safford unified school district et al redding argued april decided june escorting savana redding middle school classroom office assistant principal wilson showed day planner containing knives contraband admitted owning planner said lent friend marissa contraband produced four one pain relief pills banned school rules without advance permission denied knowledge wilson said report giving pills fellow students denied agreed let search belongings helen romero administrative assistant searched savana backpack finding nothing wilson romero take savana school nurse office search clothes pills romero nurse peggy schwallier savana remove outer clothing told pull bra shake pull elastic underpants thus exposing breasts pelvic area degree pills found savana mother filed suit petitioner school district safford wilson romero schwallier alleging strip search violated savana fourth amendment rights claiming qualified immunity individuals hereinafter petitioners moved summary judgment district granted motion finding fourth amendment violation en banc ninth circuit reversed following protocol evaluating qualified immunity claims see saucier katz held strip search unjustified fourth amendment test searches children school officials set new jersey applied test qualified immunity finding savana right clearly established time search reversed summary judgment wilson affirmed schwallier romero independent decisionmakers held search savana underwear violated fourth amendment pp school searches public interest best served fourth amendment standard reasonableness stops short probable cause resulting reasonable suspicion standard school search permissible measures adopted reasonably related objectives search excessively intrusive light age sex student nature infraction required knowledge component reasonable suspicion school administrator evidence search raise moderate chance finding evidence wrongdoing pp wilson sufficient suspicion justify searching savana backpack outer clothing week earlier student jordan told principal wilson students bringing drugs weapons school gotten sick pills day search jordan gave wilson pill said came marissa learning pill prescription strength wilson called marissa class handed day planner office wilson romero present marissa turn pockets open wallet producing inter alia pill marissa claimed savana also denied knowing day planner contents wilson ask received pills savana savana might hiding search marissa underwear romero schwallier revealed additional pills wilson called savana office showed day planner confirmed relationship marissa knew girls identified part unusually rowdy group school dance alcohol cigarettes found girls bathroom reasons connect contraband jordan told principal dance attended party savana house alcohol served thus marissa statement pills came savana sufficiently plausible warrant suspicion savana involved pill distribution student reasonably suspected giving contraband pills reasonably suspected carrying person backpack looking savana bag presence relative privacy wilson office excessively intrusive romero subsequent search outer clothing pp suspected facts pointing savana indicate drugs presented danger students concealed underwear wilson sufficient suspicion warrant extending search point making savana pull underwear romero schwallier said see anything savana pulled underwear strip search fourth amendment consequences defined looking much seen savana actions presence necessarily exposed breasts pelvic area degree subjective reasonable societal expectations personal privacy support treatment search categorically distinct requiring distinct elements justification part school authorities going beyond search outer clothing belongings savana subjective expectation privacy inherent account embarrassing frightening humiliating reasonableness expectation indicated common reaction young people similarly searched whose adolescent vulnerability intensifies exposure patent intrusiveness indignity outlaw search implicate rule search related scope circumstances justified interference first place supra content suspicion failed match degree intrusion wilson knew pills common pain relievers must known nature limited threat reason suspect large amounts passed around individual students great quantities suspected savana hiding common painkillers underwear suspected facts must support categorically extreme intrusiveness search adolescent body petitioners general belief students hide contraband clothing falls short reasonable search extensive calls suspicion succeed nondangerous school contraband conjure specter stashes intimate places evidence behavior school neither jordan marissa suggested savana search marissa yielded nothing wilson also never determined marissa received pills savana days weigh heavily reasonable conclusion savana presently pills person much less underwear pp although strip search violated savana fourth amendment rights petitioners wilson romero schwallier protected liability qualified immunity clearly established law show search violated fourth amendment pearson callahan intrusiveness strip search seen justifiably related circumstances lower cases viewing school strip searches differently numerous enough majority dissenting opinions counsel doubt clarity right previously stated pp issue petitioner safford liability monell new york city dept social addressed remand affirmed part reversed part remanded souter delivered opinion roberts scalia kennedy breyer alito joined stevens ginsburg joined parts stevens filed opinion concurring part dissenting part ginsburg joined ginsburg filed opinion concurring part dissenting part thomas filed opinion concurring judgment part dissenting part safford unified school district et petitioners april redding writ certiorari appeals ninth circuit june justice souter delivered opinion issue whether student fourth amendment right violated subjected search bra underpants school officials acting reasonable suspicion brought forbidden prescription drugs school reasons suspect drugs presented danger concealed underwear hold search violate constitution reason question clarity right established official ordered unconstitutional search entitled qualified immunity liability events immediately prior search question began savana redding math class safford middle school one october day assistant principal school kerry wilson came room asked savana go office showed day planner unzipped open flat desk several knives lighters permanent marker cigarette wilson asked savana whether planner said days lent friend marissa glines savana stated none items planner belonged wilson showed savana four white ibuprofen pills one blue naproxen pill used pain inflammation banned school rules without advance permission asked savana knew anything pills savana answered wilson told savana received report giving pills fellow students savana denied agreed let wilson search belongings helen romero administrative assistant came office together wilson searched savana backpack finding nothing point wilson instructed romero take savana school nurse office search clothes pills romero nurse peggy schwallier asked savana remove jacket socks shoes leaving stretch pants without pockets asked remove finally savana told pull bra side shake pull elastic underpants thus exposing breasts pelvic area degree pills found savana mother filed suit safford unified school district wilson romero schwallier conducting strip search violation savana fourth amendment rights individuals hereinafter petitioners moved summary judgment raising defense qualified immunity district district arizona granted motion ground fourth amendment violation panel ninth circuit affirmed closely divided circuit sitting en banc however reversed following protocol evaluating claims qualified immunity see saucier katz ninth circuit held strip search unjustified fourth amendment test searches children school officials set new jersey circuit applied test qualified immunity found savana right clearly established time search hese notions personal privacy clearly established inhere us particularly middle school teenagers inherent privacy component fourth amendment proscription unreasonable searches quoting brannum overton cty school upshot reversal summary judgment wilson affirming judgments favor schwallier school nurse romero administrative assistant since acted independent decisionmakers granted certiorari affirm part reverse part remand ii fourth amendment right people secure persons unreasonable searches seizures generally requires law enforcement officer probable cause conducting search probable cause exists facts circumstances within officer knowledge reasonably trustworthy information sufficient warrant man reasonable caution belief offense committed brinegar quoting carroll evidence bearing offense found place searched recognized school setting requires modification level suspicion illicit activity needed justify search held searches school officials careful balancing governmental private interests suggests public interest best served fourth amendment standard reasonableness stops short probable cause thus applied standard reasonable suspicion determine legality school administrator search student held school search permissible scope measures adopted reasonably related objectives search excessively intrusive light age sex student nature infraction number cases probable cause implicit bearing reliable knowledge element reasonable suspicion attempted flesh knowledge component looking degree known facts imply prohibited conduct see adams williams marshall dissenting specificity information received see spinelli reliability source see aguilar texas end day however realized factors rigidly control illinois gates come back saying standards fluid concepts take substantive content particular contexts assessed ornelas perhaps best said generally required knowledge component probable cause law enforcement officer evidence search raise fair probability gates substantial chance discovering evidence criminal activity lesser standard school searches readily described moderate chance finding evidence wrongdoing iii case school policies strictly prohibit nonmedical use possession sale drug school grounds including ny prescription drug except permission use school granted pursuant board policy app pet cert week savana searched another student jordan romero relation school administrative assistant told principal assistant principal wilson certain students bringing drugs weapons campus sick taking pills got classmate app morning october boy handed wilson white pill said marissa glines given told wilson students planning take pills lunch wilson learned peggy schwallier school nurse pill ibuprofen mg available prescription wilson called marissa class outside classroom marissa teacher handed wilson day planner found within marissa reach containing various contraband items wilson escorted marissa back office presence helen romero wilson requested marissa turn pockets open wallet marissa produced blue pill several white ones razor blade wilson asked blue pill came marissa answered guess slipped gave ibu wilson asked meant marissa replied redding ibid wilson enquired day planner contents marissa denied knowing anything wilson ask marissa followup questions determine whether likelihood savana presently pills neither asking marissa received pills savana savana might hiding schwallier immediately recognize blue pill information provided poison control indicated pill dose antiinflammatory drug generically called naproxen available counter wilson direction marissa subjected search bra underpants romero schwallier savana later search revealed additional pills juncture wilson called savana office showed day planner conversation established savana marissa friendly terms denied knowledge contraband savana admitted day planner lent marissa wilson reports friendship staff members identified savana marissa part unusually rowdy group school opening dance august alcohol cigarettes found girls bathroom wilson reason connect girls contraband wilson knew jordan romero told principal dance party savana house alcohol served marissa statement pills came savana thus sufficiently plausible warrant suspicion savana involved pill distribution suspicion wilson enough justify search savana backpack outer student reasonably suspected giving contraband pills reasonably suspected carrying person carryall become item student uniform places today wilson reasonable suspicion pill distribution understood support searches outer clothes backpack justify search worth making look savana bag presence relative privacy wilson office excessively intrusive romero subsequent search outer clothing parties part company savana claim extending search wilson behest point making pull underwear constitutionally unreasonable exact label final step intrusion important though strip search fair way speak romero schwallier directed savana remove clothes underwear pull bra elastic band underpants although romero schwallier stated see anything savana followed instructions app pet cert define strip search fourth amendment consequences way guarantee litigation looking much seen fact savana pulling underwear away body presence two officials able see necessarily exposed breasts pelvic area degree subjective reasonable societal expectations personal privacy support treatment search categorically distinct requiring distinct elements justification part school authorities going beyond search outer clothing belongings savana subjective expectation privacy search inherent account embarrassing frightening humiliating reasonableness expectation required fourth amendment standard indicated consistent experiences young people similarly searched whose adolescent vulnerability intensifies patent intrusiveness exposure see brief national association social workers et al amici curiae hyman perone side school violence educator policies practices may contribute student misbehavior school psychology strip search result serious emotional damage common reaction adolescents simply registers obviously different meaning search exposing body experience nakedness near undress school circumstances changing gym getting ready play exposing search responding accusation reserved suspected wrongdoers fairly understood degrading number communities decided strip searches schools never reasonable banned matter facts may see new york city dept education reg online http circumstances shall student conducted indignity search course outlaw implicate rule reasonableness stated search actually conducted reasonably related scope circumstances justified interference first place internal quotation marks omitted scope permissible excessively intrusive light age sex student nature infraction content suspicion failed match degree intrusion wilson knew beforehand pills ibuprofen naproxen common pain relievers equivalent two advil one must aware nature limited threat specific drugs searching anything taken quantities real harm wilson reason suspect large amounts drugs passed around individual students receiving great numbers pills wilson suspected savana hiding common painkillers underwear petitioners suggest truth universally acknowledged students hid contraband clothing reply brief petitioners cite smattering cases students contraband underwear categorically extreme intrusiveness search body adolescent requires justification suspected facts general background possibilities fall short reasonable search extensive calls suspicion pay nondangerous school contraband raise specter stashes intimate places evidence record general practice among safford middle school students hiding sort thing underwear neither jordan marissa suggested wilson savana preceding search marissa wilson ordered yielded nothing wilson never even determined marissa received pills savana days weigh heavily reasonable conclusion savana presently pills person much less underwear sum missing suspected facts pointed savana indication danger students power drugs quantity reason suppose savana carrying pills underwear think combination deficiencies fatal finding search reasonable holding mean cast ill reflection assistant principal record raises doubt motive throughout eliminate drugs school protect students jordan romero gone parents known overreact protect children danger school official responsibility safety may tend difference fourth amendment places limits official even high degree deference courts must pay educator professional judgment mean though make clear concern limit school search reasonable scope requires support reasonable suspicion danger resort underwear hiding evidence wrongdoing search reasonably make quantum leap outer clothes backpacks exposure intimate parts meaning search degradation subject may reasonably feel place search intrusive category demanding specific suspicions iv school official searching student entitled qualified immunity clearly established law show search violated fourth amendment pearson callahan slip established clearly however need action question previously held unlawful wilson layne unconstitutionality outrageous conduct obviously unconstitutional reason judge posner said easiest cases even arise morgan even action less outrage officials still notice conduct violates established law novel factual circumstances hope pelzer directed school officials limit intrusiveness search light age sex student nature infraction said length intrusiveness strip search seen justifiably related circumstances realize lower courts reached divergent conclusions regarding standard applies searches number judges read en banc minority ninth circuit sixth circuit upheld strip search high school student drug without suspicion drugs hidden next body williams ellington courts considering qualified immunity strip searches read series abstractions one hand declaration seeming deference judgments school officials jenkins talladega city bd en banc made impossible establish clearly contours fourth amendment right wide variety possible school settings different involved ibid see also thomas roberts granting qualified immunity teacher police officer conducted group strip search fifth grade class looking missing think differences opinion substantial enough require immunity school officials case suggest entitlement qualified immunity guaranteed product disuniform views law federal state courts fact single judge even group judges disagrees contours right automatically render law unclear clear said however cases viewing school strip searches differently way see numerous enough majority dissenting opinions counsel doubt sufficiently clear prior statement law conclude qualified immunity warranted strip search savana redding unreasonable violation fourth amendment petitioners wilson romero schwallier nevertheless protected liability qualified immunity conclusions resolve however question liability petitioner safford unified school district monell new york city dept social claim ninth circuit address judgment ninth circuit therefore affirmed part reversed part case remanded consideration monell claim ordered safford unified school district et petitioners april redding writ certiorari appeals ninth circuit june justice stevens justice ginsburg joins concurring part dissenting part new jersey established inquiry determining reasonableness school official decision search student first explained search must presence reasonable grounds suspecting search turn evidence student violated violating either law rules school second search must permissible scope achieved measures adopted reasonably related objectives search excessively intrusive light age sex student nature infraction ibid emphasis added nothing decides today alters basic framework simply applies declare unconstitutional strip search honors student based groundless suspicion might hiding medicine underwear essence case clearly established law meets clearly outrageous conduct long believed require constitutional scholar conclude nude search child invasion constitutional rights magnitude stevens concurring part dissenting part quoting doe renfrow strip search savana redding case intrusive less justified search student purse therefore join parts opinion disagree decision extend qualified immunity school official authorized unconstitutional search reaches contrary conclusion qualified immunity based fact various courts appeals adopted seemingly divergent views application strip searches ante clarity right depend whether jurists misread precedents cases previously noted divergence views among courts deciding whether extend qualified immunity pearson callahan slip noting unsettled constitutionality doctrine wilson layne considering conflicting views constitutionality law enforcement practice allowing media enter private home observe film attempted arrests relied consideration spare officials predict future course constitutional law quoting procunier navarette emphasis added case contrast chart new constitutional path merely decide whether decision strip search savana redding facts prohibited conclusion leaves boundaries law undisturbed appeals properly rejected school official qualified immunity defense affirm judgment entirety safford unified school district et petitioners april redding writ certiorari appeals ninth circuit june justice ginsburg concurring part dissenting part agree assistant principal wilson subjection savana redding humiliating stripdown search violated fourth amendment also agree justice stevens ante opinion new jersey clearly established law governing case fellow student marissa glines caught pills pocket accused redding supplying app asked blue pill among several white pills glines pocket came glines answered guess slipped gave ibu ibid asked next glines responded savana redding ibid observes ante followup questions asked wilson test glines accusation veracity asking glines redding give pills purpose reasonable search pills ended inspection redding backpack jacket pockets yielded nothing wilson cause suspect based prior experience school clues case redding hidden pills containing equivalent two advils one aleve underwear body make matters worse wilson release redding return class go home search instead made sit chair outside office two hours point attempt call parent abuse authority order shielded official immunity contrast teacher discovered student smoking lavatory search confined student purse search redding involved body rested bare accusation another student whose reliability assistant principal reason trust opinion plainly stated controlling fourth amendment law search ordered school official even justified inception crosses constitutional boundary becomes excessively intrusive light age sex student nature infraction internal quotation marks omitted nature supposed infraction slim basis suspecting savana redding age sex establish beyond doubt assistant principal wilson order reconciled opinion wilson treatment redding abusive reasonable believe law permitted join justice stevens dissenting acceptance wilson qualified immunity plea affirm appeals judgment respects safford unified school district et petitioners april redding writ certiorari appeals ninth circuit june justice thomas concurring judgment part dissenting part agree judgment school officials respect qualified immunity reversed see ante unlike majority however hold search savana redding violate fourth amendment majority imposes vague amorphous standard school administrators also grants judges sweeping authority measures officials take maintain discipline schools ensure health safety students charge deep intrusion administration public schools exemplifies return doctrine loco parentis judiciary reluctant interfere routine business school administration allowing schools teachers set enforce rules maintain order morse frederick thomas concurring even prevailing fourth amendment test established new jersey petitioners including school district entitled judgment matter law favor although underlying command fourth amendment always searches seizures reasonable reasonable depends context within search takes place thus although public school students retain fourth amendment rights precedent see rights different elsewhere inquiry disregard schools custodial tutelary responsibility children vernonia school dist acton see also identifying substantial interest teachers administrators maintaining discipline classroom school grounds nearly years understood aintaining order classroom never easy recent years school disorder often taken particularly ugly forms drug use violent crime schools become major social problems ibid schools vents calling discipline frequent occurrences sometimes require immediate effective action goss lopez see also explaining schools legitimate need maintain environment learning take place reason school officials retain broad authority protect students preserve order proper educational environment fourth amendment authority requires school officials able engage close supervision schoolchildren well enforc rules conduct perfectly permissible undertaken adult ibid seeking reconcile fourth amendment unique public school setting held school search reasonable related scope circumstances justified interference first place quoting terry ohio search review easily meets standard search student teacher school official inception reasonable grounds suspecting search turn evidence student violated violating either law rules school supra omitted majority rightly concedes search justified inception reasonable grounds suspect redding possessed medication violated school rules see ante finding reasonable suspicion deal hard certainties probabilities cortez see also supra requirement reasonable suspicion requirement absolute certainty satisfy standard mere hunch wrongdoing required considerably less suspicion needed required satisf preponderance evidence standard arvizu internal quotation marks omitted furthermore evaluating whether reasonable particularized objective basis conducting search based suspected wrongdoing government officials must consider totality circumstances internal quotation marks omitted school officials specialized understanding school environment habits students concerns community enables certain conclusions human behavior sokolow quoting cortez supra like police officers school officials entitled make assessment situation light specialized training familiarity customs school see arvizu supra petitioners reasonable grounds suspect redding possession prescription nonprescription drugs violation school prohibition use possession sale drug school property school events en banc see also hawkins dissenting explaining school policy defined drugs include ny prescription drug except permission use school initial matter school officials aware years earlier student become seriously ill spent several days intensive care ingesting prescription medication obtained classmate app fourth amendment searches occur vacuum rather context must inform judicial inquiry see cortez supra instance suspicion drug possession arose middle school history problems students using distributing prohibited illegal substances campus app school problems abated school year challenged search redding took place school officials found alcohol cigarettes girls bathroom first school dance year noticed group students including redding marissa glines smelled alcohol ibid several weeks later another student jordan romero reported redding hosted party dance served whiskey vodka tequila romero provided report school officials result meeting mother scheduled officials romero bec violent sick stomach one night admitted taken pills got ten classmate meeting romero admitted certain students bringing drugs weapons campus one week later romero handed assistant principal white pill said received glines reported group students planning taking pills lunch ibid school officials justifiably took quick action light lunchtime deadline assistant principal took pill school nurse identified ibuprofen subsequent search glines belongings produced razor blade naproxen pill several ibuprofen pills asked glines claimed received pills redding ibid search redding planner glines borrowed uncovered several knives several lighters cigarette permanent marker thus majority acknowledges ante totality relevant circumstances justified search redding remaining question whether search reasonable scope search permissible scope measures adopted reasonably related objectives search excessively intrusive light age sex student nature infraction majority concludes school officials search redding underwear related scope circumstances justified interference first place see ante notwithstanding officials reasonable suspicion redding involved pill distribution ante according majority reasonable school search required showing danger students power drugs quantity reason suppose redding carrying pills underwear ante additional requirements unjustifiable departure bedrock fourth amendment law school setting heretofore read fourth amendment grant considerable leeway school officials school officials searched location pills hidden search reasonable scope majority finds subjective reasonable societal expectations personal privacy support treat ing type search labels strip search categorically distinct requiring distinct elements justification part school authorities going beyond search clothing belongings ante thus majority view although school officials reasonable suspicion believe redding pills person see ante needed greater level particularized suspicion conduct strip search support contortion fourth amendment generally held reasonableness search scope depends whether limited area capable concealing object search see wyoming houghton police officers may inspect passengers belongings found car capable concealing object search florida jimeno scope search generally defined expressed object johns search reasonable plausible argument object search concealed packages ross lawful search generally extends entire area object search may found keeping longstanding rule nature infraction referenced delineates proper scope search students way identical permitted searches outside school search must limited areas object infraction concealed see horton california police warrant rifle may search places rifles might internal quotation marks omitted ross supra robable cause believe undocumented aliens transported van justify warrantless search suitcase search student therefore permissible scope long objectively reasonable believe area searched conceal contraband dissenting opinion correctly captured fourth amendment standard noting student brought baseball bat campus violation school policy search student shirt pocket patently unjustified opinion hawkins analysis whether scope search permissible standard straightforward indeed majority dispute general background possibilities establish students conceal contraband underwear ante acknowledges school officials reasonable suspicion look redding backpack outer clothing wilson reasonable suspicion pill distribution understood support searches outer clothes backpack justify search worth making ante majority nevertheless concludes proceeding search unreasonable see ante see also ante ginsburg concurring part dissenting part reasonable search pills ended inspection redding backpack jacket pockets yielded nothing support conclusion reasonable suspicion redding possessed pills distribution purposes dissipate simply search backpack turned nothing eminently reasonable conclude backpack empty redding secreting pills place thought one look see ross supra contraband goods rarely strewn plain view nature goods must withheld public view redding first person conceal pills undergarments see hicks man gets drug sentence corbin ky drug courier told officials oxycontin pills concealed crotch conley whitehaven traffic stop yields hydrocodone pills memphis commercial appeal additional hydrocodone pills found pants caywood police vehicle chase leads drug arrests worcester telegram gazette june allegedly cigar tube stuffed pills tucked waistband pants hubartt charged dealing ecstasy fort wayne journal gazette hile put squad car pants fell plastic bag containing pink orange pills fell ground sebastian residents arrested drug sting vero beach press journal arrestee told pills last today decision announces safest place secrete contraband school majority compounds error reading nature infraction aspect test license limit searches based judge assessment particular school policy according majority scope search impermissible school official must aware nature limited threat specific drugs searching reason suspect large amounts drugs passed around individual students receiving great numbers pills ante thus order locate rationale finding fourth amendment violation case majority retreats observation school firm policy makes sense basis claim search unreasonable owing defect shortcoming rule aimed enforcing ante even accepting majority assurances attacking rule reasonableness certainly attacking rule importance approach directly conflicts unwilling adopt standard legality search dependent upon judge evaluation relative importance school rules indeed expressly rejected proposition majority seemingly endorses rules regarding student conduct nature justify search based upon reasonable suspicion ibid see also promulgation rule forbidding specified conduct presumably reflects judgment part school officials conduct destructive school order proper educational environment absent suggestion rule violates substantive constitutional guarantee courts general matter defer judgment majority decision regard also departs another basic principle fourth amendment law enforcement officials enforce vigor rules regulations irrespective perceived importance rules long line cases said officer probable cause believe person committed even minor crime presence balancing private public interests doubt arrest constitutionally reasonable virginia moore slip fourth amendment rule searches police officers entitled search regardless perceived triviality underlying law explained requiring police make sensitive determinations government need atwater lago vista particular prohibition conducting search place police almost impossible spot majority placed school officials impossible spot questioning whether possession ibuprofen naproxen causes severe enough threat warrant investigation suspected infraction involved street drug majority implies approved scope search see ante relying limited threat specific drugs searching ante relying limited power drugs involved effect majority replaced school rule draws distinction among drugs new one result full search student person prohibited drugs permitted agrees drug question sufficiently dangerous test unworkable unsound school officials expected halt searches based possibility might later find particular infraction issue severe enough warrant intrusive rule promulgated school board represents judgment school officials rule needed maintain school order proper educational environment teachers administrators local school board called upon protect safety students school personnel maintain environment conducive learning blackmun concurring judgment tasked watch ing large number students inclined test outer boundaries acceptable conduct imitate misbehavior peer misbehavior dealt quickly environment something simple water pistol peashooter wreak havoc taken away ibid danger posed unchecked distribution consumption prescription pills students certainly needs elaboration judges qualified best manner maintaining quiet order school environment institutional judgments like concerning selection best methods restrain ing students assaulting one another abusing drugs alcohol committing crimes involve host policy choices must made locally elected representatives rather federal judges interpreting basic charter government entire country collins harker heights cf regents univ ewing observing federal courts suited evaluat ing substance multitude academic decisions disciplinary decisions made daily faculty members public educational institutions mistake judges assume responsibility deciding school rules important enough allow invasive searches rules even authorized importance school rules assessment importance district policy flawed crime possess use ibuprofen without prescription see rev stat ann west supp person shall knowingly ossess use drug unless person obtains drug pursuant valid prescription prescriber licensed pursuant state law prohibiting unauthorized prescription drugs school grounds conducting search ensure students abide prohibition school rule consistent routine provision state criminal code hardly seems unreasonable school officials enforce rule effect proscribes conduct amounts crime moreover school districts valid reasons punishing unauthorized possession prescription drugs school property severely possession street drugs eenage abuse prescription drugs poses increasingly alarming national crisis get teens drugs education digest one study noted young people ages abuse prescription drugs illicit drug except marijuana cocaine heroin methamphetamine combined executive office president office national drug control policy ondcp prescription danger hereinafter prescription danger according survey teens nearly one five percent million admit abusing prescription drugs lifetime columbia university national center addiction substance abuse casa got drugs prescription drug pushers internet july see also dept health human services national institute drug abuse high school youth trends percent reported using prescription drug nonmedically within past year school administrators reasonably conclude high rate drug abuse fueled least part increasing presence prescription drugs school campuses see gibson grand forks schools see rise prescription drug abuse grand forks herald explaining prescription drug abuse growing larger problem students bring school sell give friends survey percent teens sa id drugs used kept sold grounds schools casa national survey american attitudes substance abuse xiii teens parents hereinafter national survey risks posed abuse drugs every bit serious dangers using typical street drug teenagers nevertheless apt believe myth drugs provide medically safe high ondcp teens prescription drugs analysis recent trends emerging drug threat hereinafter teens prescription drugs since dramatic increase number poisonings even deaths associated abuse prescription drugs prescription danger see also dept health human services nsduh report trends nonmedical use prescription pain relievers pproximately emergency department visits involved nonmedical use pain relievers casa counter diversion abuse controlled prescription drugs july abuse controlled prescription drugs implicated least percent emergency department admissions percent single emergency department deaths least injuries deaths likely due fact ost controlled prescription drug abusers abusers habit especially likely result deadly drug combinations furthermore even child immediately harmed abuse prescription drugs research suggests prescription drugs become gateway drugs substances abuse healy skipping street los angeles times boomers made marijuana younger generation finds prescription drugs easier score see also national survey noting teens report prescription drugs easier buy beer admittedly ibuprofen naproxen issue case prescription painkillers forefront problem see prescription danger pain relievers like vicodin oxycontin prescription drugs commonly abused teens without dangers nonsteroidal drugs nsaids pose risk death overdose pill book silverman ed observing ibuprofen naproxen nsaids eople died nsaid overdoses moreover caused use nsaids magnified taken combination drugs see reactions weekly issue girl developed allergic interstitial nephritis renal failure receiving escitalopram ibuprofen issue boy developed iron deficiency anaemia hypoalbuminaemia treatment naproxen issue diagnosed oesophageal perforation taking ibuprofen admitted intensive care unit issue boy developed anaphylaxis following ingestion ibuprofen student previously unknown intolerance ibuprofen naproxen take either drug become ill public outrage likely directed toward school failing take steps prevent unmonitored use drug light risks involved school decision establish enforce school prohibition possession unauthorized drug thus reasonable determining whether search scope reasonable fourth amendment therefore irrelevant whether officials suspected redding possessing ibuprofen naproxen harder street drug safford prohibited possession school property reasonable suspicion redding possession drugs violation policies therefore justified search extending area small pills concealed search violate fourth amendment ii declaring search unreasonable case majority ed control american public school system public school invalidating school policies treat drugs equally swift disciplinary decisions made school officials see morse thomas concurring quoting tinker des moines independent community school black dissenting interference matters great concern teachers parents students illustrates constitutionally sound approach question applying fourth amendment local public schools fact complete restoration doctrine loco parentis early years public schooling courts applied doctrine loco parentis transfer teachers authority parent obedience control stubbornness quicken diligence reform bad habits morse supra thomas concurring quoting state pendergrass empowered schoolteachers administrators almost complete discretion establish enforce rules believed necessary maintain control classrooms see kent commentaries american law power allowed law parent person child may delegated tutor instructor better accomplish purpose education blackstone commentaries laws england may also delegate part parental authority life tutor schoolmaster child loco parentis portion parent committed charge viz restraint correction may necessary answer purposes employed perils judicial policymaking inherent applying fourth amendment protections public schools counsel favor return understanding existed nation first public schools gave teachers discretion craft rules needed carry disciplinary responsibilities delegated parents view parents delegate teachers authority discipline maintain order applied case search redding stand doubt parent authority conduct search issue case parents immunity strictures fourth amendment comes searches child child belongings see also parent authority subject limits fourth amendment griffin wisconsin arental custodial authority require judicial approval search minor child room acknowledged principle based societal understanding superior inferior respect parent child relationship georgia randolph light relationship indicated parent authorize search child consenting search even child denies consent see ibid see also lafave search seizure ed father head household responsibility authority discipline training control children superior interest family residence minor son father consent search effective notwithstanding son contemporaneous objection internal quotation marks omitted certainly search parent different regardless whether child prefer left alone see ven minor child may think room overall dominance parents internal quotation marks omitted restoring doctrine loco parentis however leave public schools entirely free impose rule choose parents like rules imposed schools seek redress school boards legislatures send children private schools home school simply move see morse thomas concurring indeed parents local government officials proved quite capable challenging overly harsh school rules enforcement sensible rules insensible ways example one community questioned school policy resulted arrested handcuffed taken jail bringing plastic butter knife school downey zero tolerance always add atlanta apr another least one school board member outraged students suspended imitating drug activity combined sugar plastic bags grant pupils trading sweet mix get sour shot discipline pittsburgh may individuals within yet another school district protested policy toward weapons become rigid force schools expel student belongs military organization corps legitimate extracurricular group simply transporting amounts harmless props richardson school gun case sparks cries common sense washington times local efforts change controversial school policies democratic processes proven successful many cases see postal schools zero tolerance lose punch orlando sentinel apr state lawmakers want schools dial back strict policies students end juvenile detention richardson tolerance waning rules washington times apr moved relax laws utah allows students bring asthma inhalers school without violating policy drugs see also nussbaum becoming fed zero tolerance new york times section discussing report found widespread use discipline policies creating many problems solving many cases around country students harshly disciplined infractions harm intended done end task implementing amending public school policies beyond function parents teachers school administrators local politicians state officials better suited judges determine appropriate limits searches conducted school officials preservation order discipline safety public schools simply domain constitution common sense judicial monopoly constitutional imperative iii nationwide drug epidemic makes war drugs pressing concern every school board ed independent school dist pottawatomie cty earls yet limited authority school officials conduct searches drugs officials believe pose serious safety risk students majority confirmed return doctrine loco parentis required keep judiciary essentially seizing control public schools teachers able ir pupils quicken slothful spur indolent restrain impetuous control making giv ing commands punish ing without interference judges see morse supra deciding better equipped decide behavior permitted schools undercut student safety undermined authority school administrators local officials even troubling done case underlying response school administrators reasonable justified join regrettable decision therefore respectfully dissent determination search violated fourth amendment footnotes object school search enforcement school rule valid search assumes course rule legitimacy legitimacy rule usually goes without saying said plainly new jersey standards conduct schools school administrators determine without courts lacking experience appreciate may needed except patently arbitrary instances fourth amendment analysis takes rule given obviously case need either explain imperative keeping drugs schools explain reasons school rule banning drugs matter benign without advance permission teachers pharmacologists trained identify pills powders effective drug ban enforceable fast plenary ban makes sense basis claim search unreasonable owing defect shortcoming rule aimed enforcing poison control centers across country maintain help hotlines provide immediate access poison exposure management instructions information potential poisons american association poison control centers online http internet materials visited june available clerk case file question justification school officials search required accordance standard reasonable suspicion common ground savana reasonable expectation privacy covering personal things chose carry backpack cf wilson decision look search within meaning fourth amendment advil tablet caplet gel caplet contains mg ibuprofen see physicians desk reference nonprescription drugs dietary supplements herbs ed aleve caplet contains mg naproxen mg sodium see footnotes fact cited approval ninth circuit case bilbrey brown held strip search performed similar circumstances violated constitution new jersey adopting bilbrey reasonable suspicion standard footnotes sure redding denied knowledge pills materials planner app denial alone negate reasonable suspicion held school officials see new jersey finding search reasonable even though accused smoking denied accusation strongest possible terms stated smoke like dissent reserve term search search required subject fully disrobe view officials opinion hawkins distinction strip search search issue case may slight distinction law drawn see sandin conner officer subjected conner strip search complete inspection rectal area bell wolfish describing visual inspection body cavities part strip search adopted different standard searches involving intrusio human body schmerber california search implicate cases governing bodily intrusions however involve physical intrusion penetrating beneath skin skinner railway labor executives justice ginsburg suggests requiring redding sit chair outside assistant principal office two hours failing call parents conducting search constitutes buse authority shielded official immunity see ante school constitutional obligation call redding parents conducting search easonableness fourth amendment require employing least intrusive means logic elaborate arguments raise insuperable barriers exercise virtually powers board ed independent school dist pottawatomie cty earls internal quotation marks brackets omitted reason constitution require school officials ask followup questions already developed reasonable suspicion redding possessed drugs see ante majority opinion ante opinion ginsburg event suggestion requiring redding sit chair two hours amounted deprivation constitutional rights school officials required engage detailed interrogations conducting searches drugs reinforces conclusion judiciary daily decisions made public administrators cf beard banks thomas concurring judgment arizona law idiosyncratic many separately criminalized unauthorized possession prescription drugs see mo rev stat supp person less years age shall possess upon real property comprising public private elementary secondary school school bus prescription medication without valid prescription medication okla tit supp shall unlawful person firm corporation ell offer sale barter give away unused quantity drugs obtained prescription except provided state board pharmacy utah code ann lexis conduct includes using prescription drug lawfully prescribed practitioner see also code del code tit supp stat rev stat ann supp schools significant interest protecting students prescription drug abuse young female students exception see teens prescription drugs prescription drugs commonly abused drug among fact among females likely boys abused prescription drugs higher rates dependence abuse involving prescription drugs thus rather undermining relevant governmental interest redding age sex anything increased need search prevent reasonably suspected use prescription drugs one aspect school discipline respect judiciary times became involved imposition excessive physical punishment morse thomas concurring early courts found corporal punishment proper long teacher act legal malice cause permanent injury courts intervened punishment clearly excessive ibid emphasis deleted internal quotation marks omitted collecting decisions see also smydo allderdice parents decry suspensions pittsburgh apr parents believe suspension hallway infraction overreaction buckham girl smooch school bus leads suspension buffalo news parents say school officials overreacted punished daughter kissing boy stewart camera phone controversy dad says school overreacted houston chronicle father said school district overstepped bounds suspended daughter taking cell phone photo another cheerleader getting shower sleepover home dumenigo mueller cops robbers suspension criticized sayreville school new jersey apr think ridiculous said mother one kindergarten boys little boys playing finger become weapon