reed
et
al
town
gilbert
arizona
et
argued
january
decided
june
gilbert
arizona
town
comprehensive
code
sign
code
code
prohibits
display
outdoor
signs
without
permit
exempts
categories
signs
including
three
relevant
ideological
signs
defined
signs
communicating
message
ideas
fit
sign
code
category
may
square
feet
placement
time
restrictions
political
signs
defined
signs
designed
influence
outcome
election
may
square
feet
may
displayed
election
season
temporary
directional
signs
defined
signs
directing
public
church
qualifying
event
even
greater
restrictions
four
signs
limited
six
square
feet
may
single
property
time
signs
may
displayed
hours
qualifying
event
hour
petitioners
good
news
community
church
church
pastor
clyde
reed
whose
sunday
church
services
held
various
temporary
locations
near
town
posted
signs
early
saturday
bearing
church
name
time
location
next
service
remove
signs
around
midday
sunday
church
cited
exceeding
time
limits
displaying
temporary
directional
signs
failing
include
event
date
signs
unable
reach
accommodation
town
petitioners
filed
suit
claiming
code
abridged
freedom
speech
district
denied
motion
preliminary
injunction
ninth
circuit
affirmed
ultimately
concluding
code
sign
categories
content
neutral
code
satisfied
intermediate
scrutiny
accorded
regulations
speech
held
sign
code
provisions
regulations
speech
survive
strict
scrutiny
pp
laws
target
speech
based
communicative
content
presumptively
unconstitutional
may
justified
government
proves
narrowly
tailored
serve
compelling
state
interests
paul
speech
regulation
content
based
law
applies
particular
speech
topic
discussed
idea
message
expressed
sorrell
ims
health
courts
required
consider
whether
regulation
speech
face
draws
distinctions
based
message
speaker
conveys
whether
laws
define
regulated
speech
particular
subject
matter
function
purpose
subject
strict
scrutiny
true
laws
though
facially
content
neutral
without
reference
content
regulated
speech
adopted
government
disagreement
message
conveyed
ward
rock
racism
pp
sign
code
content
based
face
defines
categories
temporary
political
ideological
signs
basis
messages
subjects
category
different
restrictions
restrictions
applied
thus
depend
entirely
sign
communicative
content
code
face
regulation
speech
need
consider
government
justifications
purposes
enacting
code
determine
whether
subject
strict
scrutiny
pp
none
ninth
circuit
theories
contrary
holding
persuasive
conclusion
town
regulation
based
disagreement
message
conveyed
skips
crucial
first
step
analysis
determining
whether
law
content
neutral
face
law
content
based
face
subject
strict
scrutiny
regardless
government
benign
motive
justification
lack
animus
toward
ideas
contained
regulated
speech
cincinnati
discovery
network
thus
innocuous
justification
transform
facially
law
one
content
neutral
must
evaluate
question
whether
law
content
based
face
whether
purpose
justification
law
content
based
concluding
law
content
neutral
ward
require
otherwise
framework
applies
statute
ninth
circuit
conclusion
sign
code
single
idea
viewpoint
discrimination
conflates
two
distinct
related
limitations
first
amendment
places
government
regulation
speech
government
discrimination
among
viewpoints
blatant
egregious
form
content
discrimination
rosenberger
rector
visitors
univ
first
amendment
hostility
regulation
also
extends
prohibition
public
discussion
entire
topic
consolidated
edison
public
serv
sign
code
paradigmatic
example
discrimination
singles
specific
subject
matter
differential
treatment
even
target
viewpoints
within
subject
matter
ninth
circuit
also
erred
concluding
sign
code
content
based
made
distinctions
code
categories
restrictions
political
ideological
temporary
event
signs
apply
equally
matter
sponsors
even
sign
categories
speaker
based
automatically
render
law
content
neutral
rather
laws
favoring
speakers
others
demand
strict
scrutiny
legislature
speaker
preference
reflects
content
preference
turner
broadcasting
system
fcc
analysis
applies
distinctions
pp
sign
code
restrictions
survive
strict
scrutiny
town
demonstrated
code
differentiation
temporary
directional
signs
types
signs
furthers
compelling
governmental
interest
narrowly
tailored
end
see
arizona
free
enterprise
club
freedom
club
pac
bennett
assuming
town
compelling
interest
preserving
aesthetic
appeal
traffic
safety
code
distinctions
highly
underinclusive
town
claim
placing
strict
limits
temporary
directional
signs
necessary
beautify
town
types
signs
create
problem
see
discovery
network
supra
shown
temporary
directional
signs
pose
greater
threat
public
safety
ideological
political
signs
pp
decision
prevent
governments
enacting
effective
sign
laws
town
ample
options
available
resolve
problems
safety
aesthetics
including
regulating
size
building
materials
lighting
moving
parts
portability
town
may
able
forbid
postings
public
property
long
evenhanded
manner
see
members
city
council
los
angeles
taxpayers
vincent
ordinance
narrowly
tailored
challenges
protecting
safety
pedestrians
drivers
passengers
warning
signs
marking
hazards
private
property
signs
directing
traffic
might
also
survive
strict
scrutiny
pp
reversed
remanded
thomas
delivered
opinion
roberts
scalia
kennedy
alito
sotomayor
joined
alito
filed
concurring
opinion
kennedy
sotomayor
joined
breyer
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
kagan
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
ginsburg
breyer
joined
opinion
notice
opinion
subject
formal
revision
publication
preliminary
print
reports
readers
requested
notify
reporter
decisions
washington
typographical
formal
errors
order
corrections
may
made
preliminary
print
goes
press
clyde
reed
et
petitioners
town
gilbert
arizona
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
ninth
circuit
june
justice
thomas
delivered
opinion
town
gilbert
arizona
town
adopted
comprehensive
code
governing
manner
people
may
display
outdoor
signs
gilbert
land
development
code
sign
code
code
ch
sign
code
identifies
various
categories
signs
based
type
information
convey
subjects
category
different
restrictions
one
categories
temporary
directional
signs
relating
qualifying
event
loosely
defined
signs
directing
public
meeting
nonprofit
group
code
imposes
stringent
restrictions
signs
signs
conveying
messages
hold
provisions
regulations
speech
survive
strict
scrutiny
sign
code
prohibits
display
outdoor
signs
anywhere
within
town
without
permit
exempts
categories
signs
requirement
exemptions
include
everything
bazaar
signs
flying
banners
three
categories
exempt
signs
particularly
relevant
first
ideological
sign
category
includes
sign
communicating
message
ideas
noncommercial
purposes
construction
sign
directional
sign
temporary
directional
sign
relating
qualifying
event
political
sign
garage
sale
sign
sign
owned
required
governmental
agency
sign
code
glossary
general
terms
glossary
emphasis
deleted
three
categories
discussed
code
treats
ideological
signs
favorably
allowing
square
feet
area
placed
zoning
districts
without
time
limits
second
category
political
sign
includes
temporary
sign
designed
influence
outcome
election
called
public
body
glossary
code
treats
signs
less
favorably
ideological
signs
code
allows
placement
political
signs
square
feet
residential
property
square
feet
nonresidential
property
undeveloped
municipal
property
signs
may
displayed
days
primary
election
days
following
general
election
ibid
third
category
temporary
directional
signs
relating
qualifying
event
includes
temporary
sign
intended
direct
pedestrians
motorists
passersby
event
glossary
emphasis
deleted
qualifying
event
defined
assembly
gathering
activity
meeting
sponsored
arranged
promoted
religious
charitable
community
service
educational
similar
organization
ibid
code
treats
temporary
directional
signs
even
less
favorably
political
temporary
directional
signs
may
larger
six
square
feet
may
placed
private
property
public
four
signs
may
placed
single
property
time
ibid
may
displayed
hours
qualifying
event
hour
afterward
ibid
petitioners
good
news
community
church
church
pastor
clyde
reed
wish
advertise
time
location
sunday
church
services
church
small
entity
owns
building
holds
services
elementary
schools
locations
near
town
order
inform
public
services
held
variety
different
locations
church
began
placing
temporary
signs
around
town
frequently
public
abutting
street
signs
typically
displayed
church
name
along
time
location
upcoming
service
church
members
post
signs
early
day
saturday
remove
around
midday
sunday
display
signs
requires
little
money
manpower
thus
proved
economical
effective
way
church
let
community
know
services
held
week
practice
caught
attention
town
sign
code
compliance
manager
twice
cited
church
violating
code
first
citation
noted
church
exceeded
time
limits
displaying
temporary
directional
signs
second
citation
referred
problem
along
church
failure
include
date
event
signs
town
officials
even
confiscated
one
church
signs
reed
retrieve
municipal
offices
reed
contacted
sign
code
compliance
department
attempt
reach
accommodation
efforts
proved
unsuccessful
town
code
compliance
manager
informed
church
leniency
code
promised
punish
future
violations
shortly
thereafter
petitioners
filed
complaint
district
district
arizona
arguing
sign
code
abridged
freedom
speech
violation
first
fourteenth
amendments
district
denied
petitioners
motion
preliminary
injunction
appeals
ninth
circuit
affirmed
holding
sign
code
provision
regulating
temporary
directional
signs
regulate
speech
basis
content
reasoned
even
though
enforcement
officer
read
sign
determine
provisions
sign
code
applied
cursory
necessary
officer
classify
temporary
directional
sign
akin
officer
synthesizing
expressive
content
sign
remanded
district
determine
first
instance
whether
sign
code
distinctions
among
temporary
directional
signs
political
signs
ideological
signs
nevertheless
constituted
regulation
speech
remand
district
granted
summary
judgment
favor
town
appeals
affirmed
holding
code
sign
categories
content
neutral
concluded
distinctions
temporary
directional
signs
ideological
signs
political
signs
based
objective
factors
relevant
gilbert
creation
specific
exemption
permit
requirement
otherwise
consider
substance
sign
relying
decision
hill
colorado
appeals
concluded
sign
code
content
neutral
explained
gilbert
adopt
regulation
speech
disagreed
message
conveyed
interests
regulat
ing
temporary
signs
unrelated
content
sign
ibid
accordingly
believed
code
term
defined
light
determination
applied
lower
level
scrutiny
sign
code
concluded
law
violate
first
amendment
granted
certiorari
reverse
ii
first
amendment
applicable
fourteenth
amendment
prohibits
enactment
laws
abridging
freedom
speech
amdt
clause
government
including
municipal
government
vested
state
authority
power
restrict
expression
message
ideas
subject
matter
content
police
dept
chicago
mosley
laws
target
speech
based
communicative
content
presumptively
unconstitutional
may
justified
government
proves
narrowly
tailored
serve
compelling
state
interests
paul
simon
schuster
members
state
crime
victims
government
regulation
speech
content
based
law
applies
particular
speech
topic
discussed
idea
message
expressed
sorrell
ims
health
slip
carey
brown
mosley
supra
commonsense
meaning
phrase
content
based
requires
consider
whether
regulation
speech
face
draws
distinctions
based
message
speaker
conveys
sorrell
supra
slip
facial
distinctions
based
message
obvious
defining
regulated
speech
particular
subject
matter
others
subtle
defining
regulated
speech
function
purpose
distinctions
drawn
based
message
speaker
conveys
therefore
subject
strict
scrutiny
precedents
also
recognized
separate
additional
category
laws
though
facially
content
neutral
considered
regulations
speech
laws
without
reference
content
regulated
speech
adopted
government
disagreement
message
speech
conveys
ward
rock
racism
laws
like
content
based
face
must
also
satisfy
strict
scrutiny
town
sign
code
content
based
face
defines
temporary
directional
signs
basis
whether
sign
conveys
message
directing
public
church
qualifying
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glossary
defines
political
signs
basis
whether
sign
message
designed
influence
outcome
election
defines
ideological
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basis
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code
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subjects
categories
different
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code
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thus
depend
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content
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sign
informs
reader
time
place
book
club
discuss
john
locke
two
treatises
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sign
treated
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expressing
view
one
vote
one
locke
followers
upcoming
election
signs
treated
differently
sign
expressing
ideological
view
rooted
locke
theory
government
point
church
signs
inviting
people
attend
worship
services
treated
differently
signs
conveying
types
ideas
face
sign
code
regulation
speech
thus
need
consider
government
justifications
purposes
enacting
code
determine
whether
subject
strict
scrutiny
reaching
contrary
conclusion
appeals
offered
several
theories
explain
town
sign
code
deemed
content
neutral
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persuasive
appeals
first
determined
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code
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town
adopt
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ment
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regulated
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amicus
curiae
quoting
ward
supra
emphasis
deleted
analysis
skips
crucial
first
step
analysis
determining
whether
law
content
neutral
face
law
content
based
face
subject
strict
scrutiny
regardless
government
benign
motive
justification
lack
animus
toward
ideas
contained
regulated
speech
cincinnati
discovery
network
thus
made
clear
llicit
legislative
intent
sine
qua
non
violation
first
amendment
party
opposing
government
need
adduce
evidence
improper
censorial
motive
simon
schuster
supra
although
purpose
may
sufficient
certain
circumstances
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regulation
content
based
necessary
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broadcasting
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fcc
words
innocuous
justification
transform
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considered
whether
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justification
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see
sorrell
supra
slip
statute
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based
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also
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motive
eichman
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scope
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clear
government
asserted
interest
related
suppression
free
expression
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
members
city
council
los
angeles
taxpayers
vincent
text
ordinance
neutral
even
hint
bias
censorship
city
enactment
enforcement
ordinance
clark
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creative
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content
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incorrect
ward
nothing
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facially
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ban
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framework
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kennedy
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purposes
hill
supra
scalia
dissenting
instance
naacp
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state
attempt
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people
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say
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professional
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likewise
one
easily
imagine
sign
code
compliance
manager
disliked
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teachings
deploying
sign
code
make
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church
inform
public
location
services
accordingly
repeatedly
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treatment
suspect
first
amendment
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suppress
certain
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discovery
network
today
appeals
next
reasoned
sign
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content
neutral
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alone
single
one
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treatment
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supported
sponsors
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ideological
perspective
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town
seizes
reasoning
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content
based
term
art
applied
flexibly
goal
protecting
viewpoints
ideas
government
censorship
favoritism
brief
respondents
town
view
sign
regulation
censor
favor
particular
viewpoints
ideas
content
based
ibid
sign
code
allegedly
passes
test
treatment
temporary
directional
signs
raise
concerns
government
endorsing
suppressing
viewpoints
provisions
political
signs
ideological
signs
neutral
particular
ideas
viewpoints
within
categories
analysis
conflates
two
distinct
related
limitations
first
amendment
places
government
regulation
speech
government
discrimination
among
viewpoints
regulation
speech
based
specific
motivating
ideology
opinion
perspective
speaker
blatant
egregious
form
content
discrimination
rosenberger
rector
visitors
univ
well
established
first
amendment
hostility
regulation
extends
restrictions
particular
viewpoints
also
prohibition
public
discussion
entire
topic
consolidated
edison
public
serv
thus
speech
regulation
targeted
specific
subject
matter
content
based
even
discriminate
among
viewpoints
within
subject
matter
ibid
example
law
banning
use
sound
trucks
political
speech
political
speech
regulation
even
imposed
limits
political
viewpoints
expressed
see
discovery
network
supra
town
sign
code
likewise
singles
specific
subject
matter
differential
treatment
even
target
viewpoints
within
subject
matter
ideological
messages
given
favorable
treatment
messages
concerning
political
candidate
given
favorable
treatment
messages
announcing
assembly
individuals
paradigmatic
example
discrimination
finally
appeals
characterized
sign
code
distinctions
turning
elements
speaking
sign
whether
event
occurring
analysis
mistaken
factual
legal
grounds
start
sign
code
distinctions
speaker
based
restrictions
political
ideological
temporary
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signs
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speech
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sometimes
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ladue
gilleo
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iii
town
sign
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prove
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interest
arizona
free
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bennett
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met
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see
taxpayers
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signs
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property
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towns
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neptune
beach
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gilbert
content
based
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needham
law
banning
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commercial
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based
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acknowledge
city
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judgment
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case
proceedings
consistent
opinion
ordered
alito
concurring
clyde
reed
et
petitioners
town
gilbert
arizona
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
ninth
circuit
june
justice
alito
justice
kennedy
justice
sotomayor
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concurring
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opinion
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words
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consolidated
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serv
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mile
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esthetic
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breyer
concurring
judgment
clyde
reed
et
petitioners
town
gilbert
arizona
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
ninth
circuit
june
justice
breyer
concurring
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join
justice
kagan
separate
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justice
kagan
believe
categories
alone
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us
first
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simple
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cases
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unconstitutional
method
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rosenberger
rector
visitors
univ
see
also
boos
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rules
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police
dept
chicago
mosley
forum
opened
assembly
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city
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newsracks
dispensing
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cincinnati
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network
also
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government
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registration
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energy
conservation
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electronics
prescription
drugs
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bear
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records
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physician
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tax
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ing
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said
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hudson
gas
elec
public
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great
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applied
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cases
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speech
standard
appropriate
see
sorrell
ims
health
breyer
dissenting
slip
also
said
government
speech
escapes
first
amendment
strictures
see
rust
sullivan
regulated
speech
typically
private
speech
government
speech
said
hen
basis
content
discrimination
consists
entirely
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entire
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proscribable
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basic
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regulation
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answering
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achieve
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alvarez
breyer
concurring
judgment
slip
nixon
shrink
missouri
government
pac
breyer
concurring
admittedly
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numerous
instances
voters
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administrators
regulation
signage
along
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justice
kagan
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town
gilbert
regulatory
rules
violate
first
amendment
consequently
concur
judgment
kagan
concurring
judgment
clyde
reed
et
petitioners
town
gilbert
arizona
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
ninth
circuit
june
justice
kagan
justice
ginsburg
justice
breyer
join
concurring
judgment
countless
cities
towns
across
america
adopted
ordinances
regulating
posting
signs
exempting
certain
categories
signs
based
subject
matter
example
municipalities
generally
prohibit
illuminated
signs
residential
neighborhoods
lift
ban
signs
identify
address
home
name
owner
occupant
see
city
truth
consequences
code
ordinances
ch
art
xiii
municipalities
safety
signs
blind
pedestrian
crossing
hidden
driveway
posted
without
permit
even
permanent
signs
require
one
see
code
county
pt
iii
elsewhere
historic
site
markers
example
george
washington
slept
also
exempt
general
regulations
see
dover
code
ordinances
pt
ii
app
art
similarly
federal
highway
beautification
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limits
signs
along
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highways
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direct
travelers
scenic
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advertise
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see
given
analysis
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kind
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see
ante
acknowledging
entirely
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laws
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quotation
marks
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says
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majority
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struck
rare
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strict
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florida
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slip
clear
high
bar
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must
show
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serve
compelling
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end
arkansas
writers
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ragland
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george
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water
strict
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something
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communities
find
unenviable
bind
either
repeal
exemptions
allow
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streets
sidewalks
else
lift
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altogether
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although
majority
insists
applying
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ordinances
essential
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amendment
freedoms
ante
find
challenging
understand
decisions
articulate
two
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related
reasons
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speech
regulations
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review
first
preserve
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truth
ultimately
prevail
mccullen
coakley
slip
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
second
ensure
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regulated
speech
based
hostility
favoritism
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expressed
paul
yet
exemptions
included
many
sign
ordinances
implicate
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residents
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install
light
bulb
name
address
signs
others
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speech
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realistic
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official
suppression
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afoot
davenport
washington
ed
quoting
always
case
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differentiates
basis
viewpoint
see
rosenberger
rector
visitors
univ
also
case
except
limited
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forums
law
restricts
discussion
entire
topic
public
debate
consolidated
edison
public
serv
invalidating
limitation
speech
nuclear
power
stated
marketplace
ideas
remain
free
open
governments
must
allowed
choose
issues
worth
discussing
debating
quoting
police
dept
chicago
mosley
recognized
restrictions
even
though
face
may
suggest
attempt
give
one
side
debatable
public
question
advantage
expressing
views
people
first
nat
bank
boston
bellotti
accord
ante
alito
concurring
limiting
speech
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topic
favors
want
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status
quo
regulation
words
may
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effect
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possible
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raises
specter
government
may
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drive
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ideas
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marketplace
insist
law
pass
demanding
constitutional
test
quoting
simon
schuster
members
state
crime
victims
realistically
possible
may
well
relax
guard
entirely
reasonable
laws
imperiled
strict
scrutiny
survive
ante
point
means
new
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regulation
arises
fear
government
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risk
inconsequential
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unwarranted
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see
approving
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category
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doctrine
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leave
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cases
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laws
including
cases
like
one
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davenport
noting
identified
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risk
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laws
attenuated
members
city
council
los
angeles
taxpayers
vincent
declined
apply
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exempted
address
numbers
markers
commemorating
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cultural
artistic
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see
upholding
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intermediate
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explained
law
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revealed
even
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see
also
renton
playtime
theatres
applying
intermediate
scrutiny
zoning
law
facially
distinguished
among
movie
theaters
based
content
designed
prevent
crime
protect
city
retail
trade
maintain
property
values
suppress
expression
unpopular
views
another
decision
involving
similar
law
provides
alternative
model
city
ladue
gilleo
assumed
arguendo
sign
ordinance
exceptions
address
signs
safety
signs
signs
residential
areas
trigger
strict
scrutiny
see
listing
exemptions
noting
assumption
need
decide
question
law
breadth
made
unconstitutional
standard
majority
easily
taken
ladue
tack
town
gilbert
defense
sign
ordinance
notably
law
distinctions
directional
signs
others
pass
strict
scrutiny
intermediate
scrutiny
even
laugh
test
see
ante
discussing
distinctions
town
example
provides
reason
prohibiting
four
directional
signs
property
placing
limits
number
types
signs
see
gilbert
land
development
code
ch
similarly
town
offers
coherent
justification
restricting
size
directional
signs
square
feet
allowing
signs
reach
square
feet
see
best
town
come
oral
argument
directional
signs
need
smaller
need
guide
travelers
along
route
tr
oral
arg
exactly
smaller
sign
better
helps
travelers
get
going
left
mystery
absence
sensible
basis
distinctions
dooms
town
ordinance
even
intermediate
scrutiny
typically
applies
time
place
manner
speech
regulations
accordingly
need
decide
case
whether
strict
scrutiny
applies
every
sign
ordinance
every
town
across
country
containing
exemption
suspect
others
regret
majority
insistence
today
answering
question
affirmative
years
go
courts
discover
thousands
towns
ordinances
many
entirely
reasonable
ante
challenges
mount
courts
invalidate
one
may
soon
find
veritable
board
sign
review
courts
strike
democratically
enacted
local
laws
even
though
one
certainly
majority
ever
explained
vindication
first
amendment
values
requires
result
see
reason
easy
case
calls
us
cast
constitutional
pall
reasonable
regulations
quite
unlike
law
us
concur
judgment
footnotes
town
sign
code
available
online
http
departments
development
service
planning
development
land
visited
june
available
clerk
case
file
temporary
sign
sign
permanently
attached
ground
wall
building
designed
intended
permanent
display
glossary
code
defines
strip
publicly
owned
land
occupied
planned
street
utilities
landscaping
sidewalks
trails
similar
facilities
sign
code
amended
twice
pendency
case
litigation
began
code
defined
signs
issue
religious
assembly
temporary
direction
signs
app
code
entirely
prohibited
placement
signs
public
forbade
posting
location
two
hours
religious
assembly
one
hour
afterward
town
redefined
category
temporary
directional
signs
related
qualifying
event
expanded
time
limit
hours
hour
qualifying
event
ibid
town
amended
code
authorize
placement
temporary
directional
signs
public
footnotes
course
restrictions
speech
necessarily
consistent
first
amendment
time
place
manner
restrictions
must
narrowly
tailored
serve
government
legitimate
interests
ward
rock
racism
need
meet
high
standard
imposed
restrictions
footnotes
even
trying
commendably
limit
today
decision
justice
alito
concurrence
highlights
effects
according
justice
alito
majority
subject
strict
scrutiny
regulations
signs
advertising
event
ante
alito
concurring
course
majority
view
law
exception
signs
singles
specific
subject
matter
differential
treatment
defin
es
regulated
speech
particular
subject
matter
ante
majority
opinion
indeed
precise
reason
majority
applies
strict
scrutiny
code
singles
signs
bearing
particular
message
time
location
specific
event
ante