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voting
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johnson
de
grandy
richmond
thornburg
gingles
supra
concurring
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single
statistic
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determine
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johnson
de
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gingles
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hand
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number
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voinovich
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cf
shaw
reno
districts
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group
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johnson
de
grandy
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minority
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racial
ethnic
groups
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majority
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district
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pull
haul
trade
find
common
political
ground
virtue
slighted
applying
statute
meant
hasten
waning
racism
american
politics
section
gives
flexibility
choose
one
theory
effective
representation
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comparative
ability
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group
elect
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choice
highly
relevant
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inquiry
extent
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plan
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portunity
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power
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process
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winning
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thornburg
gingles
supra
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quoting
davis
bandemer
see
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white
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de
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wd
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way
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coalitional
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lublin
racial
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pol
sci
rev
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istricting
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grofman
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section
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pitkin
supra
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cf
johnson
de
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johnson
de
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thornburg
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see
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white
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mckeithen
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de
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thornburg
gingles
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note
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admitted
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number
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new
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testimony
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shows
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certainly
indicate
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ibid
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make
likely
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black
voters
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even
always
elect
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thornburg
gingles
concurring
judgment
statistics
also
buttress
testimony
designers
plan
senator
brown
stated
goal
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indeed
core
holding
today
agree
nonretrogression
necessarily
require
maintenance
existing
minority
districts
turns
point
comparing
number
districts
existing
proposed
plans
alone
reliably
indicate
whether
new
plan
retrogressive
lack
contextual
evidence
however
flaw
numerical
arguments
thus
first
example
ante
points
proposed
plan
number
districts
majority
bvap
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existing
mention
number
districts
bvap
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decreases
four
see
record
doc
pl
exhs
similarly
points
increase
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districts
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increase
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ante
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mention
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georgia
expert
argued
critical
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bvap
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supp
data
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shows
number
districts
bvap
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one
see
record
doc
pl
exhs
point
figures
conclusively
demonstrate
retrogression
mean
say
percentages
tell
us
nothing
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raw
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population
levels
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state
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show
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come
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clear
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error
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comparison
proposed
plan
description
state
districts
provided
census
ante
census
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census
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purposes
whether
georgia
proposed
plan
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effect
years
ago
question
whether
proposed
plan
retrogressive
see
reno
bossier
parish
school
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quo
proposed
changed
holder
hall
plurality
opinion
baseline
comparison
present
definition
existing
status
city
lockhart
proper
comparison
new
system
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actually
effect
cf
determining
change
retrogressive
attorney
general
make
comparison
based
conditions
existing
time
submission
assumption
proper
analysis
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basis
obsolete
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state
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burden
merely
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state
affairs
years
ago
demand
preclearance
plan
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georgia
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focuses
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georgia
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districts
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bvap
likely
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performance
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matter
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black
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degree
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judgment
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black
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state
senate
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local
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fact
record
points
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district
specifically
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expert
testified
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us
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candidates
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proportion
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democrats
high
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group
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well
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run
ultimately
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say
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voters
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democratic
candidate
obvious
need
take
interests
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group
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votes
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win
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election
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support
even
situation
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candidate
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vote
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know
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prove
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pp
state
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remedies
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congressional
power
south
carolina
katzenbach
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addressed
burden
prove
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voters
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state
burden
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basis
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district
considered
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worth
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trier
fact
state
failed
carry
burden
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respectfully
dissent
footnotes
georgia
submitted
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black
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age
population
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differing
figures
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upon
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total
number
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people
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member
another
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hispanic
georgia
counts
group
people
like
district
consider
record
information
including
total
black
population
black
registration
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black
voting
age
population
numbers
supp
dc
focus
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georgia
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involves
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cf
johnson
de
grandy
bush
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believe
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summarily
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inquiry
benchmark
plan
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census
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time
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passed
see
post
yet
think
relevant
examine
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plan
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benchmark
plan
originally
enacted
legislature
inquiry
revolves
around
change
previous
plan
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numbers
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federal
ensure
districts
comply
mandate
next
election
see
branch
smith
lawyer
department
justice
growe
emison
footnotes
district
correctly
recognized
state
bears
burden
proof
establishing
proposed
redistricting
plan
satisfied
standards
see
supp
dc
look
state
explain
retrogression
present
see
also
reno
bossier
parish
school
covered
jurisdiction
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burden
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change
purpose
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abridging
right
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color
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district
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house
plan
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approved
state
senate
supp
dc
included
decreases
bvap
particular
districts
majority
cites
district
comment
evidence
extremely
limited
scope
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three
contested
districts
state
senate
plan
ante
quoting
supp
district
correctly
require
prove
plan
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district
explained
ltimately
burden
proof
matter
lies
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look
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explain
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present
prove
absence
racially
polarized
voting
might
diminish
african
american
voting
strength
light
several
districts
decreased
bvaps
fact
premises
analysis
bvap
alone
ironic
given
incorrectly
chastises
district
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error
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fail
ing
consider
relevant
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though
acknowledge
discussion
georgia
likely
met
burden
ante
even
claim
disputed
district
explained
number
senate
districts
majorities
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according
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calculations
increase
twelve
thirteen
according
attorney
general
interpretation
census
data
number
decrease
twelve
eleven
supp
example
covered
jurisdiction
two
districts
rapidly
changing
demography
produced
two
ensuing
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new
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setting
number
districts
three
conclusively
rule
retrogression
calculus
case
even
voting
behavior
showed
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short
four
districts
preserve
status
quo
even
majority
wanted
rely
figures
make
claim
democratic
voting
statewide
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predictors
nificance
utterly
unclear
majority
pulls
figures
exhibit
titled
political
data
report
column
labeled
overdemvotes
record
doc
pl
exh
see
ante
document
provides
information
regarding
whether
numbers
column
reflect
average
past
performance
prediction
future
performance
something
else
altogether