troxel
et
vir
granville
argued
january
decided
june
washington
rev
code
permits
ny
person
petition
visitation
rights
time
authorizes
state
superior
courts
grant
rights
whenever
visitation
may
serve
child
best
interest
petitioners
troxel
petitioned
right
visit
deceased
son
daughters
respondent
granville
girls
mother
oppose
visitation
objected
amount
sought
troxels
superior
ordered
visitation
granville
desired
appealed
state
appeals
reversed
dismissed
troxels
petition
affirming
state
held
inter
alia
unconstitutionally
infringes
parents
fundamental
right
rear
children
reasoning
federal
constitution
permits
state
interfere
right
prevent
harm
potential
harm
child
found
require
threshold
showing
harm
sweeps
broadly
permitting
person
petition
time
requirement
visitation
serve
best
interest
child
held
judgment
affirmed
affirmed
justice
joined
chief
justice
justice
ginsburg
justice
breyer
concluded
applied
granville
family
violates
due
process
right
make
decisions
concerning
care
custody
control
daughters
pp
fourteenth
amendment
due
process
clause
substantive
component
provides
heightened
protection
government
interference
certain
fundamental
rights
liberty
interests
washington
glucksberg
including
parents
fundamental
right
make
decisions
concerning
care
custody
control
children
see
stanley
illinois
pp
washington
breathtakingly
broad
statute
effectively
permits
disregard
overturn
decision
fit
custodial
parent
concerning
visitation
whenever
third
party
affected
decision
files
visitation
petition
based
solely
judge
determination
child
best
interest
parent
estimation
child
best
interest
accorded
deference
state
opportunity
declined
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factors
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conclusion
applied
exceeded
bounds
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process
clause
first
troxels
allege
found
granville
unfit
parent
presumption
fit
parents
act
children
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interests
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state
inject
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family
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reno
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intervened
gave
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weight
granville
determination
daughters
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interests
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appears
applied
opposite
presumption
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grandparent
visitation
effect
placed
granville
burden
disproving
visitation
daughters
best
interest
thus
failed
provide
protection
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right
also
gave
weight
granville
assented
visitation
even
filing
petition
subsequent
intervention
factors
considered
superior
slender
findings
show
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involves
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disagreement
granville
concerning
children
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interests
visitation
order
unconstitutional
infringement
granville
right
make
decisions
regarding
rearing
children
pp
instant
decision
rests
sweeping
breadth
application
need
consider
question
whether
due
process
clause
requires
nonparental
visitation
statutes
include
showing
harm
potential
harm
child
condition
precedent
granting
visitation
decide
precise
scope
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due
process
right
visitation
context
also
reason
remand
case
proceedings
visitation
order
clearly
violated
constitution
parties
forced
additional
litigation
burden
granville
parental
right
pp
justice
souter
concluded
washington
second
reason
invalidating
state
statute
sweeps
broadly
authorizing
person
time
request
judge
award
visitation
rights
subject
state
particular
standard
consistent
prior
cases
ends
case
need
decide
whether
harm
required
consider
precise
scope
parent
right
necessary
protections
pp
justice
thomas
agreed
recognition
fundamental
right
parents
direct
children
upbringing
resolves
case
concluded
strict
scrutiny
appropriate
standard
review
apply
infringements
fundamental
rights
state
lacks
compelling
interest
fit
parent
decision
regarding
visitation
third
parties
pp
announced
judgment
delivered
opinion
rehnquist
ginsburg
breyer
joined
souter
thomas
filed
opinions
concurring
judgment
stevens
scalia
kennedy
filed
dissenting
opinions
jenifer
troxel
et
vir
petitioners
tommie
granville
writ
certiorari
washington
june
justice
announced
judgment
delivered
opinion
chief
justice
justice
ginsburg
justice
breyer
join
section
revised
code
washington
permits
ny
person
petition
superior
visitation
rights
time
authorizes
grant
visitation
rights
whenever
visitation
may
serve
best
interest
child
petitioners
jenifer
gary
troxel
petitioned
washington
superior
right
visit
grandchildren
isabelle
natalie
troxel
respondent
tommie
granville
mother
isabelle
natalie
opposed
petition
case
ultimately
reached
washington
held
unconstitutionally
interferes
fundamental
right
parents
rear
children
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granville
brad
troxel
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ended
june
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troxel
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separated
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regular
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tommie
granville
informed
troxels
october
wished
limit
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daughters
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visit
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month
smith
troxel
app
december
troxels
commenced
present
action
filing
washington
superior
skagit
county
petition
obtain
visitation
rights
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natalie
troxels
filed
petition
two
washington
statutes
rev
code
latter
statute
issue
case
section
provides
person
may
petition
visitation
rights
time
including
limited
custody
proceedings
may
order
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person
visitation
may
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interest
child
whether
change
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trial
troxels
requested
two
weekends
overnight
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per
month
two
weeks
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summer
granville
oppose
visitation
altogether
instead
asked
order
one
day
visitation
per
month
overnight
stay
wash
superior
issued
oral
ruling
entered
visitation
decree
ordering
visitation
one
weekend
per
month
one
week
summer
four
hours
petitioning
grandparents
birthdays
app
pet
cert
granville
appealed
time
married
kelly
wynn
addressing
merits
granville
appeal
washington
appeals
remanded
case
superior
entry
written
findings
fact
conclusions
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remand
superior
found
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best
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part
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loving
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petitioners
provide
opportunities
children
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cousins
took
consideration
factors
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interest
children
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testimony
children
benefitted
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quality
time
petitioners
provided
time
balanced
time
childrens
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nuclear
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washington
appeals
reversed
lower
visitation
order
dismissed
troxels
petition
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holding
nonparents
lack
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seek
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unless
custody
action
pending
appeals
view
limitation
nonparental
visitation
actions
consistent
constitutional
restrictions
state
interference
parents
fundamental
liberty
interest
care
custody
management
children
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internal
quotation
marks
omitted
resolved
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appeals
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granville
constitutional
challenge
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statute
washington
granted
troxels
petition
review
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case
two
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appeals
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plain
language
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natalie
pursuant
rested
decision
federal
constitution
holding
unconstitutionally
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fundamental
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parents
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children
view
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two
problems
nonparental
visitation
statute
first
according
washington
constitution
permits
state
interfere
right
parents
rear
children
prevent
harm
potential
harm
child
section
fails
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requires
threshold
showing
harm
second
allowing
person
petition
forced
visitation
child
time
requirement
visitation
serve
best
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child
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sweeps
broadly
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province
state
make
significant
decisions
concerning
custody
children
merely
make
better
decision
washington
held
arents
right
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visitation
children
third
persons
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judges
parents
ones
choose
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people
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four
justices
dissented
washington
holding
constitutionality
statute
granted
certiorari
affirm
judgment
ii
demographic
changes
past
century
make
difficult
speak
average
american
family
composition
families
varies
greatly
household
household
many
children
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two
married
parents
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many
children
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households
children
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parent
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percent
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age
dept
commerce
bureau
census
current
population
reports
population
profile
understandably
households
persons
outside
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increasing
frequency
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tasks
child
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cases
grandparents
play
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role
example
approximately
million
children
percent
children
age
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household
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dept
commerce
bureau
census
current
population
reports
marital
status
living
arrangements
march
update
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enactment
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visitation
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parties
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supported
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recognition
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interest
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substantial
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justice
stevens
accusation
description
state
nonparental
visitation
statutes
terms
course
meant
suggest
children
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post
dissenting
opinion
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terminology
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highlight
fact
statutes
present
questions
constitutional
import
case
presented
question
specifically
asked
decide
whether
applied
tommie
granville
family
violates
federal
constitution
fourteenth
amendment
provides
state
shall
deprive
person
life
liberty
property
without
due
process
law
long
recognized
amendment
due
process
clause
like
fifth
amendment
counterpart
guarantees
fair
process
washington
glucksberg
clause
also
includes
substantive
component
provides
heightened
protection
government
interference
certain
fundamental
rights
liberty
interests
see
also
reno
flores
liberty
interest
issue
case
interest
parents
care
custody
control
children
perhaps
oldest
fundamental
liberty
interests
recognized
years
ago
meyer
nebraska
held
liberty
protected
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process
clause
includes
right
parents
establish
home
bring
children
control
education
two
years
later
pierce
society
sisters
held
liberty
parents
guardians
includes
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upbringing
education
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child
mere
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recognize
prepare
additional
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massachusetts
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us
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make
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custody
control
children
see
stanley
illinois
plain
interest
parent
companionship
care
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management
children
come
momentum
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lacking
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made
liberties
derive
merely
shifting
economic
citation
omitted
wisconsin
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history
culture
western
civilization
reflect
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tradition
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concern
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children
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quilloin
walcott
recognized
numerous
occasions
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concepts
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parental
authority
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parents
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long
line
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freedoms
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light
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precedent
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process
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amendment
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parents
make
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control
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section
applied
granville
family
case
unconstitutionally
infringes
fundamental
parental
right
washington
nonparental
visitation
statute
breathtakingly
broad
according
statute
text
ny
person
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petition
visitation
rights
time
may
grant
visitation
rights
whenever
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language
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permits
third
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statute
places
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view
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practical
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state
washington
disregard
overturn
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fit
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allow
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allow
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fundamental
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grandparents
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combination
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granville
unfit
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ur
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washington
superior
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granville
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super
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west
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dakota
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granville
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granville
informed
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prefer
restrict
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isabelle
natalie
one
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visit
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month
special
holidays
see
wash
verbatim
report
superior
proceedings
granville
oppose
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instead
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duration
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requested
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wash
verbatim
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bat
like
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position
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granville
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weight
granville
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rejected
granville
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et
vir
petitioners
tommie
granville
writ
certiorari
washington
june
justice
souter
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facial
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nebraska
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illinois
wisconsin
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walcott
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kramer
washington
glucksberg
first
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time
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jenifer
troxel
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vir
petitioners
tommie
granville
writ
certiorari
washington
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justice
thomas
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write
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troxel
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vir
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tommie
granville
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certiorari
washington
june
justice
scalia
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repudiated
see
meyer
nebraska
pierce
society
sisters
wisconsin
yoder
cf
west
coast
hotel
parrish
overruling
adkins
children
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sheer
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today
opinions
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judicial
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justice
kennedy
opinion
rightly
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judicially
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definition
parents
also
unless
one
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parental
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judicially
approved
assessments
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remand
justice
stevens
justice
kennedy
ushering
new
regime
judicially
prescribed
federally
prescribed
family
law
reason
believe
federal
judges
better
state
legislatures
state
legislatures
great
advantages
harm
circumscribed
area
able
correct
mistakes
flash
removable
reasons
reverse
judgment
jenifer
troxel
et
vir
petitioners
tommie
granville
writ
certiorari
washington
june
justice
kennedy
dissenting
washington
determined
petitioners
jenifer
gary
troxel
standing
state
law
seek
visitation
grandchildren
notwithstanding
objections
children
parent
respondent
tommie
granville
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relied
upon
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person
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code
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parent
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although
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washington
said
harm
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state
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best
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process
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fourteenth
amendment
see
meyer
nebraska
pierce
society
sisters
prince
massachusetts
stanley
illinois
wisconsin
yoder
santosky
kramer
pierce
meyer
decided
recent
times
may
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upon
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amendment
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quite
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amendment
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right
parent
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nurture
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supra
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courts
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precise
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prove
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reviewing
relevant
precedents
washington
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requirement
harm
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state
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smith
quoting
hawk
hawk
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judgment
washington
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parent
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nation
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clear
definitive
answers
washington
glucksberg
consensus
among
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commentators
least
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legal
right
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kramer
legal
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children
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atkinson
modern
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cited
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reiss
la
ann
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parents
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moore
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harm
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design
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tommie
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rev
code
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amended
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visitation
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courts
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child
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state
courts
invoked
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occasions
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provisions
phrase
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specific
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meaning
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mcdoyle
upholding
trial
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interest
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custody
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mcdaniels
carlson
elucidating
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federal
constitution
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majority
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plaintiff
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challenge
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thomas
case
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society
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send
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source
broad
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scope
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process
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children
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principles
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context
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context
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children
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liberty
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constitutional
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constitution
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constitutional
rights
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des
moines
independent
community
school
first
amendment
right
political
speech
gault
due
process
rights
criminal
proceedings
wisconsin
yoder
douglas
dissenting
parents
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normally
speak
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family
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child
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want
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astronaut
oceanographer
break
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tradition
future
student
future
parents
imperiled
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school
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student
judgment
parents
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give
full
meaning
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bill
rights
right
students
masters
majority
disagreement
justice
douglas
case
turned
contrary
view
children
interest
education
impact
free
exercise
clause
first
amendment
analysis
decisions
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community
see
palmore
sidoti
judgment
state
determining
reviewing
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custody
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candidate
review
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collins
city
harker
heights
matters
involving
competing
multifaceted
social
policy
decisions
best
left
local
decisionmaking
regents
university
michigan
ewing
emphasizing
reluctance
trench
prerogatives
state
local
educational
institutions
federal
courts
evaluate
substance
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academic
decisions
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daily
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field
evaluating
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information
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responsibility
resolving
disputes
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kinds
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system
ankenbrandt
richards
instinct
decisions
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relations
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firmer
ground
mere
tradition
flows
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premise
people
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associations
complex
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imposing
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template
upon
risks
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bonds
society
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preserve
footnotes
whether
parental
rights
constitute
liberty
interest
purposes
procedural
due
process
somewhat
different
question
implicated
stanley
illinois
purports
rest
part
upon
proposition
see
see
michael
gerald
plurality
opinion
though
holding
independently
supported
equal
protection
grounds
see
stanley
supra
note
respondent
asserting
behalf
substantive
due
process
right
direct
upbringing
children
asserting
behalf
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amendment
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exercise
therefore
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consider
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parent
assert
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rights