worse
status
quo
suggests
retrogression
criterion
arguably
context
word
deny
unlike
word
abridge
import
comparison
status
quo
event
entirely
clear
statement
beer
pure
dictum
government
made
contention
proposed
reapportionment
issue
unconstitutional
beer
supra
though
quoted
dictum
subsequent
cases
never
actually
applied
deny
preclearance
see
bossier
parish
supra
shaw
hunt
shaw
ii
miller
supra
made
clear
hand
reaffirm
today
proceedings
preclear
apportionment
schemes
proceedings
consider
constitutionality
apportionment
schemes
entirely
distinct
although
concluded
redistricting
scheme
issue
beer
nonretrogressive
hold
plan
reason
immune
constitutional
challenge
indeed
voting
rights
act
case
law
make
clear
reapportionment
plan
satisfies
still
may
enjoined
unconstitutional
shaw
reno
shaw
emphasis
added
see
also
city
lockhart
describing
holding
beer
follows
although
new
plan
may
remained
discriminatory
nevertheless
regressive
change
since
new
plan
increase
degree
discrimination
blacks
entitled
preclearance
allen
state
bd
elections
state
successfully
complied
approval
requirements
private
parties
may
enjoin
enforcement
new
enactment
traditional
suits
attacking
constitutionality
noted
shaw
explicitly
neither
administrative
judicial
preclearance
shall
bar
subsequent
action
enjoin
enforcement
change
voting
practice
quoting
fully
available
remedy
leaves
us
untroubled
possibility
produce
preclearance
unconstitutionally
dilutive
redistricting
plan
second
appellants
contend
denied
preclearance
basis
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
purpose
pleasant
grove
case
involved
unusual
fact
pattern
city
pleasant
grove
alabama
time
district
decision
black
inhabitants
none
registered
vote
whose
existence
city
officials
appear
unaware
id
sought
annex
two
parcels
land
one
inhabited
whites
vacant
likely
inhabited
whites
near
future
upheld
district
conclusion
city
acted
discriminatory
purpose
annexing
land
rejecting
city
contention
done
unaware
existence
black
voters
intended
discriminate
city
argument
based
incorrect
assumption
impermissible
purpose
relate
present
circumstances
section
looks
present
effects
changes
future
effects
well
likewise
impermissible
purpose
may
relate
anticipated
well
present
circumstances
quite
plausible
see
annexation
motivated
part
impermissible
purpose
minimizing
future
black
voting
strength
impermissible
purpose
dilution
present
black
voting
strength
id
citation
omitted
appellants
assert
must
viewed
city
purpose
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
city
noted
contending
lacked
even
discriminatory
purpose
city
acting
worsen
voting
strength
present
black
residents
since
black
voters
time
however
quoted
passage
suggests
hold
purpose
prong
extends
beyond
retrogression
rather
held
jurisdiction
minority
voters
retrogressive
purpose
present
time
intending
worsen
voting
strength
future
minority
voters
put
another
way
holding
pleasant
grove
nothing
question
whether
justify
denial
preclearance
basis
purpose
prong
purpose
must
retrogressive
instead
involved
question
whether
purpose
must
achieve
retrogression
include
case
jurisdiction
present
minority
voters
retrogression
regard
operation
proposed
plan
compared
operation
status
quo
new
minority
voters
future
like
dictum
beer
therefore
pleasant
grove
simply
inapposite
light
language
prior
holding
beer
hold
prohibit
preclearance
redistricting
plan
enacted
discriminatory
nonretrogressive
purpose
accordingly
judgment
district
affirmed
ordered
janet
reno
attorney
general
appellant
bossier
parish
school
board
george
price
et
al
appellants
bossier
parish
school
board
appeals
district
district
columbia
january
justice
thomas
concurring
bossier
parish
school
board
first
sought
preclearance
redistricting
plan
issue
case
almost
seven
years
ago
justice
department
private
appellants
opposed
effort
arguing
throughout
litigation
safe
district
necessary
ensure
election
black
school
board
member
ironically
litigation
pending
three
blacks
elected
districts
serve
bossier
parish
school
board
although
election
results
part
record
vividly
illustrate
fact
federal
intervention
spawned
litigation
unnecessary
janet
reno
attorney
general
appellant
bossier
parish
school
board
george
price
et
al
appellants
bossier
parish
school
board
appeals
district
district
columbia
january
justice
stevens
justice
ginsburg
joins
dissenting
administration
voting
rights
statute
past
quarter
century
department
justice
consistently
employed
construction
voting
rights
act
contrary
imposed
upon
act
today
apart
deference
constructions
always
afforded
department
reading
points
us
directly
necessary
starting
point
exercise
statutory
interpretation
plain
language
statute
impossible
language
alone
lead
one
think
phrase
effect
includes
temporal
measure
noun
effect
verb
tense
imaginably
give
rise
reading
requires
comparison
simply
nothing
word
purpose
entire
phrase
purpose
lead
anyone
think
congress
anything
mind
intentional
effort
den
abridg
right
vote
account
race
see
webster
third
new
international
dictionary
ergo
municipality
intends
deny
abridge
voting
rights
race
may
obtain
preclearance
like
justice
souter
persuaded
dissenting
opinions
justices
white
marshall
faithful
intent
congress
enacted
voting
rights
act
majority
beer
one
need
however
disavow
precedent
order
explain
profound
disagreement
holding
today
reading
makes
clear
necessary
tension
beer
majority
interpretation
word
effect
department
consistent
interpretation
word
purpose
even
retrogression
acceptable
standard
identifying
prohibited
effects
assumption
justify
interpretation
word
purpose
war
controlling
precedent
plain
meaning
statutory
text
accordingly
reasons
stated
greater
length
justice
souter
respectfully
dissent
janet
reno
attorney
general
appellant
bossier
parish
school
board
george
price
et
al
appellants
bossier
parish
school
board
appeals
district
district
columbia
january
justice
breyer
dissenting
agree
justice
souter
one
qualification
reconsider
correctness
decision
beer
effects
case
regardless
voting
rights
act
prohibits
preclearance
voting
change
purpose
unconstitutionally
depriving
minorities
right
vote
justice
souter
points
ante
congress
enacted
part
prevent
certain
jurisdictions
limiting
number
black
voters
extraordinary
stratagem
contriving
new
rules
various
kinds
sole
purpose
perpetuating
voting
discrimination
face
adverse
federal
decrees
south
carolina
katzenbach
stratagem
created
moving
target
consequent
risk
judicial
runaround
see
perkins
matthews
stratagem
prove
similarly
effective
state
new
rules
intended
retrogress
indeed
since
time
certain
places
historical
discrimination
left
number
black
voters
close
zero
retrogression
proved
virtually
impossible
needed
example
drawn
history
makes
point
clear
forrest
county
mississippi
precisely
voting
age
black
population
registered
vote
mississippi
supp
sd
miss
dissenting
opinion
rev
number
due
large
part
county
registrar
discriminatory
application
state
voter
registration
requirements
prior
registrar
simply
refused
accept
voter
registration
forms
black
citizens
see
lynd
blacks
allowed
apply
register
subjected
difficult
test
whites
whites
offered
assistance
less
taxing
applications
registrar
upon
denying
applications
black
citizens
refused
supply
explanation
government
attacked
practices
fifth
circuit
enjoined
registrar
ailing
process
applications
registrations
submitted
negro
applicants
basis
applications
submitted
white
applicants
id
mississippi
immediate
response
injunction
impose
good
moral
character
requirement
mississippi
supra
standard
characterized
open
invitation
abuse
hands
voting
officials
katzenbach
supra
one
federal
judge
believed
change
designed
avoid
fifth
circuit
injunction
defy
ing
federal
appellate
determination
particular
applicants
qualified
vote
mississippi
supra
defiance
result
maintaining
though
light
absence
blacks
forrest
county
voting
rolls
increasing
white
political
supremacy
precisely
kind
activity
designed
purpose
demanded
application
case
see
perkins
supra
congress
knew
department
justice
id
resources
police
effectively
covered
act
intended
ensure
institute
new
laws
respect
voting
might
racially
discriminatory
purpose
katzenbach
supra
prior
ven
favorable
decisions
ha
finally
obtained
affected
ha
merely
switched
discriminatory
devices
covered
federal
decrees
nothing
act
language
history
suggests
contrary
see
barring
one
contrivance
often
caused
change
result
methods
pt
joint
views
members
senate
judiciary
committee
describing
parker
supp
md
jurisdiction
responded
injunction
instituting
various
means
rejection
qualified
negro
applicants
hearings
subcommittee
house
committee
judiciary
testimony
attorney
general
katzenbach
discussing
jurisdictions
able
even
apparent
defeat
courts
devise
whole
new
methods
discrimination
hearings
senate
committee
judiciary
pt
testimony
attorney
general
katzenbach
similar
seems
obvious
mississippi
enacted
moral
character
requirement
enactment
voting
rights
act
applying
found
purpose
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
even
mississippi
intended
permit
say
rather
black
voting
age
population
forrest
county
register
irrespective
complexity
surrounding
administration
effects
test
answer
today
purpose
question
yes
janet
reno
attorney
general
appellant
bossier
parish
school
board
george
price
et
al
appellants
bossier
parish
school
board
appeals
district
district
columbia
january
justice
souter
justice
stevens
justice
ginsburg
justice
breyer
join
concurring
part
dissenting
part
voting
rights
act
jurisdiction
required
obtain
preclearance
changes
voting
laws
must
show
proposed
amendment
effect
reflect
purpose
deny
abridge
vote
account
race
respectfully
dissent
holding
indifferent
racially
discriminatory
purpose
long
change
voting
law
meant
diminish
minority
voting
strength
existing
level
true
today
decision
precursor
sorts
beer
holds
anticipated
redistricting
effect
sufficient
bar
preclearance
retrogression
minority
voting
strength
however
dilutive
minority
voting
power
redistricting
plan
may
otherwise
today
decision
achieves
symmetry
beer
achievement
merely
one
error
mistaken
beer
restricted
effect
prong
retrogression
even
wrong
today
limits
clear
text
corresponding
retrogressive
purpose
although
adhere
strong
policy
respecting
precedent
statutory
interpretation
reexamine
beer
policy
demand
recognized
error
compounded
indefinitely
prior
mistake
meaning
effects
requirement
expanded
even
erroneous
interpretation
scope
section
purpose
prong
determination
congress
intended
preclearance
plan
shown
free
dilutive
intent
let
alone
plan
shown
intentionally
discriminatory
however
merely
erroneous
also
highly
unconvincing
evidence
cases
shows
bossier
parish
school
board
school
board
board
acted
intent
dilute
black
vote
acted
intent
decades
resistance
judicial
desegregation
order
record
illustrates
exactly
sort
relentless
bad
faith
part
voters
covered
jurisdictions
led
enactment
evidence
poses
question
congress
ever
meant
permit
preclearance
plan
invites
answer
congress
hardly
intended
thing
evidence
goes
substantially
unnoticed
narrow
reading
purpose
prong
crucial
resolution
cases
insistent
way
points
implausibility
reading
purpose
arlington
heights
metropolitan
housing
development
set
checklist
considerations
assessing
evidence
going
discriminatory
intent
historical
background
challenged
decision
relative
impact
minorities
specific
antecedent
events
departures
normal
procedures
contemporary
statements
decisionmakers
id
directed
district
follow
checklist
enquiring
discriminatory
intent
following
remand
cases
reno
bossier
parish
school
bossier
parish
arlington
heights
enquiry
reveals
following
account
bossier
parish
school
board
redistricting
activity
character
parish
occurred
parish
institution
general
governance
known
police
jury
board
representatives
chosen
districts
within
parish
census
showed
numerical
malapportionment
among
districts
police
jurors
prepared
revised
districting
plan
submitted
attorney
general
request
preclearance
necessary
voting
rights
act
parish
covered
jurisdiction
modify
voting
district
lines
based
information
available
department
justice
attorney
general
understood
parish
shown
new
plan
effect
purpose
abridging
voting
rights
parish
black
population
revised
police
jury
plan
received
preclearance
summer
fact
parish
school
board
admitted
police
jury
plan
thus
approved
dilutes
voting
strength
minority
population
plaintiff
brief
remand
plan
discriminates
abridging
rights
minority
voters
participate
political
process
elect
candidates
choice
thornburg
gingles
population
shifts
required
police
jury
reapportion
required
elected
school
board
although
board
approached
police
jury
possibility
devising
joint
plan
districts
common
board
jury
jury
rebuffed
board
see
app
juris
statement
stipulations
board
forced
go
alone
history
provides
good
indication
might
expected
endeavor
parties
stipulated
school
board
applied
energies
decades
effort
limit
evade
obligation
desegregate
parish
schools
id
stipulation
board
first
received
order
desegregate
parish
schools
responded
flagrantly
defiant
tactics
era
see
stipulations
record
discloses
board
continuing
obstructiveness
time
covered
cases
degree
racial
polarization
makeup
parish
schools
rose
stipulations
disproportionate
assignment
black
faculty
predominantly
black
schools
increased
stipulation
parish
superintendent
testified
assignment
black
faculty
predominantly
black
schools
came
response
black
parents
requests
positive
black
examples
children
see
app
black
leaders
testified
cases
uniformly
rejected
claim
insisted
accord
parish
desegregation
decree
black
faculty
distributed
throughout
parish
schools
serve
models
white
well
black
students
see
tr
evidence
board
intransigence
race
centers
particular
terms
integration
decree
since
required
board
maintain
advisory
review
committee
made
equal
number
black
white
members
order
recommend
board
ways
attain
maintain
unitary
system
improve
education
parish
app
juris
statement
stipulation
although
board
represented
district
overseeing
desegregation
committee
place
see
tr
testimony
superintendent
william
lewis
committee
actually
met
two
three
times
black
members
attendance
see
app
juris
statement
stipulation
board
set
community
affairs
committee
replace
committee
despite
board
resolution
charging
committee
responsibility
investigating
consulting
advising
school
board
periodically
respect
matters
pertinent
retention
sic
unitary
school
system
ibid
stipulation
board
disbanded
committee
three
months
leading
board
member
put
tone
committee
made
minority
members
committee
quickly
turned
toward
becoming
involved
policy
stipulation
policy
however
inevitably
implicated
committee
purpose
subjects
recommendations
methods
effective
recruitment
black
teachers
placement
throughout
school
system
accord
terms
desegregation
decree
see
stipulation
fell
squarely
within
mandate
thus
unsurprising
board
achieved
unitary
school
system
remains
order
day
see
stipulation
app
testimony
davis
time
board
appointed
community
affairs
committee
sought
preclearance
attorney
general
redistricting
plan
us
course
board
redistricting
efforts
tell
us
much
mind
proposed
plan
following
rebuff
police
jury
board
able
follow
relaxed
redistricting
timetable
board
elections
scheduled
board
simply
adopted
police
jury
plan
attorney
general
precleared
board
app
juris
statement
stipulation
despite
proposal
one
board
member
board
september
meeting
action
taken
proposal
stipulations
although
board
issued
explanation
inaction
noteworthy
jury
plan
ignored
board
customary
districting
concerns
whereas
one
concerns
incumbency
protection
see
app
cf
app
juris
statement
stipulation
jury
plan
pitted
two
pairs
incumbents
created
two
districts
incumbent
resided
stipulation
jury
plan
disregarded
school
attendance
zones
even
included
two
districts
containing
schools
id
stipulations
jury
plan
moreover
called
total
variation
district
populations
exceeding
standard
normally
used
gauge
satisfaction
one
person
one
vote
principle
see
stipulation
app
tr
four
districts
failed
standard
measure
compactness
used
board
cartographer
one
districts
contained
noncontiguous
elements
app
addressing
need
devise
plan
board
hired
redistricting
consultant
advised
police
jury
gary
joiner
joiner
board
members
according
joiner
testimony
perfectly
aware
responsibility
avoid
vote
dilution
accordance
voting
rights
act
see
record
doc
direct
testimony
joiner
estimated
take
hours
devise
plan
board
board
spent
nearly
year
little
public
redistricting
members
met
private
joiner
consider
alternatives
march
george
price
president
parish
branch
national
association
advancement
colored
people
naacp
wrote
superintendent
parish
schools
asking
chance
play
role
redistricting
process
app
although
superintendent
passed
letter
board
board
took
action
neither
superintendent
board
even
responded
price
request
app
juris
statement
stipulation
august
price
wrote
time
concert
number
leaders
black
community
organizations
seeking
opportunity
express
views
redistricting
process
well
number
board
policies
bearing
school
desegregation
app
see
also
app
juris
statement
stipulation
board
made
response
frustrated
board
lack
responsiveness
price
asked
help
national
naacp
redistricting
project
sent
map
showing
two
compact
districts
might
drawn
parish
stipulation
price
showed
map
school
district
official
told
unacceptable
failed
show
districts
price
request
redistricting
project
provided
plan
showing
districts
price
presented
board
september
meeting
explaining
showed
possibility
drawing
districts
stipulations
several
board
members
said
consider
naacp
plan
unless
presented
larger
map
stipulation
board
cartographer
legal
advisor
parish
district
attorney
dismissed
plan
hand
required
precinct
splits
stipulation
evidence
implications
naacp
proposal
objectionable
board
according
one
black
leader
board
member
henry
burns
told
personally
favored
black
representation
board
number
board
members
opposed
idea
app
according
george
price
board
member
barry
musgrove
told
board
hostile
creation
majority
black
district
although
naacp
plan
received
public
consideration
pace
public
redistricting
activity
suddenly
speeded
board
september
meeting
without
asking
joiner
address
possibility
creating
district
board
abruptly
passed
statement
intent
adopt
police
jury
plan
app
juris
statement
stipulation
public
hearing
plan
one
week
later
attended
overflow
crowd
number
black
voters
spoke
plan
price
presented
board
petition
bearing
signatures
urging
consideration
minority
concerns
one
spoke
favor
plan
bossier
parish
school
bd
reno
supp
dc
bossier
parish
price
explained
board
preclearance
jury
plan
use
police
jury
guarantee
preclearance
plan
board
app
juris
statement
stipulation
nonetheless
october
meeting
voting
members
board
unanimously
adopted
police
jury
plan
one
member
absent
board
black
member
appointed
two
weeks
earlier
fill
vacancy
abstaining
stipulation
board
submit
plan
preclearance
attorney
general
january
stipulation
ii
significance
record
enhanced
examining
detail
several
matters
already
mentioned
free
dispute
testing
board
stated
reasons
refusing
consider
naacp
plan
looking
critically
district
reasons
resolving
disputed
issues
school
board
favor
parties
stipulate
decades
redistricting
board
sought
limit
evade
obligation
end
segregation
schools
obligation
specifically
imposed
order
nearly
years
ago
yet
fulfilled
board
also
conceded
discriminatory
impact
police
jury
plan
falling
heavily
blacks
whites
plaintiff
brief
remand
civ
action
diluting
black
voting
strength
id
even
without
stipulated
history
conceded
dilution
evidence
correspondingly
discriminatory
intent
history
implication
intent
speaks
louder
grows
forceful
still
closer
look
two
aspects
dilutive
impact
police
jury
plan
first
plan
includes
districts
even
though
residential
voting
patterns
bossier
parish
meet
three
conditions
identified
thornburg
gingles
opening
door
drawing
districts
put
minority
voters
equal
footing
others
first
gingles
condition
minority
group
must
able
demonstrate
sufficiently
large
geographically
compact
constitute
majority
district
id
board
dispute
black
voters
bossier
parish
satisfy
criterion
board
joined
stipulation
parties
obvious
reasonably
compact
district
drawn
within
bossier
city
app
juris
statement
stipulation
see
also
tr
statement
board
member
barry
musgrove
naacp
plan
demonstrated
two
districts
drawn
parish
see
app
juris
statement
stipulation
second
third
gingles
conditions
minority
population
politically
cohesive
block
voting
enough
defeat
minority
preferred
candidate
see
gingles
supra
government
introduced
expert
testimony
showing
polarization
bossier
parish
voting
patterns
see
app
juris
statement
stipulations
app
declaration
richard
engstrom
acknowledging
somewhat
limited
data
available
analysis
expert
concluded
african
american
voters
likely
realistic
opportunity
elect
candidates
choice
board
districts
constitute
majority
voting
age
population
second
police
jury
plan
diluted
black
votes
dividing
neighboring
black
communities
common
interests
around
least
two
parish
municipalities
thereby
avoiding
creation
district
see
declaration
george
castille
iii
testimony
davis
even
board
cartographer
conceded
one
instances
appear
ed
constitute
fracturing
app
juris
statement
stipulation
defined
divid
ing
population
traditional
cohesiveness
lives
general
area
lot
commonalties
intent
fracture
population
adjoining
white
districts
stipulation
board
cartographer
lawyer
objected
naacp
plan
unacceptable
split
precincts
violation
state
law
yet
board
concedes
school
boards
free
seek
precinct
changes
police
juries
parishes
often
successfully
see
app
juris
statement
stipulations
one
government
experts
see
app
board
cartographic
consultant
see
app
juris
statement
stipulation
acknowledged
practice
indeed
parties
agree
joiner
advised
board
option
going
police
jury
precinct
changes
see
stipulation
see
also
stipulation
board
never
asked
pursue
possibility
see
stipulation
judge
kessler
district
therefore
surely
correct
board
claimed
inability
divide
precincts
genuine
obstacle
plan
district
see
bossier
parish
opinion
concurring
part
dissenting
part
becomes
clearer
prospect
splitting
precincts
genuine
reason
reject
naacp
plan
otherwise
refuse
consider
creating
districts
one
realizes
early
board
redistricting
process
gave
serious
thought
adopting
plan
required
precinct
splits
board
hired
joiner
cartographer
may
estimate
hours
prepare
plan
board
see
app
juris
statement
stipulation
indicated
intent
simply
borrow
recently
devised
police
jury
plan
build
precincts
established
police
jury
possibility
joiner
thought
explored
everal
hours
least
app
seems
obvious
start
board
expected
plan
require
precinct
splitting
joiner
acknowledged
testimony
plan
strong
police
jury
plan
terms
traditional
districting
criteria
require
precinct
splits
ibid
splitting
precincts
became
insuperable
obstacle
naacp
made
proposal
create
districts
despite
stated
view
record
support
conclusion
nonretrogressive
discriminatory
intent
district
majority
listed
series
allegedly
dilutive
impacts
said
point
discriminatory
intent
hat
new
districts
schools
plan
ignores
attendance
boundaries
respect
communities
interest
one
outlandishly
large
district
several
compact
lack
contiguity
population
deviations
resulting
jury
plan
greater
limits
imposed
louisiana
law
supp
dc
bossier
parish
ii
district
found
evidence
theoretical
attenuated
probative
retrogressive
intent
absence
corroborating
evidence
deliberate
attempt
ibid
whatever
force
evidence
may
issue
intent
cause
retrogression
nothing
theoretical
attenuated
significance
showing
intent
dilute
generally
take
district
opinions
bossier
parish
bossier
parish
ii
together
treat
discussions
covering
nonretrogressive
discriminatory
intent
clear
rested
two
reasons
finding
plan
dilutive
effect
support
inference
nonretrogressive
discriminatory
intent
first
thought
inference
inconsistent
view
expressed
miller
johnson
refusal
adopt
plan
maximize
number
districts
insufficient
alone
support
inference
intentional
discrimination
miller
point
however
miller
georgia
already
adopted
plan
clearly
improved
position
minority
voters
establishing
two
districts
question
simply
whether
state
refusal
create
third
betrayed
discriminatory
intent
id
cases
issue
inferred
intent
arise
upon
rejection
plan
maximizing
number
districts
concededly
ameliorative
plan
already
adopted
issue
arose
board
refusal
consider
plan
majority
black
districts
one
district
possible
gingles
issue
whether
bossier
parish
betrayed
discriminatory
purpose
refusing
create
maximum
number
districts
see
bossier
parish
ii
supra
silberman
concurring
simply
whether
significant
parish
refused
consider
creating
district
refusal
points
discriminatory
intent
refusal
maximize
miller
johnson
show
district
second
ground
discounting
evidence
intent
inherent
police
jury
plan
dilutive
effect
finding
board
legitimate
nondiscriminatory
reasons
approving
plan
evidence
however
powerful
showing
board
reasons
already
noted
board
respect
existing
precinct
lines
apparently
pretextual
supposedly
legitimate
reason
board
choice
police
jury
safe
harbor
equally
unlikely
police
jury
plan
safe
harbor
safe
day
attorney
general
precleared
police
jury
whereas
board
ignored
year
preclearance
interest
police
jury
plan
developed
pressure
price
naacp
intensified
point
redistricting
process
concluded
promptly
minority
proposals
considered
police
jury
therefore
became
attractive
harbor
seemed
offer
safety
demands
fair
reflection
minority
voting
strength
chosen
board
described
district
majority
possessing
tenacious
determination
maintain
status
quo
bossier
parish
ii
supra
fair
inference
board
suddenly
embraced
police
jury
plan
running
true
form
sum
decades
school
board
manifested
sedulous
resistance
constitutional
obligation
desegregate
parish
schools
never
attained
unitary
status
still
subject
order
faced
need
act
alone
redrawing
voting
districts
board
showed
interest
police
jury
plan
made
sense
school
purposes
odds
normal
districting
principles
applied
board
board
hired
cartographer
anticipation
drawing
district
lines
significantly
different
policy
jury
lines
attorney
general
preclearance
police
jury
plan
jury
use
produced
apparent
board
interest
adopting
plan
minority
leaders
sought
role
proposing
plan
board
ignored
produced
concrete
proposals
prepared
naacp
board
sidestepped
successive
technical
reasons
culminating
patently
pretextual
objection
pretexts
resisting
naacp
wearing
thin
board
evidently
scrapped
intention
obtain
original
plan
tailored
school
district
concerns
acted
unwonted
haste
proposal
adopt
manifestly
unsuitable
police
jury
plan
proposal
received
public
hearing
support
nothing
objection
minority
voters
pointed
board
agrees
police
jury
plan
dilutes
minority
voting
strength
objections
unavailing
board
adopted
dilutive
plan
reasonable
doubt
record
board
chose
police
jury
plan
reason
squelch
requests
adopt
naacp
plan
plan
reflecting
minority
voting
strength
incredible
suggest
resulting
submergence
minority
voters
unintended
board
whose
expert
testified
understood
illegality
dilution
conclude
see
part
iii
infra
dilutive
nonretrogressive
intent
behind
redistricting
plan
disqualifies
preclearance
preclearance
impossible
record
since
burden
negate
intent
like
burden
negate
retrogressive
intent
effect
rests
voting
district
asking
preclearance
nothing
required
show
impossibility
preclearance
see
pleasant
grove
worth
noting
however
parish
likewise
lose
even
assume
district
majority
seems
done
one
point
burden
show
disqualifying
intent
government
intervenors
bossier
parish
ii
supp
imagine
set
facts
establish
nevertheless
discriminatory
purpose
imagined
facts
present
judge
kessler
correct
conclusion
dilutive
nonretrogressive
intent
shown
contrary
view
district
majority
raises
definite
fair
conviction
mistake
committed
concrete
pipe
products
construction
laborers
pension
trust
southern
cal
quoting
gypsum
regardless
burden
persuasion
therefore
parish
lose
intent
prong
purpose
disqualifies
includes
intent
dilute
minority
voting
strength
regardless
retrogression
iii
legal
issue
meaning
abridging
provision
preclearance
districting
change
covered
jurisdiction
requires
showing
new
plan
purpose
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
language
tracks
fifteenth
amendment
guarantee
right
citizens
vote
shall
denied
abridged
account
race
color
since
act
exercise
congressional
power
amendment
south
carolina
katzenbach
choice
follow
amendment
terminology
naturally
read
carrying
meaning
constitutional
terms
statute
kozminski
employing
constitutional
language
congress
apparently
focusing
prohibition
comparable
conditions
cf
morissette
congress
borrows
terms
art
accumulated
legal
tradition
meaning
centuries
practice
presumably
knows
adopts
cluster
ideas
attached
borrowed
word
body
learning
taken
meaning
use
convey
judicial
mind
unless
otherwise
instructed
construction
statute
therefore
carries
implication
meaning
amendment
absent
good
reason
treat
parallel
texts
differently
particular
point
reading
statute
fit
constitution
presumptively
wrong
context
clear
abridgment
necessarily
means
something
subtle
less
drastic
complete
denial
right
cast
ballot
denial
separately
forbidden
abridgment
therefore
must
condition
complete
denial
one
hand
complete
enjoyment
voting
power
principal
concept
diminished
voting
strength
recognized
actionable
cases
vote
dilution
defined
regime
denies
minority
voters
opportunity
participate
political
process
elect
representatives
choice
majority
voters
enjoy
see
thornburg
gingles
benchmark
dilution
pure
simple
thus
system
every
minority
voter
good
chance
political
participation
voting
effectiveness
voter
cases
also
recognized
retrogression
subspecies
dilution
consequence
scheme
gives
minority
voter
lesser
practical
chance
participate
elect
majority
voter
enjoys
even
reduces
minority
voter
practical
power
preceding
scheme
electoral
law
provided
see
beer
although
cases
dealt
vote
dilution
fourteenth
amendment
see
shaw
reno
know
reason
text
history
dilution
equally
violative
fifteenth
amendment
guarantee
abridgement
serious
dispute
past
fourteenth
amendment
coverage
voting
rights
see
oregon
mitchell
harlan
concurring
part
dissenting
part
know
reason
doubt
abridg
fifteenth
amendment
includes
dilutive
discrimination
see
bossier
parish
breyer
concurring
part
concurring
judgment
never
held
save
beer
concept
voting
abridgment
covers
retrogressive
dilution
reading
fifteenth
amendment
outlandish
amendment
contains
textual
limitation
abridgement
adopted
newly
emancipated
citizens
obtained
practically
nothing
mere
guarantee
electoral
power
reduced
since
act
likewise
free
language
qualifying
limiting
terms
abridgment
shares
amendment
abridgement
presumably
covers
vote
dilution
retrogression
alone
redistricting
scheme
receive
preclearance
without
showing
nondilutive
see
bossier
parish
supra
breyer
concurring
part
concurring
judgment
use
fifteenth
amendment
language
indicates
prohibits
new
plans
dilutive
purposes
fact
apparently
congress
mind
addressed
agility
covered
jurisdictions
keeping
one
step
ahead
dilution
challenges
constitution
previous
versions
voting
rights
act
adopting
successive
voting
schemes
diistinctive
feature
perpetuated
abridgement
minority
vote
congress
found
litigation
inadequate
combat
widespread
persistent
discrimination
voting
inordinate
amount
time
energy
required
overcome
obstructionist
tactics
invariably
encountered
lawsuits
enduring
nearly
century
systematic
resistance
fifteenth
amendment
congress
might
well
decide
shift
advantage
time
inertia
perpetrators
evil
victims
south
carolina
katzenbach
omitted
evil
congress
sights
discrimination
abridgment
right
vote
merely
discrimination
happens
cause
retrogression
congress
intent
frustrate
unconstitutional
evil
barring
replacement
scheme
discrimination
put
effect
confined
one
subset
discriminatory
schemes
bossier
parish
school
board
purpose
thus
seems
lie
center
congress
meant
counter
requiring
preclearance
holding
nonretrogressive
purpose
survives
exceedingly
odd
conclusion
majority
purports
shoulder
burden
justify
limited
reading
abridging
offering
argument
context
since
covers
changes
voting
practices
fact
said
reason
think
abridging
used
statute
narrower
cognate
fifteenth
amendment
covers
changes
continuing
systems
ante
words
majority
reading
baseline
challenge
status
quo
changed
baseline
fifteenth
amendment
challenge
one
voting
rights
act
nondiscriminatory
regime
whether
extant
fact
applies
voting
change
proposed
however
follow
baseline
abridgment
status
quo
congress
perfectly
well
decided
jurisdiction
forced
change
voting
scheme
malapportionment
shown
new
census
say
show
replacement
constitutional
course
unqualified
language
fifteenth
amendment
parallel
suggest
fact
majority
principal
reason
reading
intent
abridge
covering
intent
cause
retrogression
peculiar
context
changes
law
beer
limited
sort
effect
abridgment
retrogressive
effect
strength
majority
position
depends
need
parallel
limitations
purpose
effect
prongs
need
however
much
contrary
insofar
beer
authority
defining
effect
redistricting
plan
bar
preclearance
course
respect
precedent
policy
stare
decisis
powerful
statutory
interpretation
congress
always
free
supersede
new
legislation
see
hilton
south
carolina
public
railways
presents
exception
rule
statutory
language
construed
stay
construed
another
thing
entirely
ignore
error
extending
discredited
reasoning
previously
unspoiled
statutory
provisions
however
extending
beer
effects
purpose
beer
wrongly
decided
error
compounded
derogation
clear
text
equally
clear
congressional
purpose
provision
barring
preclearance
districting
plan
portending
abridging
effect
unconditional
uncompromising
bar
plans
resting
purpose
abridge
beer
nonetheless
sought
justify
imposition
nontextual
limitation
forbidden
abridging
effect
retrogression
relying
single
fragment
legislative
history
statement
house
report
prevent
covered
jurisdictions
undo
ing
defeat
ing
rights
recently
blacks
beer
quoting
relying
one
statement
however
act
distorting
selectivity
legislative
history
replete
references
need
block
changes
voting
practices
perpetuate
existing
discrimination
stand
way
truly
nondiscriminatory
alternatives
house
representatives
judiciary
committee
noted
even
apparent
defeat
resisters
seek
new
ways
means
discriminating
barring
one
contrivance
often
caused
change
result
methods
house
report
described
jurisdictions
used
changes
voting
practices
stave
reform
making
trifling
changes
registration
requirements
example
dallas
county
alabama
able
terminate
litigation
without
registering
handful
minority
voters
see
new
practices
similarly
effective
devices
perpetuating
discrimination
jurisdictions
well
see
pt
pp
joint
statement
individual
views
sens
dodd
hart
long
kennedy
bayh
burdick
tydings
dirksen
hruska
fong
scott
javits
losing
voting
rights
cases
jurisdictions
adopt
new
voting
requirements
means
continuing
rejection
qualified
negro
applicants
quoting
parker
supp
md
thanks
discriminatory
traditions
jurisdictions
covered
new
practices
often
avoided
retrogression
even
stymied
improvements
days
ongoing
litigation
become
moot
minority
litigants
back
square
one
shouldering
burden
new
challenges
prospect
dodges
come
beer
supra
marshall
dissenting
intent
congress
address
frustration
running
stay
place
manifest
extended
voting
rights
act
prior
enactment
act
new
voting
rules
various
kinds
resorted
several
order
perpetuate
discrimination
face
adverse
federal
decrees
enactments
congress
order
preclude
future
state
local
circumvention
remedies
policies
act
enacted
record
committee
indicates
negro
voter
registration
increased
voting
rights
act
several
jurisdictions
undertaken
new
unlawful
ways
diminish
negroes
franchise
defeat
negro
candidates
commission
civil
rights
reported
measures
taken
form
switching
elections
negro
voting
strength
concentrated
particular
election
districts
facilitating
consolidation
predominently
sic
negro
predominently
sic
white
counties
changes
rules
practices
affecting
voting
included
increasing
filing
fees
elections
negro
candidates
running
abolishing
making
appointive
offices
sought
negro
candidates
extending
term
office
incumbent
white
officials
withholding
information
qualifying
office
negro
candidates
pp
see
also
cong
rec
remarks
mcculloch
listing
new
methods
south
achieves
old
goal
maintaining
white
control
political
process
congress
expressed
views
recent
years
importance
become
widely
recognized
means
promoting
preserving
minority
political
gains
covered
jurisdictions
registration
voting
minority
citizens
increases
measures
may
resorted
dilute
increasing
minority
voting
strength
measures
may
include
switching
elections
annexations
predominantly
white
areas
adoption
discriminatory
ing
plans
pp
citation
omitted
congress
thus
referred
way
make
situation
better
promoting
merely
stopgap
keep
getting
worse
preserving
difficult
understand
majority
beer
oblivious
clear
congressional
objective
decade
beer
realized
modifying
legal
requirements
way
discriminatory
jurisdictions
stayed
one
jump
ahead
constitution
mississippi
described
series
ingenious
devices
preventing
minority
registration
south
carolina
katzenbach
said
congress
knew
resorted
extraordinary
stratagem
contriving
new
rules
various
kinds
sole
purpose
perpetuating
voting
discrimination
face
adverse
federal
decrees
congress
reason
suppose
might
try
similar
maneuvers
future
order
evade
remedies
voting
discrimination
contained
act
omitted
see
also
id
likewise
well
beer
nascent
dilution
jurisprudence
addressed
practices
mentioned
congressional
lists
tactics
targeted
see
white
regester
fine
full
legislative
history
shows
beyond
doubt
unqualified
text
provides
statute
contains
reservation
favor
customary
abridgment
grown
familiar
years
relentless
discrimination
preclearance
requirement
enacted
authorize
covered
jurisdictions
pour
old
poison
new
bottles
see
post
breyer
dissenting
part
beer
wrong
entitled
stand
traditional
stare
decisis
statutory
interpretation
stare
decisis
excuse
today
decision
compound
beer
error
giving
broader
intended
reading
preserving
erroneously
truncated
interpretation
effect
even
result
facially
irrational
scheme
intent
dilute
conceptually
simple
whereas
dilutive
readily
defined
identified
independently
dilutive
intent
purpose
dilute
simply
means
subordinate
minority
voting
power
exact
calibration
unnecessary
identify
intended
purpose
give
less
weight
minority
participation
electoral
process
majority
participation
purpose
discriminate
thus
abridge
right
vote
baseline
needed
enquiry
goes
direction
majority
aim
without
reference
details
existing
system
dilutive
effect
reason
majority
points
different
dilutive
effect
requires
baseline
compare
proposed
change
baseline
theory
electoral
effectiveness
majority
voters
dilution
merely
lack
proportional
representation
see
davis
bandemer
opinion
white
held
maximum
number
possible
districts
standard
see
miller
johnson
thus
held
enquiry
dilutive
effect
must
rest
idea
reasonable
allocation
power
minority
majority
voters
requires
compare
challenged
voting
practice
reasonable
alternative
practice
see
holder
hall
opinion
kennedy
concurring
part
concurring
judgment
see
also
johnson
de
grandy
looking
retrogression
effect
looking
dilutive
abridgment
purpose
avoids
difficulty
baseline
derivation
distinction
intended
congress
distinction
irrational
indeed
justice
department
always
taken
position
beer
limited
effect
prong
puts
limitation
discriminatory
purpose
see
brief
federal
appellant
justice
department
longstanding
practice
refusing
preclear
changes
determined
unconstitutionally
discriminatory
purpose
beer
entitled
particular
deference
light
department
central
role
administering
dougherty
county
bd
ed
white
see
also
sheffield
bd
perkins
matthews
significant
fact
justice
department
decades
understood
beer
limited
effect
demonstrates
position
entirely
consistent
coherent
law
declared
beer
even
though
may
congress
intended
giving
wider
scope
purpose
effect
preserve
capacity
bar
preclearance
intended
violations
fifteenth
amendment
also
enjoy
virtue
consistency
prior
decisions
apart
beer
richmond
held
city
territorial
annexation
reducing
percentage
black
voters
recognized
legal
wrong
effect
prong
remanded
consideration
discriminatory
purpose
majority
distinguishes
richmond
nothing
ex
necessitate
limitation
upon
effect
prong
particular
context
annexation
ante
fact
richmond
laid
eccentric
effect
rule
squarely
odds
majority
position
act
taken
intent
produce
forbidden
effect
forbidden
intent
prong
forbidden
effect
richmond
said
long
ward
system
fairly
reflects
strength
negro
community
exists
annexation
hold
without
specific
legislative
direction
annexation
nevertheless
barred
true
black
community
racial
bloc
voting
command
fewer
seats
city
council
annexation
effected
decline
negroes
relative
influence
city
different
city
council
enlarged
city
involved
annexation
furthermore
negro
power
new
city
undervalued
negroes
underrepresented
council
long
true
hold
effect
annexation
deny
abridge
right
vote
richmond
supra
richmond
references
undervaluation
underrepresentation
make
clear
case
involves
application
standard
fifteenth
amendment
principles
annexation
context
annexation
exception
long
postannexation
city
allowed
black
voters
participate
equal
terms
white
voters
annexation
abridge
voting
rights
even
thereafter
made
smaller
proportion
voting
population
also
held
however
adopting
plan
whose
effect
held
outside
scope
legal
wrong
city
acted
unlawful
discriminatory
intent
rendered
annexation
unlawful
barred
approval
may
asked
forbidden
purpose
intent
achieving
perfectly
legal
result
section
need
remand
proceedings
respect
purpose
alone
answer
plain
need
labor
official
action
whether
annexation
otherwise
taken
purpose
discriminating
negroes
account
race
legitimacy
constitution
statute
section
forbids
voting
changes
taken
purpose
denying
vote
grounds
race
color
id
follows
richmond
plan
lacking
underlying
purpose
cause
disqualifying
retrogression
may
barred
discriminatory
intent
majority
attempt
distinguish
pleasant
grove
equally
vain
whereas
richmond
dealt
argument
law
logic
barred
finding
disqualifying
intent
effect
lawful
pleasant
grove
dealt
argument
finding
disqualifying
intent
impossible
fact
pleasant
grove
denied
preclearance
annexation
added
white
voters
city
electorate
despite
fact
time
annexation
minority
voting
strength
nonexistent
officials
city
seeking
annexation
unaware
black
voters
whose
votes
diluted
one
thing
clear
beyond
peradventure
annexation
case
intended
cause
retrogression
one
intended
cause
retrogression
one
knew
minority
voting
strength
retrogression
possible
fact
annexation
nonetheless
barred
purpose
prong
years
beer
means
today
majority
hold
without
overruling
pleasant
grove
majority
seeks
avoid
pleasant
grove
describing
barring
future
retrogression
nipping
future
contingency
even
bud
formed
gymnastic
however
overlooks
contradiction
pleasant
grove
holding
voting
change
without
possible
retrogressive
intent
fail
purpose
prong
majority
reasoning
today
baseline
purpose
prong
status
quo
even
ignores
actually
said
pleasant
grove
said
impermissible
purpose
relate
anticipated
circumstances
said
nothing
anticipated
retrogression
concept
familiar
since
time
beer
found
plausible
city
simply
acted
impermissible
purpose
minimizing
future
black
voting
strength
omitted
spoke
minimizing
causing
retrogression
one
means
thwarting
integration
provide
growth
monolithic
white
voting
block
thereby
effectively
diluting
black
vote
advance
impermissible
purpose
dilution
present
black
voting
strength
cf
city
richmond
id
nonretrogressive
dilutive
purpose
impermissible
retrogressive
one
today
holding
contradicts
majority
overruling
pleasant
grove
majority
proffers
justification
denying
precedential
value
pleasant
grove
instead
observes
reading
purpose
prong
covering
retrogression
richmond
pleasant
grove
read
exacerbate
substantial
federalism
costs
preclearance
procedure
already
exacts
ante
reading
like
prior
reading
raise
cost
federalism
one
penny
congress
meant
behavior
bossier
parish
plain
effort
deny
voting
equality
constitution
plainly
guarantees
point
thwart
ingenuity
school
board
effort
stay
ahead
challenges
object
bring
country
closer
transcending
history
intransigence
enforcement
fifteenth
amendment
however
promise
substantially
diminished
executive
judicial
officers
forced
preclear
illegal
unconstitutional
voting
schemes
patently
intended
perpetuate
discrimination
appeal
federalism
excuse
respectfully
dissent
footnotes
together
price
et
al
bossier
parish
school
also
appeal
footnotes
justice
souter
criticizes
us
assum
ing
purpose
easier
prove
effect
voting
rights
cases
post
opinion
dissenting
part
obvious
discussion
text
suggest
purpose
always
easier
prove
simply
may
sometimes
suffices
give
force
purpose
prong
without
necessity
violence
english
language
indeed
justice
souter
acknowledges
intent
dilute
conceptually
simple
whereas
dilutive
readily
defined
identified
independently
dilutive
intent
post
appellants
also
cite
voting
rights
act
provides
regard
found
violation
right
vote
guaranteed
fourteenth
fifteenth
amendment
shall
retain
jurisdiction
period
may
deem
appropriate
period
voting
practice
different
force
effect
time
proceeding
commenced
shall
enforced
unless
nds
practice
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
provision
assist
appellants
case
clear
confers
power
deny
approval
nonretrogressive
redistricting
say
may
well
contemplate
struck
unconstitutional
practice
granted
relief
regard
practice
may
assume
jurisdiction
function
identical
district
district
columbia
preclearance
proceedings
suggested
fact
state
may
avoid
jurisdiction
regard
obtaining
preclearance
attorney
general
like
explicitly
leaves
open
possibility
proposed
change
approved
challenged
unconstitutional
subsequent
action
ibid
course
intimate
holding
point
limit
conclusion
nonprobative
character
regard
issue
present
cases
even
different
baseline
fifteenth
amendment
appellants
argument
read
parallel
fifteenth
amendment
fail
simple
reason
never
held
vote
dilution
violates
fifteenth
amendment
see
voinovich
quilter
citing
beer
indeed
contrary
justice
souter
assertion
post
opinion
dissenting
part
never
even
suggested
much
gomillion
lightfoot
involved
proposal
redraw
boundaries
tuskegee
alabama
exclude
black
voters
without
excluding
single
white
voter
see
id
conclusion
proposal
deny
black
voters
right
vote
municipal
elections
therefore
violated
fifteenth
amendment
nothing
racial
concept
appear
opinions
nine
years
later
see
allen
state
bd
elections
case
relied
upon
justice
souter
plurality
opinion
mobile
bolden
suggest
fifteenth
amendment
covers
vote
dilution
suggests
opposite
rejecting
appellees
claim
following
terms
answer
appellees
argument
freedom
vote
denied
abridged
anyone
fifteenth
amendment
entail
right
negro
candidates
elected
found
negroes
mobile
register
vote
without
hindrance
district
appeals
error
believing
appellants
invaded
protection
amendment
present
case
id
see
also
id
stevens
concurring
judgment
characterizing
plurality
opinion
concluding
fifteenth
amendment
applies
practices
directly
affect
access
ballot
search
support
argument
prevents
backsliding
vote
dilution
forms
vote
dilution
justice
souter
embarks
upon
lengthy
expedition
legislative
history
post
opinion
dissenting
part
returns
since
point
nothing
suggesting
congress
thought
covered
retrogressive
nonretrogressive
dilution
indeed
doubtful
whether
congress
passed
voting
rights
act
even
practice
racial
mind
justice
souter
acknowledges
address
concept
see
post
legislative
history
extension
act
quoted
justice
souter
see
post
refers
elections
consolidation
counties
new
unlawful
ways
diminish
negroes
franchise
developed
since
passage
act
pp
justice
souter
asserts
justice
department
longstanding
practice
refusing
preclear
changes
determined
unconstitutionally
discriminatory
purpose
beer
entitled
deference
post
opinion
concurring
part
dissenting
part
accord
post
stevens
dissenting
course
beer
justice
department
took
position
even
effects
prong
limited
redistricting
cases
retrogression
indeed
position
basis
denial
preclearance
beer
see
argued
brief
us
basis
sustaining
district
denial
see
brief
beer
pp
rejected
position
effects
prong
even
reason
reject
present
case
whose
outcome
depends
much
upon
implication
one
prior
cases
owe
department
deference
upon
raw
interpretation
statute
justice
breyer
suggests
seems
obvious
mississippi
enacted
moral
character
requirement
enactment
voting
rights
act
applying
found
purpose
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
even
mississippi
intended
permit
say
rather
black
voting
age
population
forrest
county
register
post
dissenting
opinion
note
however
holding
today
extend
violations
consisting
outright
denial
individual
right
vote
opposed
abridgement
dilution
cases
event
mississippi
attempted
enact
moral
character
requirement
precluded
bars
certain
types
voting
tests
devices
altogether
issue
preclearance
therefore
never
arisen
see
footnotes
agree
conclusion
matter
mootness
two
incumbents
considering
stepping
time
board
subsequently
adopted
plan
least
one
decisions
anything
firm
see
app
record
doc
civ
action
pp
joint
designations
portions
deposition
david
harvey
tr
one
board
member
marguerite
hudson
asked
explain
two
schools
plain
dealing
one
parish
towns
predominantly
black
stated
hose
people
love
live
plain
dealing
want
get
big
job
rather
stay
country
stay
welfare
stay
plain
dealing
app
musgrove
denied
making
statement
see
tr
district
majority
suggested
significance
latter
statement
uncertain
see
bossier
parish
school
bd
reno
supp
dc
bossier
parish
tantamount
opposition
obvious
cure
admitted
dilution
event
nothing
ambiguous
burns
statement
cartographer
hired
board
stated
redistricting
process
parish
black
population
dispersed
draw
district
later
acknowledged
fact
two
districts
drawn
see
app
juris
statement
stipulations
original
naacp
plans
also
cooper
plans
two
alternative
plans
developed
expert
demonstrated
much
see
app
cooper
plans
app
juris
statement
stipulation
parties
agreed
black
candidates
offices
able
win
districts
parish
see
id
stipulation
instances
involved
districts
presence
air
force
base
see
stipulation
meant
effective
percentage
black
voters
considerably
higher
raw
figures
suggested
view
successful
black
candidates
degree
hostility
black
candidates
among
white
voters
lower
rest
parish
see
app
statement
jeff
darby
statement
jerome
darby
statement
johnny
gipson
counsel
board
suggested
one
government
experts
one
instances
dividing
black
communities
arose
prohibition
board
split
ting
existing
corporate
lines
tr
offered
authority
proposition
case
example
expert
gave
involve
dividing
municipality
including
single
district
areas
within
municipality
outside
district
majority
stated
merely
fact
naacp
plan
required
precinct
splits
required
large
number
splits
made
unappealing
claim
untenable
several
reasons
first
assumes
act
explained
rejection
naacp
plan
rather
adoption
police
jury
plan
naacp
plan
required
precinct
splits
see
app
juris
statement
stipulation
cooper
ii
plan
also
included
two
districts
meeting
traditional
districting
criteria
required
ibid
establishment
single
district
required
see
app
second
importantly
board
cartographer
lawyer
stated
told
board
naacp
plan
unacceptable
split
precincts
split
lots
see
app
juris
statement
stipulation
leading
supporter
police
jury
plan
board
see
tr
board
interim
black
member
time
redistricting
see
app
agree
score
conclusion
indicates
disagreement
justice
thomas
concurring
opinion
factual
predicate
raising
resolving
issue
scope
discriminatory
intent
relevant
subject
board
obligation
produce
evidence
district
obligation
make
findings
nothing
conduct
justice
department
impeded
either
board
addressing
evidentiary
issue
fact
black
members
elected
board
outside
record
us
evidence
showing
extent
particular
members
choices
minority
voters
suffered
conceded
dilution
majority
argues
construe
purpose
effect
uniformly
laws
regulating
price
discrimination
savings
loans
cable
franchises
see
ante
find
fifteenth
amendment
relevant
interpreting
constitutional
language
provides
reason
give
purpose
full
breadth
majority
also
claims
reading
leaves
purpose
prong
meaning
government
need
refute
jurisdiction
claim
change
lacks
retrogressive
purpose
order
deny
preclearance
without
countering
jurisdiction
evidence
regarding
actual
retrogressive
effect
ante
assumes
purpose
easier
prove
effect
may
true
cases
true
voting
rights
cases
even
though
purpose
conceptually
simpler
effect
see
infra
many
race
discrimination
cases
parties
agreed
effects
proposed
changes
hotly
disputing
reasons
majority
limits
purpose
prong
cases
attempted
retrogression
fails
goal
rather
paltry
coverage
given
discriminatory
purpose
discriminatory
effect
heart
fifteenth
amendment
suggested
never
explicitly
decided
fifteenth
amendment
applies
dilution
claims
see
mobile
bolden
plurality
opinion
gomillion
lightfoot
singling
racial
minority
discriminatory
treatment
voting
violates
fifteenth
amendment
prohibits
municipal
boundaries
drawn
exclude
blacks
see
mobile
supra
stevens
concurring
judgment
suggesting
mobile
plurality
said
fifteenth
amendment
reach
vote
dilution
voinovich
quilter
reserving
question
shaw
reno
endorsing
practice
considering
dilution
claims
fourteenth
amendment
beer
majority
claims
gomillion
dilution
involved
exclusion
black
voters
municipal
elections
ante
voters
excluded
gerrymandered
tuskegee
left
unincorporated
areas
vote
county
state
officials
changing
political
boundaries
affect
minority
voting
power
called
dilution
today
gomillion
shows
physical
image
evoked
term
dilution
encompass
ways
participation
political
process
made
unequal
use
word
dilution
modern
sense
gomillion
diminish
force
fifteenth
amendment
analysis
majority
also
suggests
ante
mobile
plurality
explicitly
rejected
reliance
fifteenth
amendment
plurality
recognized
deny
abridge
voting
rights
act
mirrored
cognate
language
fifteenth
amendment
mobile
supra
since
held
language
includes
nonretrogressive
dilution
claims
see
voinovich
quilter
supra
section
promulgated
congress
congress
attention
repeatedly
returned
duration
voting
rights
act
extended
act
amended
see
reno
bossier
parish
school
bossier
parish
stevens
dissenting
part
concurring
part
discussing
amendments
voting
rights
act
amendments
stat
voting
rights
act
amendments
stat
legislative
history
use
terms
retrogression
dilution
describe
discriminatory
regimes
voting
rights
act
context
former
appears
first
time
federal
case
beer
latter
made
first
appearance
allen
state
bd
elections
says
lengthy
expedition
legislative
history
leaves
empty
handed
reason
nothing
shows
today
notions
vote
dilution
particularly
congressional
mind
ante
whole
point
legislative
history
congress
meant
guard
discriminatory
devices
yet
untried
congress
know
covered
jurisdictions
think
next
justice
breyer
developed
justification
giving
full
effect
purpose
prong
opinion
bossier
parish
opinion
concurring
part
concurring
judgment
section
amended
invalidates
facially
neutral
practices
discriminatory
effects
even
absence
purposeful
discrimination
thus
longer
coextensive
understanding
tion
standard
added
made
clear
years
uncertainty
constitution
prohibited
purposeful
discrimination
neutral
action
disparate
impact
minorities
divided
effect
change
compare
id
stevens
dissenting
part
concurring
part
justice
breyer
explained
effects
prong
goes
beyond
constitution
bearing
whether
limit
meaning
purpose
prong
repeat
constitution
requires
retrogressive
nonretrogressive
discriminatory
purposes
violate
constitution
said
already
agree
justice
breyer
evidence
congress
intended
include
part
constitution
prohibits
see
tides
constitutional
interpretation
buffeted
never
ebbed
low
approve
discriminatory
dilutive
purpose