rodriguez
argued
january
decided
april
officer
struble
officer
stopped
petitioner
rodriguez
driving
highway
shoulder
violation
nebraska
law
struble
attended
everything
relating
stop
including
inter
alia
checking
driver
licenses
rodriguez
passenger
issuing
warning
traffic
offense
asked
rodriguez
permission
walk
dog
around
vehicle
rodriguez
refused
struble
detained
second
officer
arrived
struble
retrieved
dog
alerted
presence
drugs
vehicle
ensuing
search
revealed
methamphetamine
seven
eight
minutes
elapsed
time
struble
issued
written
warning
dog
alerted
rodriguez
indicted
federal
drug
charges
moved
suppress
evidence
seized
vehicle
ground
among
others
struble
prolonged
traffic
stop
without
reasonable
suspicion
order
conduct
dog
sniff
magistrate
judge
recommended
denial
motion
found
reasonable
suspicion
supporting
detention
struble
issued
written
warning
eighth
circuit
precedent
however
concluded
prolonging
stop
seven
eight
minutes
dog
sniff
de
minimis
intrusion
rodriguez
fourth
amendment
rights
reason
permissible
district
denied
motion
suppress
rodriguez
entered
conditional
guilty
plea
sentenced
five
years
prison
eighth
circuit
affirmed
noting
seven
eight
minute
delay
acceptable
de
minimis
intrusion
rodriguez
personal
liberty
declined
reach
question
whether
struble
reasonable
suspicion
continue
rodriguez
detention
issuing
written
warning
held
absent
reasonable
suspicion
police
extension
traffic
stop
order
conduct
dog
sniff
violates
constitution
shield
unreasonable
seizures
routine
traffic
stop
like
brief
stop
terry
ohio
arrest
see
arizona
johnson
tolerable
duration
determined
seizure
mission
address
traffic
violation
warranted
stop
illinois
caballes
attend
related
safety
concerns
authority
seizure
ends
tasks
tied
traffic
infraction
reasonably
completed
fourth
amendment
may
tolerate
certain
unrelated
investigations
lengthen
roadside
detention
johnson
questioning
caballes
dog
sniff
traffic
stop
become
unlawful
prolonged
beyond
time
reasonably
required
complete
th
mission
issuing
warning
ticket
beyond
determining
whether
issue
traffic
ticket
officer
mission
traffic
stop
typically
includes
checking
driver
license
determining
whether
outstanding
warrants
driver
inspecting
automobile
registration
proof
insurance
checks
serve
objective
enforcement
traffic
code
ensuring
vehicles
road
operated
safely
responsibly
see
delaware
prouse
lacking
close
connection
roadway
safety
ordinary
inquiries
dog
sniff
fairly
characterized
part
officer
traffic
mission
concluding
de
minimis
intrusion
offset
government
interest
stopping
flow
illegal
drugs
eighth
circuit
relied
pennsylvania
mimms
reasoned
mimms
government
legitimate
weighty
interest
officer
safety
outweighed
de
minimis
additional
intrusion
requiring
driver
lawfully
stopped
exit
vehicle
interest
recognized
mimms
however
stemmed
danger
officer
associated
traffic
stop
investigation
crimes
contrast
detours
officer
mission
therefore
gains
support
mimms
government
argument
officer
completes
tasks
expeditiously
earn
extra
time
pursue
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criminal
investigation
unpersuasive
traffic
stop
prolonged
beyond
time
fact
needed
officer
complete
inquiries
unlawful
caballes
critical
question
whether
dog
sniff
occurs
officer
issues
ticket
whether
conducting
sniff
adds
time
stop
pp
determination
adopted
district
detention
dog
sniff
independently
supported
individualized
suspicion
reviewed
eighth
circuit
question
therefore
remains
open
consideration
remand
vacated
remanded
ginsburg
delivered
opinion
roberts
scalia
breyer
sotomayor
kagan
joined
kennedy
filed
dissenting
opinion
thomas
filed
dissenting
opinion
alito
joined
kennedy
joined
part
iii
alito
filed
dissenting
opinion
opinion
notice
opinion
subject
formal
revision
publication
preliminary
print
reports
readers
requested
notify
reporter
decisions
washington
typographical
formal
errors
order
corrections
may
made
preliminary
print
goes
press
dennys
rodriguez
petitioner
writ
certiorari
appeals
eighth
circuit
april
justice
ginsburg
delivered
opinion
illinois
caballes
held
dog
sniff
conducted
lawful
traffic
stop
violate
fourth
amendment
proscription
unreasonable
seizures
case
presents
question
whether
fourth
amendment
tolerates
dog
sniff
conducted
completion
traffic
stop
hold
police
stop
exceeding
time
needed
handle
matter
stop
made
violates
constitution
shield
unreasonable
seizures
seizure
justified
traffic
violation
therefore
become
unlawful
prolonged
beyond
time
reasonably
required
complete
th
mission
issuing
ticket
violation
recognized
caballes
adhere
line
drawn
decision
midnight
march
police
officer
morgan
struble
observed
mercury
mountaineer
veer
slowly
onto
shoulder
nebraska
state
highway
one
two
seconds
jerk
back
onto
road
nebraska
law
prohibits
driving
highway
shoulders
see
neb
rev
stat
basis
struble
pulled
mountaineer
struble
officer
valley
police
department
dog
floyd
patrol
car
night
two
men
mountaineer
driver
dennys
rodriguez
passenger
scott
pollman
struble
approached
mountaineer
passenger
side
rodriguez
identified
struble
asked
driven
onto
shoulder
rodriguez
replied
swerved
avoid
pothole
struble
gathered
rodriguez
license
registration
proof
insurance
asked
rodriguez
accompany
patrol
car
rodriguez
asked
required
struble
answered
rodriguez
decided
wait
vehicle
running
records
check
rodriguez
struble
returned
mountaineer
struble
asked
passenger
pollman
driver
license
began
question
two
men
coming
going
pollman
replied
traveled
omaha
nebraska
look
ford
mustang
sale
returning
norfolk
struble
returned
patrol
car
completed
records
check
pollman
called
second
officer
struble
began
writing
warning
ticket
rodriguez
driving
shoulder
road
struble
returned
rodriguez
vehicle
third
time
issue
written
warning
struble
finished
explaining
warning
rodriguez
given
back
rodriguez
pollman
documents
obtained
struble
later
testified
point
rodriguez
pollman
documents
back
copy
written
warning
got
reason
stop
way
took
care
business
app
nevertheless
struble
consider
rodriguez
free
leave
although
justification
traffic
stop
way
struble
asked
permission
walk
dog
around
rodriguez
vehicle
rodriguez
said
struble
instructed
rodriguez
turn
ignition
exit
vehicle
stand
front
patrol
car
wait
second
officer
rodriguez
complied
deputy
sheriff
arrived
struble
retrieved
dog
led
twice
around
mountaineer
dog
alerted
presence
drugs
halfway
struble
second
pass
told
seven
eight
minutes
elapsed
time
struble
issued
written
warning
dog
indicated
presence
drugs
search
vehicle
revealed
large
bag
methamphetamine
rodriguez
indicted
district
district
nebraska
one
count
possession
intent
distribute
grams
methamphetamine
violation
moved
suppress
evidence
seized
car
ground
among
others
struble
prolonged
traffic
stop
without
reasonable
suspicion
order
conduct
dog
sniff
receiving
evidence
magistrate
judge
recommended
motion
denied
magistrate
judge
found
probable
cause
search
vehicle
independent
dog
alert
app
apart
information
given
dog
officer
struble
thing
rather
large
hunch
found
reasonable
suspicion
supported
detention
struble
issued
written
warning
concluded
however
eighth
circuit
precedent
extension
stop
seven
eight
minutes
dog
sniff
de
minimis
intrusion
rodriguez
fourth
amendment
rights
therefore
permissible
district
adopted
magistrate
judge
factual
findings
legal
conclusions
denied
rodriguez
motion
suppress
noted
eighth
circuit
dog
sniffs
occur
within
short
time
following
completion
traffic
stop
constitutionally
prohibited
constitute
de
minimis
intrusions
app
quoting
alexander
thus
agreed
magistrate
judge
minutes
added
stop
dog
sniff
significance
app
impelled
decision
rodriguez
entered
conditional
guilty
plea
sentenced
five
years
prison
eighth
circuit
affirmed
delay
case
opinion
noted
resembled
delays
previously
ranked
permissible
appeals
thus
ruled
delay
constituted
acceptable
de
minimis
intrusion
rodriguez
personal
liberty
given
ruling
declined
reach
question
whether
struble
reasonable
suspicion
continue
rodriguez
detention
issuing
written
warning
granted
certiorari
resolve
division
among
lower
courts
question
whether
police
routinely
may
extend
traffic
stop
absent
suspicion
order
conduct
dog
sniff
compare
morgan
postcompletion
delay
well
ten
minutes
permissible
state
baker
ut
ithout
additional
reasonable
suspicion
officer
must
allow
seized
person
depart
purpose
stop
ii
seizure
traffic
violation
justifies
police
investigation
violation
relatively
brief
encounter
routine
traffic
stop
analogous
stop
formal
arrest
knowles
iowa
quoting
berkemer
mccarty
turn
citing
terry
ohio
see
also
arizona
johnson
like
terry
stop
tolerable
duration
police
inquiries
context
determined
seizure
mission
address
traffic
violation
warranted
stop
caballes
attend
related
safety
concerns
infra
see
also
sharpe
florida
royer
plurality
opinion
scope
detention
must
carefully
tailored
underlying
addressing
infraction
purpose
stop
may
last
longer
necessary
effectuate
th
purpose
ibid
see
also
caballes
authority
seizure
thus
ends
tasks
tied
traffic
infraction
reasonably
completed
see
sharpe
determining
reasonable
duration
stop
appropriate
examine
whether
police
diligently
pursued
investigation
decisions
caballes
johnson
heed
constraints
cases
concluded
fourth
amendment
tolerated
certain
unrelated
investigations
lengthen
roadside
detention
johnson
questioning
caballes
dog
sniff
caballes
however
cautioned
traffic
stop
become
unlawful
prolonged
beyond
time
reasonably
required
complete
th
mission
issuing
warning
ticket
repeated
admonition
johnson
seizure
remains
lawful
long
unrelated
inquiries
measurably
extend
duration
stop
see
also
muehler
mena
unrelated
inquiries
exten
time
petitioner
detained
additional
fourth
amendment
justification
required
officer
words
may
conduct
certain
unrelated
checks
otherwise
lawful
traffic
stop
contrary
justice
alito
suggestion
post
may
way
prolongs
stop
absent
reasonable
suspicion
ordinarily
demanded
justify
detaining
see
post
alito
dissenting
premising
opinion
dissent
finding
reasonable
suspicion
although
district
reached
opposite
conclusion
appeals
declined
consider
issue
beyond
determining
whether
issue
traffic
ticket
officer
mission
includes
ordinary
inquiries
incident
traffic
stop
caballes
typically
inquiries
involve
checking
driver
license
determining
whether
outstanding
warrants
driver
inspecting
automobile
registration
proof
insurance
see
delaware
prouse
see
also
lafave
search
seizure
pp
ed
checks
serve
objective
enforcement
traffic
code
ensuring
vehicles
road
operated
safely
responsibly
see
prouse
lafave
search
seizure
warrant
check
makes
possible
determine
whether
apparent
traffic
violator
wanted
one
previous
traffic
dog
sniff
contrast
measure
aimed
detect
ing
evidence
ordinary
criminal
wrongdoing
indianapolis
edmond
see
also
florida
jardines
slip
candidly
government
acknowledged
oral
argument
dog
sniff
unlike
routine
measures
mentioned
ordinary
incident
traffic
stop
see
tr
oral
arg
lacking
close
connection
roadway
safety
ordinary
inquiries
dog
sniff
fairly
characterized
part
officer
traffic
mission
advancing
de
minimis
rule
eighth
circuit
relied
heavily
decision
pennsylvania
mimms
per
curiam
see
currency
mimms
reasoned
government
legitimate
weighty
interest
officer
safety
outweighs
de
minimis
additional
intrusion
requiring
driver
already
lawfully
stopped
exit
vehicle
see
also
maryland
wilson
passengers
may
required
exit
vehicle
stopped
traffic
violation
eighth
circuit
echoed
justice
thomas
dissent
believed
imposition
similarly
offset
government
strong
interest
interdicting
flow
illegal
drugs
along
nation
highways
currency
see
post
unlike
general
interest
criminal
enforcement
however
government
officer
safety
interest
stems
mission
stop
traffic
stops
especially
fraught
danger
police
officers
johnson
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
officer
may
need
take
certain
negligibly
burdensome
precautions
order
complete
mission
safely
cf
holt
en
banc
recognizing
officer
safety
justification
criminal
record
outstanding
warrant
checks
abrogated
grounds
recognized
stewart
investigation
crimes
however
detours
mission
see
supra
safety
precautions
taken
order
facilitate
detours
cf
post
alito
dissenting
thus
even
assuming
imposition
intrusive
exit
order
mimms
dog
sniff
justified
basis
highway
officer
safety
interests
different
kind
government
endeavor
detect
crime
general
drug
trafficking
particular
government
argues
officer
may
incremental
ly
prolong
stop
conduct
dog
sniff
long
officer
reasonably
diligent
pursuing
purpose
stop
overall
duration
stop
remains
reasonable
relation
duration
traffic
stops
involving
similar
circumstances
brief
government
argument
effect
completing
tasks
expeditiously
officer
earn
bonus
time
pursue
unrelated
criminal
investigation
see
also
post
thomas
dissenting
embracing
government
argument
reasonableness
seizure
however
depends
police
fact
see
knowles
regard
government
acknowledges
officer
always
reasonably
diligent
tr
oral
arg
diligence
gauged
noting
officer
actually
officer
complete
inquiries
expeditiously
amount
time
reasonably
required
complete
stop
mission
caballes
said
caballes
reiterate
today
traffic
stop
prolonged
beyond
point
unlawful
ibid
critical
question
whether
dog
sniff
occurs
officer
issues
ticket
justice
alito
supposes
post
whether
conducting
sniff
prolongs
adds
time
stop
supra
iii
magistrate
judge
found
detention
dog
sniff
case
independently
supported
individualized
suspicion
see
app
district
adopted
magistrate
judge
findings
see
appeals
however
review
determination
see
post
thomas
dissenting
resolving
issue
nevermind
appeals
left
unaddressed
post
alito
dissenting
upbraiding
addressing
sole
issue
decided
appeals
characterizing
answer
unnecessary
instead
decided
issue
appeals
decide
question
whether
reasonable
suspicion
criminal
activity
justified
detaining
rodriguez
beyond
completion
traffic
infraction
investigation
therefore
remains
open
eighth
circuit
consideration
remand
reasons
stated
judgment
appeals
eighth
circuit
vacated
case
remanded
proceedings
consistent
opinion
ordered
kennedy
dissenting
dennys
rodriguez
petitioner
writ
certiorari
appeals
eighth
circuit
april
justice
kennedy
dissenting
join
justice
thomas
dissenting
opinion
extend
part
iii
although
issue
discussed
part
argued
appeals
addressed
aspect
case
detail
view
better
course
allow
first
instance
thomas
dissenting
dennys
rodriguez
petitioner
writ
certiorari
appeals
eighth
circuit
april
justice
thomas
justice
alito
joins
justice
kennedy
joins
part
iii
dissenting
ten
years
ago
explained
conducting
dog
sniff
change
character
traffic
stop
lawful
inception
otherwise
executed
reasonable
manner
illinois
caballes
question
whether
officer
executed
stop
reasonable
manner
waited
conduct
dog
sniff
given
driver
written
warning
backup
unit
arrived
bringing
overall
duration
stop
minutes
stop
reasonably
executed
fourth
amendment
violation
occurred
holding
contrary
reconciled
decision
caballes
number
common
police
practices
also
unnecessary
officer
possessed
reasonable
suspicion
continue
hold
driver
conduct
dog
sniff
respectfully
dissent
fourth
amendment
protects
right
people
secure
persons
houses
papers
effects
unreasonable
searches
seizures
amdt
text
indicates
repeatedly
confirmed
ultimate
touchstone
fourth
amendment
brigham
city
stuart
defined
reasonableness
objective
terms
examining
totality
circumstances
ohio
robinette
considering
traditional
protections
unreasonable
searches
seizures
afforded
common
law
time
framing
atwater
lago
vista
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
traditional
protections
provided
definitive
answer
precedents
analyzed
search
seizure
light
traditional
standards
reasonableness
assessing
one
hand
degree
intrudes
upon
individual
privacy
degree
needed
promotion
legitimate
governmental
interests
virginia
moore
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
although
traffic
stop
constitutes
within
meaning
fourth
amendment
seizure
constitutionally
reasonable
police
probable
cause
believe
traffic
violation
occurred
whren
seizure
lawful
inception
violate
fourth
amendment
manner
execution
unreasonably
infringes
interests
protected
constitution
caballes
supra
rodriguez
dispute
officer
struble
probable
cause
stop
question
whether
stop
otherwise
executed
reasonable
manner
see
brief
appellant
easily
conclude
approximately
minutes
passed
time
officer
struble
stopped
rodriguez
dog
alerted
presence
drugs
amount
time
hardly
ordinary
traffic
stop
single
officer
vehicle
containing
multiple
occupants
even
dog
sniff
involved
see
ellis
minutes
barragan
approximately
minutes
time
officer
struble
conducted
ordinary
activities
traffic
stop
approached
vehicle
questioned
rodriguez
observed
violation
asked
pollman
travel
plans
ran
serial
warrant
checks
rodriguez
pollman
issued
written
warning
rodriguez
decided
conduct
dog
sniff
took
precaution
calling
backup
concern
safety
see
see
also
pennsylvania
mimms
per
curiam
officer
safety
legitimate
weighty
concern
relevant
reasonableness
caballes
makes
clear
fact
officer
struble
waited
gave
rodriguez
warning
conduct
dog
sniff
alter
analysis
use
dog
generally
implicate
legitimate
privacy
interests
conducting
dog
sniff
change
character
traffic
stop
lawful
inception
otherwise
executed
reasonable
manner
stop
lawful
inception
otherwise
executed
reasonable
manner
ibid
caballes
conducting
dog
sniff
change
character
traffic
stop
thus
fourth
amendment
violation
occurred
ii
rather
adhere
reasonableness
requirement
repeatedly
characterized
touchstone
fourth
amendment
brigham
city
supra
majority
constructed
test
inconsistent
precedents
majority
rule
requires
traffic
stop
en
tasks
tied
traffic
infraction
reasonably
completed
ante
officer
complete
inquiries
expeditiously
amount
time
reasonably
required
complete
stop
mission
may
hold
individual
longer
ante
internal
quotation
marks
alterations
omitted
majority
rule
thus
imposes
ratchet
constitutional
protection
linked
characteristics
individual
officer
conducting
stop
driver
stopped
particularly
efficient
officer
entitled
released
traffic
stop
shorter
period
time
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less
efficient
officer
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officer
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records
check
entitled
released
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period
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stopped
officer
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access
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accept
search
seizure
protections
fourth
amendment
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made
turn
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whren
citations
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reasonableness
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internal
quotation
marks
omitted
spurned
theories
make
fourth
amendment
change
local
law
enforcement
practices
moore
supra
rejected
rule
require
offense
establishing
probable
cause
closely
related
offense
identified
arresting
officer
rule
make
constitutionality
arrest
vary
place
place
time
time
depending
whether
arresting
officer
reason
detention
whether
correctly
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class
offense
probable
cause
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alford
internal
quotation
marks
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devenpeck
unanimous
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arrest
made
knowledgeable
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whereas
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rookie
precisely
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reason
ascribe
fourth
amendment
arbitrarily
variable
protection
ibid
majority
logic
produce
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traffic
stop
made
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executed
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manner
whereas
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stop
made
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veteran
officer
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knowledge
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rejected
interpretations
fourth
amendment
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reason
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inquiries
ante
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enforcement
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ensuring
vehicles
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traffic
stop
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officers
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sniff
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fourth
amendment
violation
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th
mission
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sniffs
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police
practices
lower
courts
routinely
confirmed
warrant
checks
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permissible
part
traffic
stop
see
simmons
mendez
shabazz
majority
confirms
finds
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ante
yet
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suggests
opposite
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checks
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vehicles
road
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internal
quotation
marks
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possession
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sniff
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search
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ation
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traffic
stops
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sniff
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sniff
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stops
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new
york
created
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terry
ohio
permitting
police
officers
suspect
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activity
make
limited
intrusions
individual
personal
security
based
less
probable
cause
michigan
summers
reasonable
suspicion
justification
seizures
prado
navarette
california
slip
traffic
stops
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amendment
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stops
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warrantless
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driver
riley
california
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reasonable
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gant
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stop
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ante
assumes
mission
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merely
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ante
support
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terry
stops
see
ante
citing
arizona
johnson
analyzing
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individuals
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marijuana
trafficking
florida
royer
plurality
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analyzing
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man
walking
airport
suspicion
narcotics
activity
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stop
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amendment
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station
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fourth
amendment
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made
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wait
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amendment
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amendment
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internal
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also
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nebraska
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norfolk
nebraska
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officer
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night
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fourth
amendment
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alito
dissenting
dennys
rodriguez
petitioner
writ
certiorari
appeals
eighth
circuit
april
justice
alito
dissenting
impractical
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decision
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hypothetical
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whether
traffic
stop
case
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prior
leading
dog
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car
already
reasonable
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car
contained
drugs
fact
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officer
reasonable
suspicion
result
officer
justified
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seven
eight
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dispute
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attack
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question
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thomas
opinion
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facts
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officer
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ante
dissenting
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sniff
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amendment
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traffic
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stop
requested
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officer
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fourth
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reasonableness
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line
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adopts
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stops
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learn
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love
proverbial
fly
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police
instructors
teach
rule
officers
make
traffic
stops
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set
justice
thomas
opinion
respectfully
dissent
footnotes
see
brief
opposition
important
note
decision
affect
procedures
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carried
traffic
stops
including
checking
driver
license
determining
whether
outstanding
warrants
driver
inspecting
automobile
registration
proof
insurance
ante
reaffirms
police
may
conduct
certain
unrelated
checks
otherwise
lawful
traffic
stop
ibid
thus
remains
true
police
may
ask
questions
aimed
uncovering
criminal
conduct
may
order
occupants
car
valid
stop
see
arizona
johnson
maryland
wilson
pennsylvania
mimms
per
curiam