international
soc
krishna
consciousness
lee
argued
march
decided
june
port
authority
new
york
new
jersey
owns
operates
three
major
airports
new
york
city
area
controls
certain
terminal
areas
airports
hereinafter
terminals
adopted
regulation
forbidding
inter
alia
repetitive
solicitation
money
within
terminals
however
solicitation
permitted
sidewalks
outside
terminal
buildings
petitioner
international
society
krishna
consciousness
iskcon
religious
corporation
whose
members
among
things
solicit
funds
public
places
support
movement
brought
suit
seeking
declaratory
injunctive
relief
alleging
regulation
deprived
members
first
amendment
rights
district
granted
iskcon
summary
judgment
concluding
terminals
public
fora
regulation
banning
solicitation
failed
narrowly
tailored
support
compelling
state
interest
appeals
reversed
relevant
determined
terminals
public
fora
found
ban
solicitation
reasonable
held
airport
terminal
operated
public
authority
forum
thus
ban
solicitation
need
satisfy
reasonableness
standard
pp
extent
port
authority
restrict
expressive
activity
property
depends
nature
forum
regulation
traditional
public
fora
designated
public
fora
survives
narrowly
drawn
achieve
compelling
state
interest
limitations
expressive
activity
conducted
property
need
reasonable
survive
perry
ed
assn
perry
local
educators
pp
neither
tradition
purpose
terminals
described
public
fora
airports
historically
made
available
speech
activity
given
lateness
modern
air
terminal
made
appearance
hardly
qualifies
property
immemorially
time
mind
held
public
trust
used
purposes
expressive
activity
see
hague
committee
industrial
organization
airport
operators
opened
terminals
activities
see
cornelius
naacp
legal
defense
ed
fund
evidenced
operators
frequent
continuing
litigation
area
pp
speech
activities
may
historically
occurred
transportation
nodes
rail
bus
stations
wharves
ellis
island
relevant
many
sites
traditionally
private
ownership
addition
equating
airports
transportation
centers
take
account
differences
among
various
facilities
may
affect
extent
facilities
accommodate
expressive
activity
unsurprising
find
differences
among
facilities
port
authority
airport
builders
managers
federal
government
share
view
terminals
dedicated
facilitation
efficient
air
travel
solicitation
contributions
pp
port
authority
ban
solicitation
reasonable
solicitation
may
disruptive
effect
business
slowing
path
must
decide
whether
contribute
must
alter
paths
avoid
solicitation
addition
solicitor
may
cause
duress
targeting
vulnerable
persons
commit
fraud
concealing
affiliation
shortchanging
purchasers
fact
targets
likely
tight
schedule
thus
unlikely
stop
complain
authorities
compounds
problem
port
authority
determined
best
achieve
legitimate
interest
monitoring
solicitation
activity
assure
travelers
interfered
unduly
limiting
solicitation
sidewalk
areas
outside
terminals
area
frequented
overwhelming
percentage
airport
users
making
iskcon
access
general
public
quite
complete
moreover
odd
conclude
regulation
unreasonable
port
authority
otherwise
assured
access
universally
traveled
area
inconvenience
caused
iskcon
may
seem
small
port
authority
reasonably
worry
incremental
effects
one
group
another
seek
access
prove
quite
disruptive
pp
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
white
scalia
thomas
joined
filed
concurring
opinion
post
kennedy
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
part
blackmun
stevens
souter
joined
post
souter
filed
dissenting
opinion
blackmun
stevens
joined
post
barry
fisher
argued
cause
petitioners
briefs
david
grosz
robert
moest
david
liberman
jay
alan
sekulow
jeremiah
gutman
arthur
berg
argued
cause
respondent
brief
philip
maurer
arnold
kolikoff
milton
pachter
briefs
amici
curiae
filed
airports
association
council
america
michael
conway
american
civil
liberties
union
et
al
steven
shapiro
john
powell
arthur
eisenberg
american
federation
labor
congress
industrial
organizations
marsha
berzon
walter
kamiat
laurence
gold
american
jewish
congress
et
al
bradley
jacob
edward
mcglynn
gaffney
american
newspaper
publishers
association
et
al
robert
bernius
alice
neff
lucan
rene
milam
richard
bernstein
barbara
wartelle
wall
john
fontaine
cristina
mendoza
george
freeman
carol
malamed
american
tract
society
et
al
james
matthew
henderson
mark
troobnick
thomas
patrick
monaghan
charles
rice
criminal
justice
legal
foundation
kent
scheidegger
charles
hobson
free
congress
foundation
wendell
bird
david
myers
multimedia
newspaper
et
al
carl
muller
wallace
lightsey
project
vote
et
al
robert
plotkin
elliot
mincberg
national
institute
municipal
law
officers
benjamin
brown
analeslie
muncy
robert
alfton
frank
gummey
iii
frederick
dean
neal
janey
victor
kaleta
robert
mangler
neal
mcneill
robert
watson
iris
jones
chief
justice
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
case
consider
whether
airport
terminal
operated
public
authority
public
forum
whether
regulation
prohibiting
solicitation
interior
airport
terminal
violates
first
amendment
relevant
facts
case
dispute
petitioner
international
society
krishna
consciousness
iskcon
religious
corporation
whose
members
perform
ritual
known
sankirtan
ritual
consists
going
public
places
disseminating
religious
literature
soliciting
funds
support
religion
primary
purpose
ritual
raising
funds
movement
ibid
respondent
walter
lee
deceased
police
superintendent
port
authority
new
york
new
jersey
charged
enforcing
regulation
issue
port
authority
owns
operates
three
major
airports
greater
new
york
city
area
john
kennedy
international
airport
kennedy
la
guardia
airport
la
guardia
newark
international
airport
newark
three
airports
collectively
form
one
world
busiest
metropolitan
airport
complexes
serve
approximately
country
domestic
airline
market
market
decade
end
expected
serve
least
million
passengers
annually
airports
funded
user
fees
operated
make
regulated
profit
space
three
airports
leased
commercial
airlines
bear
primary
responsibility
leasehold
port
authority
retains
control
unleased
portions
including
la
guardia
central
terminal
building
portions
kennedy
international
arrivals
building
newark
north
terminal
building
refer
areas
collectively
terminals
terminals
generally
accessible
general
public
contain
various
commercial
establishments
restaurants
snack
stands
bars
newsstands
stores
various
types
virtually
visit
terminals
purposes
related
air
travel
visitors
principally
include
passengers
meeting
seeing
passengers
flight
crews
terminal
employees
ibid
port
authority
adopted
regulation
forbidding
within
terminals
repetitive
solicitation
money
distribution
literature
regulation
following
conduct
prohibited
within
interior
areas
buildings
structures
air
terminal
conducted
person
continuous
repetitive
manner
sale
distribution
flyers
brochures
pamphlets
books
printed
written
material
solicitation
receipt
funds
regulation
governs
terminals
port
authority
permits
solicitation
distribution
sidewalks
outside
terminal
buildings
regulation
effectively
prohibits
iskcon
performing
sankirtan
terminals
result
iskcon
brought
suit
seeking
declaratory
injunctive
relief
alleging
regulation
worked
deprive
members
rights
guaranteed
first
amendment
district
analyzed
claim
traditional
public
forum
doctrine
concluded
terminals
akin
public
streets
sdny
quintessential
traditional
public
fora
conclusion
turn
meant
port
authority
terminal
regulation
sustained
narrowly
tailored
support
compelling
state
interest
absence
argument
blanket
prohibition
constituted
narrow
tailoring
district
granted
iskcon
summary
judgment
ibid
appeals
affirmed
part
reversed
part
relying
recent
decision
kokinda
divided
panel
concluded
terminals
public
fora
result
restrictions
required
satisfy
standard
reasonableness
appeals
concluded
presented
issue
find
ban
solicitation
reasonable
ban
distribution
iskcon
one
members
also
petitioner
sought
certiorari
respecting
appeals
decision
terminals
public
fora
upholding
solicitation
ban
respondent
respecting
holding
striking
distribution
ban
granted
petitions
resolve
whether
airport
terminals
public
fora
question
circuits
split
granted
certiorari
ultimately
failed
reach
board
airport
los
angeles
jews
jesus
uncontested
solicitation
issue
case
form
speech
protected
first
amendment
heffron
international
soc
krishna
consciousness
kokinda
supra
citing
schaumburg
citizens
better
environment
riley
national
federation
blind
also
well
settled
government
need
permit
forms
speech
property
owns
controls
postal
service
council
greenburgh
civic
greer
spock
government
acting
proprietor
managing
internal
operations
rather
acting
lawmaker
power
regulate
license
action
subjected
heightened
review
actions
lawmaker
may
subject
kokinda
supra
plurality
opinion
citing
cafeteria
restaurant
workers
mcelroy
thus
upheld
ban
political
advertisements
transit
vehicles
lehman
shaker
heights
even
though
city
permitted
types
advertising
vehicles
similarly
permitted
school
district
limit
access
internal
mail
system
used
communicate
teachers
employed
district
perry
ed
assn
perry
local
educators
assn
cases
reflect
either
implicitly
explicitly
forumbased
approach
assessing
restrictions
government
seeks
place
use
property
cornelius
naacp
legal
defense
ed
fund
approach
regulation
speech
government
property
traditionally
available
public
expression
subject
highest
scrutiny
regulations
survive
narrowly
drawn
achieve
compelling
state
interest
perry
second
category
public
property
designated
public
forum
whether
limited
unlimited
character
property
state
opened
expressive
activity
part
public
ibid
regulation
property
subject
limitations
governing
traditional
public
forum
finally
remaining
public
property
limitations
expressive
activity
conducted
last
category
property
must
survive
much
limited
review
challenged
regulation
need
reasonable
long
regulation
effort
suppress
speaker
activity
due
disagreement
speaker
view
ibid
parties
disagree
proper
framework
rather
disagree
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airport
terminals
public
fora
nonpublic
fora
also
disagree
whether
regulation
survives
reasonableness
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governing
nonpublic
fora
prove
appropriate
category
like
appeals
conclude
terminals
nonpublic
fora
regulation
reasonably
limits
solicitation
suggestion
government
high
burden
justifying
speech
restrictions
relating
traditional
public
fora
made
first
appearance
hague
committee
industrial
organization
justice
roberts
concluding
individuals
right
use
streets
parks
communication
views
reasoned
right
flowed
fact
streets
parks
immemorially
held
trust
use
public
time
mind
used
purposes
assembly
communicating
thoughts
citizens
discussing
public
questions
confirmed
observation
frisby
schultz
held
residential
street
public
forum
recent
cases
provide
additional
guidance
characteristics
public
forum
cornelius
noted
traditional
public
forum
property
principal
purpose
free
exchange
ideas
moreover
consistent
notion
government
like
property
owners
power
preserve
property
control
use
lawfully
dedicated
greer
government
create
public
forum
inaction
public
forum
created
whenever
members
public
permitted
freely
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place
owned
operated
government
ibid
decision
create
public
forum
must
instead
made
intentionally
opening
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forum
public
discourse
cornelius
supra
finally
recognized
location
property
also
bearing
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acknowledged
public
areas
may
serve
indicate
separated
property
special
enclave
subject
greater
restriction
grace
precedents
foreclose
conclusion
airport
terminals
public
fora
reflecting
general
growth
air
travel
industry
airport
terminals
recently
achieved
contemporary
size
character
see
hubbard
mcclintock
williams
airports
location
administration
legal
basis
noting
airports
given
lateness
modern
air
terminal
made
appearance
hardly
qualifies
description
immemorially
time
mind
held
public
trust
used
purposes
expressive
activity
hague
supra
moreover
even
within
rather
short
history
air
transport
recent
years
become
common
practice
various
religious
nonprofit
organizations
use
commercial
airports
forum
distribution
literature
solicitation
funds
proselytizing
new
members
similar
activities
thus
tradition
airport
activity
demonstrate
airports
historically
made
available
speech
activity
say
particular
terminals
airport
terminals
generally
intentionally
opened
operators
activity
frequent
continuing
litigation
evidencing
operators
objections
belies
claim
see
supra
short
argument
society
judgment
expressed
acquiescence
continuing
practice
resolved
issue
petitioner
favor
petitioners
attempt
circumvent
history
practice
governing
airport
activity
pointing
attention
variety
speech
activity
claim
historically
occurred
various
transportation
nodes
rail
stations
bus
stations
wharves
ellis
island
even
inclined
accept
petitioners
historical
account
describing
speech
activity
locations
account
respondent
contests
think
evidence
little
import
two
reasons
first
much
evidence
irrelevant
public
fora
analysis
sites
bus
rail
terminals
traditionally
private
ownership
see
transportation
union
long
island
grant
bohi
country
railroad
station
america
dept
transportation
intercity
bus
terminal
study
development
privately
owned
parks
ban
speech
activity
change
public
fora
status
publicly
held
parks
reverse
also
true
practices
privately
held
transportation
centers
bear
government
regulatory
authority
publicly
owned
airport
second
relevant
unit
inquiry
airport
transportation
nodes
generally
new
methods
transportation
develop
new
methods
accommodating
transportation
also
likely
needed
new
step
therefore
new
inquiry
whether
transportation
necessities
compatible
various
kinds
expressive
activity
make
category
transportation
nodes
therefore
unjustifiably
elide
may
prove
critical
differences
rightfully
take
account
security
magnet
example
airport
commonplace
lacks
counterpart
bus
terminals
train
stations
public
access
air
terminals
also
infrequently
restricted
last
year
federal
aviation
administration
required
airports
period
limit
access
areas
normally
publicly
accessible
see
cfr
dept
transportation
news
release
office
assistant
secretary
public
affairs
blithely
equate
airports
transportation
centers
therefore
mistake
differences
among
facilities
unsurprising
since
appeals
noted
airports
commercial
establishments
funded
users
fees
designed
make
regulated
profit
nearly
visit
travel
related
purpose
commercial
enterprises
airports
must
provide
services
attractive
marketplace
light
fairly
said
airport
terminal
principal
purpose
promoting
free
exchange
ideas
cornelius
naacp
legal
defense
ed
fund
contrary
record
demonstrates
port
authority
management
considers
purpose
terminals
facilitation
passenger
air
travel
promotion
expression
sloane
affidavit
app
defendant
civil
rule
statement
app
even
look
beyond
intent
port
authority
manner
terminals
operated
terminals
never
dedicated
except
threat
order
expression
form
sought
exercised
solicitation
contributions
distribution
literature
terminals
far
atypical
airport
builders
managers
focus
efforts
providing
terminals
contribute
efficient
air
travel
see
horonjeff
mckelvey
planning
design
airports
ed
terminal
used
process
passengers
baggage
interface
aircraft
ground
transportation
modes
federal
government
accord
secretary
transportation
directed
publish
plan
airport
development
necessary
anticipate
meet
needs
civil
aeronautics
meet
requirements
support
national
defense
meet
identified
needs
postal
service
app
emphasis
added
see
also
purpose
dulles
national
airport
terminal
built
maintained
process
serve
air
travelers
efficiently
although
many
airports
expanded
function
beyond
merely
contributing
efficient
air
travel
included
among
purposes
designation
forum
solicitation
distribution
activities
see
supra
thus
think
neither
tradition
purpose
terminals
described
satisfying
standards
previously
set
identifying
public
forum
restrictions
challenged
therefore
need
satisfy
requirement
reasonableness
reiterate
stated
kokinda
restriction
need
reasonable
need
reasonable
reasonable
limitation
plurality
opinion
quoting
cornelius
supra
doubt
standard
prohibition
solicitation
passes
muster
many
prior
occasions
noted
disruptive
effect
solicitation
may
business
solicitation
requires
action
respond
individual
solicited
must
decide
whether
contribute
might
involve
reading
solicitor
literature
hearing
pitch
decided
reach
wallet
search
money
write
check
produce
credit
card
kokinda
supra
see
heffron
blackmun
concurring
part
dissenting
part
passengers
wish
avoid
solicitor
may
alter
paths
slowing
around
result
normal
flow
traffic
impeded
especially
airport
ir
travelers
often
weighted
cumbersome
baggage
may
hurrying
catch
plane
arrange
ground
transportation
delays
may
particularly
costly
setting
flight
missed
minutes
result
hours
worth
subsequent
inconvenience
addition
solicitation
presents
risks
duress
appropriate
target
regulation
skillful
unprincipled
solicitor
target
vulnerable
including
accompanying
children
suffering
physical
impairment
easily
avoid
solicitation
see
international
soc
krishna
consciousness
barber
ndny
rev
grounds
unsavory
solicitor
also
commit
fraud
concealment
affiliation
deliberate
efforts
shortchange
agree
purchase
see
fed
reg
compounding
problem
fact
airport
targets
activity
frequently
tight
schedules
turn
makes
visitors
unlikely
stop
formally
complain
airport
authorities
result
airport
faces
considerable
difficulty
achieving
legitimate
interest
monitoring
solicitation
activity
assure
travelers
interfered
unduly
port
authority
concluded
interest
monitoring
activities
best
accomplished
limiting
solicitation
distribution
sidewalk
areas
outside
terminals
sloane
supp
affidavit
app
sidewalk
area
frequented
overwhelming
percentage
airport
users
see
app
noting
air
travelers
passing
terminals
intraterminal
flights
transferring
planes
thus
resulting
access
solicit
general
public
quite
complete
turn
think
odd
conclude
port
authority
terminal
regulation
unreasonable
despite
port
authority
otherwise
assured
access
area
universally
traveled
inconveniences
passengers
burdens
port
authority
officials
flowing
solicitation
activity
may
seem
small
viewed
fact
pedestrian
congestion
one
greatest
problems
facing
three
terminals
port
authority
reasonably
worry
even
incremental
effects
prove
quite
disruptive
moreover
justification
rule
measured
disorder
result
granting
exemption
solely
iskcon
heffron
supra
iskcon
given
access
must
groups
obviously
much
larger
threat
state
interest
crowd
control
religious
nonreligious
noncommercial
organizations
likewise
move
freely
result
conclude
solicitation
ban
reasonable
foregoing
reasons
judgment
appeals
sustaining
ban
solicitation
port
authority
terminals
affirmed
footnotes
compare
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groups
fraudulent
bar
canvassing
streets
house
house
riley
supra
evidence
fraudulent
conduct
virtually
nonexistent
consists
one
affidavit
describing
eight
complaints
none
substantiated
involving
form
fraud
deception
larceny
entire
period
regulation
issue
agreement
enforced
see
brief
respondent
brief
petitioners
petitioners
claim
respondent
dispute
port
authority
calculation
single
claim
fraud
misrepresentation
since
ibid
facts
respondent
brief
ominous
adding
port
authority
also
aware
members
international
society
krishna
consciousness
engaged
misconduct
elsewhere
brief
respondent
precisely
type
vague
unsubstantiated
allegation
never
support
restriction
speech
finally
fact
governmental
bodies
also
enacted
restrictions
solicitation
places
see
cfr
evidence
fraudulent
conduct
even
assuming
governmental
interest
adequate
justify
regulation
present
ban
fall
subjected
requirement
narrow
tailoring
see
riley
supra
schaumburg
supra
village
may
serve
legitimate
interests
must
narrowly
drawn
regulations
designed
serve
interests
without
unnecessarily
interfering
first
amendment
freedoms
precision
regulation
must
touchstone
button
supra
thus
schaumburg
said
village
legitimate
interest
preventing
fraud
better
served
measures
less
intrusive
direct
prohibition
solicitation
fraudulent
misrepresentations
prohibited
penal
laws
used
punish
conduct
directly
efforts
promote
disclosure
finances
charitable
organizations
also
may
assist
preventing
fraud
informing
public
ways
contributions
employed
measures
may
help
make
contribution
decisions
informed
leaving
individual
choice
page
decision
whether
contribute
citations
footnotes
omitted
contrast
prophylactic
imprecise
unduly
burdensome
rule
state
adopted
reduce
alleged
donor
misperception
benign
narrowly
tailored
options
available
example
general
rule
state
may
publish
detailed
financial
disclosure
forms
requires
professional
fundraisers
file
procedure
communicate
desired
information
public
without
burdening
speaker
unwanted
speech
course
solicitation
alternatively
state
may
vigorously
enforce
antifraud
laws
prohibit
professional
fundraisers
obtaining
money
false
pretenses
making
false
statements
accordingly
reverse
judgment
appeals
strike
ban
solicitation
respondent
also
attempts
justify
regulation
alternative
basis
interference
air
travelers
referring
particular
problems
annoyance
congestion
brief
respondent
first
amendment
inevitably
requires
people
put
annoyance
uninvited
persuasion
indeed
cases
need
scrutinize
restrictions
speech
special
care
degree
congestion
public
spaces
airports
probably
comparable
public
streets
fairground
described
heffron
international
soc
krishna
consciousness
consequently
congestion
argument
held
justify
regulation
confining
solicitation
fixed
location
less
force
see
may
conclusion
majority
today
constitution
forbids
ban
sale
well
distribution
leaflets
puts
rest
respondent
argument
congestion
justifies
total
ban
solicitation
may
course
congested
locations
solicitation
severely
compromise
efficient
flow
pedestrians
proper
response
tailor
restrictions
choke
points