clingman
secretary
oklahoma
state
election
board
et
al
beaver
et
argued
january
decided
may
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
law
political
party
may
invite
registered
members
voters
registered
independents
vote
primary
libertarian
party
oklahoma
lpo
notified
state
election
board
wanted
open
upcoming
primary
registered
voters
regardless
party
affiliation
board
agreed
independents
parties
members
lpo
several
oklahomans
registered
republicans
democrats
sued
equitable
relief
alleging
oklahoma
statute
unconstitutionally
burdens
first
amendment
right
freedom
political
association
district
upheld
statute
grounds
severely
burden
respondents
associational
rights
burden
imposed
justified
oklahoma
asserted
interests
preserving
parties
viable
identifiable
interest
groups
ensuring
primary
results
accurately
reflect
party
members
voting
reversing
tenth
circuit
concluded
statute
imposed
severe
burden
respondents
associational
rights
narrowly
tailored
serve
compelling
state
interest
held
judgment
reversed
case
remanded
reversed
remanded
justice
thomas
delivered
opinion
except
part
concluding
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
system
violate
right
freedom
association
burden
imposes
minor
justified
legitimate
state
interests
pp
first
amendment
protects
citizens
right
band
together
promoting
among
electorate
candidates
espouse
political
views
california
democratic
party
jones
regulations
imposing
severe
burdens
associational
rights
must
narrowly
tailored
serve
compelling
state
interest
impose
lesser
burdens
state
important
regulatory
interests
usually
enough
justify
reasonable
nondiscriminatory
restrictions
timmons
twin
cities
area
new
party
tashjian
republican
party
left
open
question
whether
state
may
prevent
political
party
inviting
registered
voters
parties
vote
primary
pp
oklahoma
system
severely
burden
associational
rights
disagrees
respondents
argument
burden
oklahoma
imposes
less
severe
burden
issue
tashjian
thus
must
apply
strict
scrutiny
tashjian
tashjian
applied
strict
scrutiny
without
carefully
examining
burden
associational
rights
every
electoral
law
burdening
associational
rights
subject
strict
scrutiny
appropriate
burden
severe
jones
supra
requiring
voters
register
party
participating
primary
minimally
burdens
voters
associational
rights
moreover
tashjian
distinguishable
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
imposes
even
less
substantial
burden
connecticut
closed
primary
issue
tashjian
unlike
law
oklahoma
system
require
independent
voters
affiliate
publicly
party
vote
primary
deem
ordinary
widespread
burdens
like
severe
subject
virtually
every
electoral
regulation
strict
scrutiny
hamper
ability
run
efficient
equitable
elections
compel
federal
courts
rewrite
state
electoral
codes
constitution
require
result
pp
oklahoma
primary
advances
number
regulatory
interests
recognizes
important
preserv
es
political
parties
viable
identifiable
interest
groups
nader
schaffer
supp
aff
enhances
parties
electioneering
efforts
guards
party
raiding
sore
loser
candidacies
spurned
primary
contenders
storer
brown
pp
declines
consider
respondents
expansion
challenge
include
several
oklahoma
ballot
access
voter
registration
laws
claims
neither
raised
decided
see
cooper
industries
aviall
services
respondents
pointed
unusual
circumstances
warranting
consideration
see
taylor
freeland
kronz
pp
justice
thomas
joined
chief
justice
justice
scalia
justice
kennedy
concluded
part
voter
unwilling
disaffiliate
another
party
order
vote
lpo
primary
forms
little
association
lpo
lpo
see
tashjian
supra
even
oklahoma
system
burdens
associational
right
burden
less
severe
others
upheld
constitutional
reasons
underpinning
timmons
supra
show
oklahoma
system
burdens
lpo
minimally
timmons
oklahoma
law
regulate
lpo
internal
processes
authority
exclude
unwanted
members
capacity
communicate
public
timmons
minnesota
law
conditioned
party
ability
nominate
candidate
choice
candidate
willingness
disaffiliate
another
party
oklahoma
conditions
party
ability
welcome
voter
primary
voter
willingness
dissociate
current
party
choice
party
may
prevented
associating
desired
standard
bearer
refuses
disaffiliate
another
party
may
also
prevented
associating
voter
refuses
oklahoma
system
imposes
even
slighter
burden
voters
lpo
disaffiliation
difficult
parties
registered
members
wish
vote
lpo
primary
simply
need
file
form
changing
registration
voters
locked
unwanted
party
affiliation
see
kusper
pontikes
nominal
effort
free
vote
lpo
primary
pp
justice
joined
justice
breyer
except
part
iii
agreed
reasoning
wrote
separately
emphasize
two
points
first
libertarian
party
oklahoma
lpo
voters
registered
another
party
constitutionally
cognizable
interests
associating
one
another
lpo
primary
interests
minimized
dispose
case
second
correct
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
law
properly
review
standing
alone
imposes
modest
nondiscriminatory
burden
respondents
associational
rights
burden
justified
state
legitimate
regulatory
interests
grounds
concern
oklahoma
laws
governing
party
recognition
changes
party
affiliation
may
unreasonably
restrict
voters
ability
participate
lpo
primary
realistic
assessment
regulatory
burdens
associational
rights
appropriate
case
require
examination
cumulative
effects
state
overall
primary
scheme
finding
severe
burden
trigger
probing
review
state
justifications
pp
thomas
delivered
opinion
except
part
rehnquist
scalia
kennedy
joined
opinion
full
breyer
joined
except
part
filed
opinion
concurring
part
concurring
judgment
breyer
joined
except
part
iii
stevens
filed
dissenting
opinion
ginsburg
joined
souter
joined
parts
ii
iii
michael
clingman
secretary
oklahoma
state
election
board
et
petitioners
andrea
beaver
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
tenth
circuit
may
justice
thomas
delivered
opinion
except
part
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
system
political
party
may
invite
party
members
voters
registered
independents
vote
party
primary
appeals
held
system
violates
right
freedom
association
libertarian
party
oklahoma
lpo
several
oklahomans
registered
members
republican
democratic
parties
hold
oklahoma
election
laws
provide
registered
members
political
party
may
vote
party
primary
see
stat
tit
west
unless
party
opens
primary
registered
independents
well
see
may
lpo
notified
secretary
oklahoma
state
election
board
wanted
open
upcoming
primary
registered
oklahoma
voters
without
regard
party
affiliation
see
requiring
notice
party
opens
primary
independents
pursuant
secretary
agreed
independent
voters
voters
registered
political
parties
lpo
several
republican
democratic
voters
sued
declaratory
injunctive
relief
district
western
district
oklahoma
alleging
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
law
unconstitutionally
burdens
first
amendment
right
freedom
political
association
app
hearing
district
declined
enjoin
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
law
primaries
bench
trial
following
primary
election
district
found
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
system
severely
burden
respondents
associational
rights
found
burden
imposed
system
justified
oklahoma
asserted
interest
preserving
political
parties
viable
identifiable
interest
groups
insuring
results
primary
election
accurately
reflect
voting
party
members
memorandum
opinion
case
wd
app
pet
cert
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
district
therefore
upheld
semiclosed
primary
statute
constitutional
appeal
appeals
tenth
circuit
reversed
judgment
district
appeals
concluded
state
semiclosed
primary
statute
imposed
severe
burden
respondents
associational
rights
thus
constitutional
statute
narrowly
tailored
serve
compelling
state
interest
finding
none
oklahoma
interests
compelling
appeals
enjoined
oklahoma
using
semiclosed
primary
law
appeals
decision
prohibits
oklahoma
using
primary
system
also
casts
doubt
semiclosed
primary
laws
granted
certiorari
ii
constitution
grants
broad
power
prescribe
places
manner
holding
elections
senators
representatives
art
cl
power
matched
state
control
election
process
state
offices
tashjian
republican
party
timmons
twin
cities
area
new
party
quoting
tashjian
held
first
amendment
among
things
protects
right
citizens
band
together
promoting
among
electorate
candidates
espouse
political
views
california
democratic
party
jones
regulations
impose
severe
burdens
associational
rights
must
narrowly
tailored
serve
compelling
state
interest
timmons
however
regulations
impose
lesser
burdens
state
important
regulatory
interests
usually
enough
justify
reasonable
nondiscriminatory
restrictions
ibid
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
tashjian
struck
inconsistent
first
amendment
closed
primary
system
prevented
political
party
inviting
independent
voters
vote
party
primary
case
presents
question
tashjian
left
open
whether
state
may
prevent
political
party
inviting
registered
voters
parties
vote
primary
tashjian
acknowledged
opening
party
primary
voters
including
members
parties
raise
different
combination
considerations
ibid
persuaded
burden
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
imposes
minor
justified
legitimate
state
interests
outset
note
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
system
unlike
laws
held
infringe
associational
rights
oklahoma
sought
electoral
system
discover
names
lpo
members
see
naacp
alabama
ex
rel
patterson
interfere
lpo
restricting
activities
central
purpose
see
naacp
claiborne
hardware
naacp
button
disqualify
lpo
public
benefits
privileges
see
keyishian
board
regents
univ
state
compel
lpo
association
unwanted
members
voters
see
jones
supra
lpo
free
canvass
electorate
enroll
exclude
potential
members
nominate
candidate
choice
engage
electoral
activities
every
political
party
oklahoma
oklahoma
merely
prohibits
lpo
leaving
selection
candidates
people
members
another
political
party
nothing
prevents
members
parties
switching
registration
lpo
independent
question
whether
constitution
requires
voters
registered
parties
allowed
vote
lpo
primary
words
republican
democratic
voters
brought
action
want
associate
lpo
least
formal
sense
wish
remain
registered
republican
democratic
reform
parties
yet
assist
selecting
libertarian
party
candidates
general
election
interest
casting
vote
libertarian
candidate
particular
primary
rather
banding
together
fellow
citizens
committed
lpo
political
goals
ideas
see
jones
supra
associational
selecting
candidate
group
one
belong
falls
far
short
constitutional
right
indeed
even
fairly
characterized
interest
lpo
happy
votes
membership
party
rolls
however
voter
unwilling
disaffiliate
another
party
vote
lpo
primary
forms
little
association
lpo
lpo
see
tashjian
supra
scalia
dissenting
voter
might
wish
participate
numerous
party
primaries
cast
ballots
several
candidates
given
race
issue
dual
associations
post
concurring
part
concurring
judgment
seemingly
boundless
ones
concept
freedom
association
extended
voter
every
desire
ballot
box
ceases
analytic
use
tashjian
supra
scalia
dissenting
cf
democratic
party
wisconsin
ex
rel
la
follette
powell
dissenting
every
conflict
state
law
party
rules
concerning
participation
nomination
process
creates
burden
associational
rights
even
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
system
burdens
associational
right
burden
less
severe
others
upheld
constitutional
instance
timmons
considered
minnesota
election
law
prohibiting
multiparty
fusion
candidacies
candidate
appears
ballot
nominee
one
party
minnesota
law
prevented
new
party
minor
party
state
law
putting
forward
candidate
major
party
new
party
challenged
law
unconstitutionally
burdening
associational
rights
concluded
burdens
imposed
minnesota
law
though
trivial
severe
burdens
severe
new
party
members
remained
free
govern
internally
communicate
public
wished
ibid
minnesota
neither
regulated
new
party
internal
decisionmaking
process
compelled
associate
voters
political
persuasion
see
jones
new
party
members
simply
nominate
candidate
individuals
already
agreed
another
party
candidate
also
forced
choose
prefer
party
timmons
supra
reasons
underpinning
decision
timmons
show
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
system
burdens
lpo
minimally
timmons
oklahoma
law
regulate
lpo
internal
processes
authority
exclude
unwanted
members
capacity
communicate
public
timmons
minnesota
conditioned
party
ability
nominate
candidate
choice
candidate
willingness
disaffiliate
another
political
party
oklahoma
conditions
party
ability
welcome
voter
primary
voter
willingness
dissociate
current
party
choice
anything
moment
choosing
party
nominee
matters
far
jones
supra
crucial
juncture
appeal
common
principles
may
translated
concerted
action
hence
political
power
community
ibid
quoting
tashjian
party
may
prevented
associating
candidate
choice
desired
bearer
timmons
supra
jones
supra
candidate
refuses
disaffiliate
another
political
party
party
may
also
prevented
associating
voter
refuses
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
system
imposes
even
slighter
burden
voters
lpo
disaffiliation
difficult
general
anyone
political
party
merely
asking
appropriate
ballot
appropriate
time
registering
within
reasonable
period
time
election
jones
supra
stevens
dissenting
oklahoma
registered
members
republican
democratic
reform
parties
wish
vote
lpo
primary
simply
need
file
form
county
election
board
secretary
change
registration
see
stat
tit
west
supp
voters
locked
unwanted
party
affiliation
see
kusper
pontikes
nominal
effort
free
vote
lpo
primary
reason
registration
requirement
unduly
hinder
lpo
associating
members
parties
attract
members
parties
lpo
need
persuade
voters
make
minimal
effort
necessary
switch
parties
respondents
argue
case
different
tashjian
according
respondents
burden
imposed
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
system
less
severe
burden
issue
tashjian
hence
must
apply
strict
scrutiny
tashjian
disagree
issue
tashjian
connecticut
election
statute
required
voters
register
political
party
participating
primary
state
republican
party
adopted
rule
allowed
independent
voters
participate
primary
contended
connecticut
closed
primary
infringed
right
associate
independent
voters
ibid
applying
strict
scrutiny
found
interests
connecticut
advanced
justify
ban
compelling
thus
state
constitutionally
prevent
republican
party
inviting
primary
willing
independent
voters
respondents
reliance
tashjian
unavailing
initial
matter
tashjian
applied
strict
scrutiny
little
discussion
magnitude
burdens
imposed
connecticut
closed
primary
parties
voters
associational
rights
post
concurring
part
concurring
judgment
every
electoral
law
burdens
associational
rights
subject
strict
scrutiny
see
nader
schaffer
supp
must
minimal
infringement
rights
vote
association
strict
judicial
review
warranted
aff
instead
cases
since
tashjian
clarified
strict
scrutiny
appropriate
burden
severe
jones
supra
timmons
tashjian
independent
voters
join
connecticut
republican
party
late
day
primary
explained
supra
requiring
voters
register
party
prior
participating
party
primary
minimally
burdens
voters
associational
rights
nevertheless
tashjian
distinguishable
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
imposes
even
less
substantial
burden
connecticut
closed
primary
issue
tashjian
tashjian
identified
two
ways
connecticut
closed
primary
limited
citizens
freedom
political
association
first
important
required
independent
voters
affiliate
publicly
party
vote
primary
true
case
issue
voters
already
affiliated
publicly
one
oklahoma
political
parties
voters
need
register
libertarians
vote
lpo
primary
need
declare
independents
leave
free
participate
party
primary
open
registered
independents
see
stat
tit
west
second
less
important
burden
imposed
connecticut
closed
primary
system
political
parties
broaden
opportunities
joining
act
without
intervening
action
potential
voters
tashjian
upholding
requirement
voters
change
party
registration
months
advance
primary
election
election
laws
invariably
affec
least
degree
individual
right
vote
right
associate
others
political
ends
anderson
celebrezze
minor
barriers
voter
party
compel
strict
scrutiny
see
bullock
carter
deem
ordinary
widespread
burdens
like
severe
subject
virtually
every
electoral
regulation
strict
scrutiny
hamper
ability
run
efficient
equitable
elections
compel
federal
courts
rewrite
state
electoral
codes
constitution
require
result
beyond
question
may
inevitably
must
enact
reasonable
regulations
parties
elections
ballots
reduce
disorder
timmons
supra
storer
brown
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
system
severely
burden
associational
rights
state
citizenry
state
electoral
provision
places
heavy
burden
associational
rights
state
important
regulatory
interests
usually
enough
justify
reasonable
nondiscriminatory
restrictions
timmons
supra
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
anderson
supra
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
advances
number
regulatory
interests
recognizes
important
preserv
es
political
parties
viable
identifiable
interest
groups
nader
enhances
parties
electioneering
efforts
guards
party
raiding
sore
loser
candidacies
spurned
primary
contenders
storer
supra
first
oklahoma
asserts
semiclosed
primary
preserv
es
political
parties
viable
identifiable
interest
groups
insuring
results
primary
election
broad
sense
accurately
reflec
voting
party
members
amended
supplemental
trial
brief
defendants
record
doc
quoting
without
attribution
nader
supra
lpo
wishes
open
primary
registered
republicans
crats
may
well
vote
numbers
dwarf
roughly
registered
lpo
voters
oklahoma
see
wd
app
pet
cert
least
voters
lpo
primary
independents
libertarians
lpo
permitted
open
primary
registered
voters
regardless
party
affiliation
candidate
emerges
lpo
primary
may
unconcerned
hostile
political
preferences
majority
lpo
members
nader
supra
matter
lpo
willing
risk
surrender
identity
exchange
electoral
success
oklahoma
interest
independent
concerns
integrity
primary
system
state
wants
avoid
primary
election
outcomes
tend
confuse
mislead
general
voting
population
extent
relies
party
labels
representative
certain
ideologies
brief
petitioners
quoting
without
attribution
nader
supra
eu
san
francisco
county
democratic
central
moreover
found
facilitating
effective
operation
democratic
government
state
might
reasonably
classify
voters
candidates
according
political
affiliations
nader
supra
quoting
ray
blair
classification
mean
much
oklahoma
must
allowed
limit
voters
ability
roam
among
parties
primaries
purpose
party
registration
provide
minimal
demonstration
voter
party
whose
primary
wishes
participate
nader
supra
commitment
lessened
party
members
may
retain
registration
one
party
voting
another
party
primary
opening
lpo
primary
voters
render
lpo
imprimatur
unreliable
index
candidate
actual
political
philosophy
also
make
registered
party
affiliations
significantly
less
meaningful
oklahoma
primary
election
system
case
wd
app
pet
cert
oklahoma
reasonably
concluded
opening
lpo
primary
voters
regardless
party
affiliation
undermine
crucial
role
political
parties
primary
process
cf
jones
second
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
system
retaining
importance
party
affiliation
aids
parties
electioneering
efforts
common
experience
direct
solicitation
party
members
mail
telephone
contact
candidates
active
supporters
part
primary
election
campaign
nader
supra
yet
parties
voter
turnout
efforts
depend
large
part
accurate
voter
registration
rolls
see
council
alternative
political
parties
state
div
elections
super
undisputed
voter
registration
lists
voter
affiliation
information
provide
essential
information
party
state
committees
campaign
activities
including
canvassing
fundraising
voters
longer
required
disaffiliate
participating
parties
primaries
voter
registration
rolls
cease
accurate
reflection
voters
political
preferences
without
registration
rolls
accurately
reflect
likely
potential
primary
voters
parties
risk
expending
precious
resources
turn
party
members
may
decided
cast
votes
elsewhere
see
brief
state
south
dakota
et
al
amici
curiae
encouraging
citizens
vote
important
state
interest
see
jones
supra
kennedy
concurring
oklahoma
entitled
protect
parties
ability
plan
primaries
stable
group
voters
tr
oral
arg
third
oklahoma
interest
preventing
party
raiding
organized
switching
blocs
voters
one
party
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order
manipulate
outcome
party
primary
election
anderson
concurring
judgment
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
system
serves
interest
discouraging
voters
temporarily
defecting
another
party
vote
lpo
primary
state
interest
justify
unreasonably
exclusionary
restrictions
timmons
repeatedly
upheld
reasonable
politically
neutral
regulations
like
oklahoma
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primary
law
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
iii
beyond
challenge
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
law
respondents
expanded
challenge
include
oklahoma
election
laws
respondents
contend
several
state
ballot
access
voter
registration
laws
taken
together
severely
burden
associational
rights
effectively
preventing
changing
party
affiliations
advance
primary
election
brief
respondents
discussing
joint
operation
stat
tit
west
supp
though
lpo
unsuccessfully
challenged
one
provisions
see
rainbow
coalition
oklahoma
state
election
rejecting
first
amendment
challenge
lpo
political
parties
oklahoma
ballot
access
provision
west
supp
respondents
raise
argument
first
time
brief
merits
district
appeals
associational
burden
respondents
complained
imposed
west
need
disaffiliate
one
party
order
vote
another
party
primary
see
appellants
opening
brief
pp
challenging
applied
respondents
plaintiffs
amended
trial
brief
record
doc
amended
complaint
doc
result
virtually
evidence
record
electoral
regulations
operate
tandem
whether
laws
actually
burden
respondents
associational
rights
whether
laws
advance
important
even
compelling
state
interests
ordinarily
consider
claims
neither
raised
decided
cooper
industries
aviall
services
slip
quoting
adarand
constructors
mineta
per
curiam
respondents
pointed
unusual
circumstances
warrant
considering
portions
oklahoma
electoral
code
late
day
see
taylor
freeland
kronz
therefore
decline
consider
aspect
challenge
oklahoma
remains
free
allow
lpo
invite
registered
voters
parties
vote
primary
constitution
leaves
choice
democratic
process
courts
judgment
appeals
reversed
case
remanded
proceedings
ordered
michael
clingman
secretary
oklahoma
state
election
board
et
petitioners
andrea
beaver
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
tenth
circuit
may
justice
justice
breyer
joins
except
part
iii
concurring
part
concurring
judgment
join
opinion
except
part
although
agree
reasoning
write
separately
emphasize
two
points
first
think
respondents
claim
implicates
important
associational
interests
see
reason
minimize
interests
dispose
case
second
agree
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
law
properly
us
standing
alone
imposes
modest
nondiscriminatory
burden
respondents
associational
rights
burden
justified
state
legitimate
regulatory
interests
note
however
grounds
concern
state
laws
may
unreasonably
restrict
voters
ability
change
party
registration
participate
libertarian
party
oklahoma
lpo
primary
realistic
assessment
regulatory
burdens
associational
rights
appropriate
case
require
examination
cumulative
effects
state
overall
scheme
governing
primary
elections
finding
severe
burden
trigger
probing
review
justifications
offered
state
nearly
every
state
nation
mandates
political
parties
select
candidates
national
statewide
office
means
primary
elections
see
galderisi
ezra
congressional
primaries
historical
theoretical
context
congressional
primaries
politics
representation
galderisi
ezra
lyons
eds
primaries
constitute
electoral
process
california
democratic
party
jones
quoting
tashjian
republican
party
vital
forum
expressive
association
among
voters
political
parties
see
kusper
pontikes
basic
function
political
party
select
candidates
public
office
offered
voters
general
elections
prime
objective
voters
associating
particular
party
must
surely
gain
voice
selection
process
parties
invite
voters
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selecting
standard
bearers
outcome
pivotal
course
dictates
range
choices
available
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presumptive
winner
general
election
right
precious
free
country
voice
election
make
laws
good
citizens
must
live
wesberry
sanders
right
associate
political
party
one
choice
integral
part
basic
constitutional
freedom
kusper
supra
repeatedly
reaffirmed
first
fourteenth
amendments
protect
rights
voters
parties
associate
primary
elections
see
california
democratic
party
supra
tashjian
supra
kusper
supra
indeed
constitutional
protection
associational
rights
especially
important
context
aggregation
votes
sense
essence
electoral
process
meaningful
voice
process
individual
voter
must
join
together
likeminded
others
polls
choice
participate
selecting
party
candidate
obviously
plays
critical
role
determining
party
message
prospects
success
electoral
contest
see
california
democratic
party
supra
see
also
democratic
party
wisconsin
ex
rel
la
follette
freedom
associate
advancement
political
beliefs
necessarily
presupposes
freedom
identify
people
constitute
association
quoting
kusper
supra
majority
questions
whether
lpo
voters
registered
another
party
constitutionally
cognizable
interest
associating
one
another
lpo
primary
see
ante
doubts
point
appear
stem
two
implicit
premises
first
voter
forms
cognizable
association
political
party
registering
party
second
voter
form
cognizable
association
one
party
time
neither
premises
sound
view
first
registration
political
party
surely
may
signify
important
personal
commitment
may
accompanied
faithful
voting
even
activism
beyond
polls
many
voters
registration
serves
principally
mandatory
perhaps
even
ministerial
prerequisite
participation
party
primaries
act
casting
ballot
given
primary
may
voter
party
constitute
form
association
least
important
act
registering
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la
follette
supra
powell
dissenting
act
voting
democratic
primary
fairly
described
act
affiliation
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party
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episodic
judgment
undermine
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significance
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process
allows
citizens
join
together
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intervals
shape
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choice
public
officials
question
dual
associations
fail
see
registration
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party
negate
voter
first
amendment
interest
associating
second
party
surely
say
instance
registered
republican
democrat
protected
interest
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party
attending
meetings
making
political
contributions
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voters
parties
interests
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associations
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particularly
clear
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parties
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affiliation
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party
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maintain
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party
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election
cycles
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offices
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party
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party
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infra
minor
party
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significant
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process
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members
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parties
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suggest
state
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interest
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forms
association
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questioned
example
authority
restrict
voters
public
registration
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party
limit
voter
participating
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party
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fact
state
regulatory
authority
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ultimately
trump
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reason
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inquiry
genuineness
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duration
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voter
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issue
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vitally
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entitled
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party
invites
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begin
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point
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extent
manner
state
may
justifiably
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remainder
constitutional
analysis
substantially
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reasoning
constitutional
system
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broad
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recognized
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fair
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order
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chaos
accompany
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processes
storer
brown
sought
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interests
flexible
standard
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reaffirmed
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see
ante
standard
rigorousness
inquiry
propriety
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election
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upon
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first
fourteenth
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takushi
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severe
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twin
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party
regulations
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less
intensive
scrutiny
reasonable
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restrictions
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serve
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regulatory
interests
ibid
regime
reflects
limited
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role
courts
reviewing
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regulation
although
state
legitimate
indeed
critical
role
play
regulating
elections
must
recognized
wholly
independent
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arbiter
rather
state
controlled
political
party
parties
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shape
rules
electoral
game
benefit
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basic
reality
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render
suspect
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regulations
state
imposes
reasonable
genuinely
neutral
restrictions
associational
rights
threat
integrity
electoral
process
apparent
reason
judicial
intervention
restrictions
become
severe
however
particularly
discriminatory
effects
increasing
cause
concern
power
may
using
electoral
rules
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barriers
electoral
competition
cases
applying
heightened
scrutiny
helps
ensure
limitations
truly
justified
state
asserted
interests
merely
pretext
exclusionary
anticompetitive
restrictions
throughout
proceedings
lower
courts
respondents
framed
suit
facial
challenge
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
law
sum
argument
requiring
voters
register
either
libertarians
independents
order
participate
lpo
primary
state
law
imposes
severe
unjustified
burden
lpo
oklahoma
voters
associational
rights
reasons
explained
ante
claim
properly
us
assuming
believe
must
circumstances
oklahoma
provides
reasonable
avenues
voters
reregister
independents
libertarians
agree
semiclosed
primary
law
imposes
modest
politically
neutral
burden
associational
rights
burden
altogether
trivial
voter
significant
commitment
major
party
example
must
forfeit
registration
party
order
participate
lpo
primary
given
election
cycle
lpo
define
bounds
association
broadly
like
see
post
stevens
dissenting
see
also
supra
discussing
interest
dual
associations
neither
severe
discriminatory
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
law
simply
requires
voters
wishing
participate
lpo
primary
order
participate
party
primary
providing
reasonably
fixed
electoral
base
close
registration
date
vote
requirement
facilitates
campaign
planning
assuming
availability
reasonable
reregistration
procedures
party
inability
persuade
voter
disaffiliate
rival
party
suggest
presence
anticompetitive
regulatory
restrictions
rather
party
failure
win
voter
allegiance
semiclosed
primary
law
standing
alone
impose
significant
obstacle
participation
lpo
primary
indicate
partisan
self
dealing
lockup
political
process
warrant
heightened
judicial
scrutiny
essentially
reasons
explained
see
ante
agree
oklahoma
legitimate
interest
requiring
voters
disaffiliate
one
party
participating
another
party
primary
record
us
also
agree
state
regulatory
interests
adequate
justify
limited
burden
semiclosed
primary
law
imposes
respondents
freedom
association
finally
agree
case
distinguishable
tashjian
see
ante
joined
dissent
case
think
application
strict
scrutiny
difficult
square
flexible
standard
review
articulated
recent
cases
see
supra
tashjian
entitled
respect
principles
stare
decisis
fairly
distinguished
grounds
closed
primary
law
case
imposed
greater
burden
associational
interests
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
law
see
ante
state
regulatory
interests
tashjian
weaker
compare
ante
tashjian
iii
briefing
oral
argument
respondents
raise
first
time
claim
oklahoma
semiclosed
primary
law
severely
burdens
associational
rights
law
operation
rather
state
laws
make
quite
difficult
voters
reregister
independents
libertarians
participate
lpo
primary
see
brief
respondents
respondents
characterize
oklahoma
regulatory
scheme
follows
partisan
primaries
oklahoma
held
last
tuesday
july
year
stat
tit
west
supp
field
party
candidate
election
lpo
must
obtain
recognized
party
status
see
ibid
see
also
west
supp
requires
submit
later
may
year
election
year
petition
signatures
registered
voters
equal
least
five
percent
total
votes
cast
recent
gubernatorial
presidential
election
west
supp
state
election
board
days
determine
whether
petition
sufficient
lpo
attained
recognized
party
status
fashion
every
presidential
election
year
since
however
unless
party
candidate
receives
least
percent
total
votes
cast
governor
president
general
election
minor
party
able
state
recent
history
loses
recognized
party
status
regain
party
status
group
must
go
petition
process
ibid
party
loses
recognized
status
lpo
every
general
election
participated
affiliation
voter
registered
party
changed
independent
district
noted
highly
likely
ranks
independents
indeed
registered
republicans
democrats
contain
numerous
voters
sympathize
lpo
simply
wish
go
motions
every
time
purged
rolls
memorandum
opinion
case
wd
app
pet
cert
republican
democratic
parties
oklahoma
turns
permit
voters
registered
independents
participate
primaries
importantly
according
respondents
deadline
changing
party
affiliation
makes
quite
difficult
lpo
invite
voters
reregister
order
participate
primary
assuming
lpo
submits
petition
recognized
party
status
may
deadline
state
may
determine
whether
party
status
conferred
see
stat
tit
west
supp
order
participate
lpo
primary
voter
registered
another
party
must
change
party
affiliation
independent
libertarian
later
june
see
moreover
candidate
office
permitted
officially
declare
candidacy
state
election
board
period
first
monday
june
next
succeeding
wednesday
characterization
state
law
accurate
registered
democrat
republican
sympathetic
lpo
lpo
candidate
given
election
year
seem
face
genuine
dilemma
one
hand
may
stick
major
party
registration
forfeit
opportunity
participate
lpo
primary
alternatively
may
reregister
libertarian
independent
thus
forfeiting
opportunity
participate
major
party
primary
though
candidate
officially
declared
yet
voter
may
yet
know
whether
lpo
even
permitted
conduct
primary
moreover
must
make
choice
roughly
eight
weeks
primaries
time
voters
yet
even
tuned
election
much
less
decided
upon
candidate
see
california
democratic
party
discussing
emergence
independent
candidacies
late
election
cycle
throughout
proceedings
lower
courts
included
full
bench
trial
district
respondents
made
attempt
challenge
electoral
requirements
argue
relevant
respondents
challenge
semiclosed
primary
law
lower
courts
accordingly
gave
little
consideration
various
regulations
interrelate
operate
practice
state
seek
justify
given
posture
agree
neither
proper
prudent
us
rule
reformulated
claim
respondents
urge
see
ante
nevertheless
respondents
allegations
troubling
properly
raised
want
examine
cumulative
burdens
imposed
overall
scheme
electoral
regulations
upon
rights
voters
parties
associate
primary
elections
panoply
regulations
apparently
defensible
considered
alone
may
nevertheless
combined
effect
severely
restricting
participation
competition
even
part
regulatory
regime
might
upheld
challenged
separately
one
another
parts
might
fall
overall
scheme
unreasonably
curtails
associational
freedoms
oklahoma
requirement
voter
register
independent
libertarian
order
participate
lpo
primary
unduly
onerous
true
extent
state
provides
reasonable
avenues
voter
change
registration
status
state
regulations
governing
changes
party
affiliation
properly
us
shown
appropriate
case
regulations
imposed
weighty
discriminatory
restriction
voters
ability
participate
lpo
party
primary
probing
scrutiny
state
justifications
required
michael
clingman
secretary
oklahoma
state
election
board
et
petitioners
andrea
beaver
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
tenth
circuit
may
justice
stevens
justice
ginsburg
joins
justice
souter
joins
parts
ii
iii
dissenting
decision
today
diminishes
value
two
important
rights
protected
first
amendment
individual
citizen
right
vote
candidate
choice
political
party
right
define
mission
one
contend
citizen
membership
either
republican
democratic
party
disqualify
attending
political
functions
sponsored
another
party
voting
third
party
candidate
general
election
third
party
invites
participate
primary
election
right
support
candidate
choice
merits
constitutional
protection
whether
elects
make
speech
donate
funds
cast
ballot
importance
vindicating
individual
right
far
outweighs
public
interest
punishing
registered
republicans
democrats
acts
disloyalty
balance
becomes
even
lopsided
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