chevron
natural
res
def
council
argued
february
decided
june
together
american
iron
steel
institute
et
al
natural
resources
defense
council
et
al
ruckelshaus
administrator
environmental
protection
agency
natural
resources
defense
council
et
also
certiorari
clean
air
act
amendments
impose
certain
requirements
achieved
national
air
quality
standards
established
environmental
protection
agency
epa
pursuant
earlier
legislation
including
requirement
nonattainment
establish
permit
program
regulating
new
modified
major
stationary
sources
air
pollution
generally
permit
may
issued
sources
unless
stringent
conditions
met
epa
regulations
promulgated
implement
permit
requirement
allow
state
adopt
plantwide
definition
term
stationary
source
existing
plant
contains
several
devices
may
install
modify
one
piece
equipment
without
meeting
permit
conditions
alteration
increase
total
emissions
plant
thus
allowing
state
treat
devices
within
industrial
grouping
though
encased
within
single
bubble
respondents
filed
petition
review
appeals
set
aside
regulations
embodying
bubble
concept
contrary
law
although
recognizing
amended
clean
air
act
explicitly
define
congress
envisioned
stationary
source
permit
program
apply
issue
squarely
addressed
legislative
history
concluded
view
purpose
nonattainment
program
improve
rather
merely
maintain
air
quality
plantwide
definition
inappropriate
stating
mandatory
programs
designed
maintain
existing
air
quality
held
epa
plantwide
definition
permissible
construction
statutory
term
stationary
source
pp
regard
judicial
review
agency
construction
statute
administers
congress
directly
spoken
precise
question
issue
question
whether
agency
answer
based
permissible
construction
statute
pp
examination
legislation
history
supports
appeals
conclusion
congress
specific
intention
applicability
bubble
concept
cases
pp
legislative
history
portion
amendments
dealing
nonattainment
areas
plainly
discloses
permit
program
congress
sought
accommodate
conflict
economic
interest
permitting
capital
improvements
continue
environmental
interest
improving
air
quality
pp
prior
amendments
epa
used
plantwide
definition
term
source
epa
ultimately
adopted
regulation
essence
applied
basic
reasoning
appeals
precluding
use
bubble
concept
nonattainment
programs
designed
enhance
air
quality
however
new
administration
took
office
epa
promulgating
regulations
involved
reevaluated
various
arguments
advanced
connection
proper
definition
term
source
concluded
term
given
plantwide
definition
nonattainment
areas
pp
parsing
general
terms
text
amended
clean
air
act
particularly
provisions
pertaining
definition
source
reveal
actual
intent
congress
issue
cases
extent
congressional
intent
discerned
statutory
language
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listing
overlapping
illustrative
terms
intended
enlarge
rather
confine
scope
epa
power
regulate
particular
sources
order
effectuate
policies
clean
air
act
similarly
legislative
history
consistent
view
epa
broad
discretion
implementing
policies
amendments
plantwide
definition
fully
consistent
policy
allowing
reasonable
economic
growth
epa
advanced
reasonable
explanation
conclusion
regulations
serve
environmental
objectives
well
fact
epa
time
time
changed
interpretation
term
source
lead
conclusion
deference
accorded
epa
interpretation
statute
agency
engage
informed
rulemaking
must
consider
varying
interpretations
wisdom
policy
continuing
basis
policy
arguments
concerning
bubble
concept
addressed
legislators
administrators
judges
epa
interpretation
statute
represents
reasonable
accommodation
manifestly
competing
interests
entitled
deference
pp
stevens
delivered
opinion
members
joined
except
marshall
rehnquist
took
part
consideration
decision
cases
took
part
decision
cases
deputy
solicitor
general
bator
argued
cause
petitioners
cases
briefs
petitioner
solicitor
general
lee
acting
assistant
attorney
general
habicht
deputy
assistant
attorney
general
walker
mark
levy
anne
almy
william
pedersen
charles
carter
michael
salinsky
kevin
fong
filed
briefs
petitioner
robert
emmett
david
ferber
stark
ritchie
theodore
garrett
patricia
barald
louis
tosi
william
patberg
charles
lettow
barton
green
filed
briefs
petitioners
david
doniger
argued
cause
filed
brief
fn
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
american
gas
association
john
myler
legal
foundation
john
cannon
susan
wanat
ann
sheldon
pacific
legal
foundation
ronald
zumbrun
robin
rivett
brief
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
filed
commonwealth
pennsylvania
et
al
leroy
zimmerman
attorney
general
pennsylvania
thomas
au
duane
woodard
attorney
general
colorado
richard
griffith
assistant
attorney
general
joseph
lieberman
attorney
general
connecticut
robert
whitehead
assistant
attorney
general
james
tierney
attorney
general
maine
robert
abrams
attorney
general
new
york
marcia
cleveland
mary
lyndon
assistant
attorneys
general
irwin
kimmelman
attorney
general
new
jersey
john
easton
attorney
general
vermont
merideth
wright
assistant
attorney
general
bronson
la
follette
attorney
general
wisconsin
maryann
sumi
assistant
attorney
general
james
english
bernard
kleiman
filed
brief
steelworkers
america
amicus
curiae
justice
stevens
delivered
opinion
clean
air
act
amendments
pub
stat
congress
enacted
certain
requirements
applicable
achieved
national
air
quality
standards
established
environmental
protection
agency
epa
pursuant
earlier
legislation
amended
clean
air
act
required
nonattainment
establish
permit
program
regulating
new
modified
major
stationary
sources
air
pollution
generally
permit
may
issued
new
modified
major
stationary
source
unless
several
stringent
conditions
met
epa
regulation
promulgated
implement
permit
requirement
allows
state
adopt
plantwide
definition
term
stationary
source
definition
existing
plant
contains
several
devices
may
install
modify
one
piece
equipment
without
meeting
permit
conditions
alteration
increase
total
emissions
plant
question
presented
cases
whether
epa
decision
allow
treat
devices
within
industrial
grouping
though
encased
within
single
bubble
based
reasonable
construction
statutory
term
stationary
source
epa
regulations
containing
plantwide
definition
term
stationary
source
promulgated
october
fed
reg
respondents
filed
timely
petition
review
appeals
district
columbia
circuit
pursuant
appeals
set
aside
regulations
national
resources
defense
council
gorsuch
app
observed
relevant
part
amended
clean
air
act
explicitly
define
congress
envisioned
stationary
source
permit
program
apply
stated
precise
issue
squarely
addressed
legislative
history
light
conclusion
legislative
history
bearing
question
best
contradictory
reasoned
purposes
nonattainment
program
guide
decision
based
two
precedents
concerning
applicability
bubble
concept
certain
clean
air
act
programs
stated
bubble
concept
mandatory
programs
designed
merely
maintain
existing
air
quality
held
inappropriate
programs
enacted
improve
air
quality
since
purpose
permit
program
raison
view
improve
air
quality
held
bubble
concept
inapplicable
cases
prior
precedents
ibid
therefore
set
aside
regulations
embodying
bubble
concept
contrary
law
granted
certiorari
review
judgment
reverse
basic
legal
error
appeals
adopt
static
judicial
definition
term
stationary
source
decided
congress
commanded
definition
respondents
defend
legal
reasoning
appeals
nevertheless
since
reviews
judgments
opinions
must
determine
whether
appeals
legal
error
resulted
erroneous
judgment
validity
regulations
ii
reviews
agency
construction
statute
administers
confronted
two
questions
first
always
question
whether
congress
directly
spoken
precise
question
issue
intent
congress
clear
end
matter
well
agency
must
give
effect
unambiguously
expressed
intent
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however
determines
congress
directly
addressed
precise
question
issue
simply
impose
construction
statute
necessary
absence
administrative
interpretation
rather
statute
silent
ambiguous
respect
specific
issue
question
whether
agency
answer
based
permissible
construction
statute
power
administrative
agency
administer
congressionally
created
program
necessarily
requires
formulation
policy
making
rules
fill
gap
left
implicitly
explicitly
congress
morton
ruiz
congress
explicitly
left
gap
agency
fill
express
delegation
authority
agency
elucidate
specific
provision
statute
regulation
legislative
regulations
given
controlling
weight
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arbitrary
capricious
manifestly
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statute
sometimes
legislative
delegation
agency
particular
question
implicit
rather
explicit
case
may
substitute
construction
statutory
provison
reasonable
interpretation
made
administrator
agency
consistently
followed
whenever
decision
meaning
reach
statute
involved
reconciling
conflicting
policies
full
understanding
force
statutory
policy
given
situation
depended
upon
ordinary
knowledge
respecting
matters
subjected
agency
regulations
see
national
broadcasting
labor
board
hearst
publications
republic
aviation
labor
board
securities
exchange
chenery
labor
board
bottling
choice
represents
reasonable
accommodation
conflicting
policies
committed
agency
care
statute
disturb
unless
appears
statute
legislative
history
accommodation
one
congress
sanctioned
shimer
light
principles
clear
appeals
misconceived
nature
role
reviewing
regulations
issue
determined
examination
legislation
congress
actually
intent
regarding
applicability
bubble
concept
permit
program
question
whether
view
concept
inappropriate
general
context
program
designed
improve
air
quality
whether
administrator
view
appropriate
context
particular
program
reasonable
one
based
examination
legislation
history
follows
agree
appeals
congress
specific
intention
applicability
bubble
concept
cases
conclude
epa
use
concept
reasonable
policy
choice
agency
make
iii
congress
enacted
series
statutes
designed
encourage
assist
curtailing
air
pollution
see
generally
train
natural
resources
defense
council
clean
air
amendments
pub
stat
sharply
increased
federal
authority
responsibility
continuing
effort
combat
air
pollution
continued
assign
primary
responsibility
assuring
air
quality
several
stat
section
amendments
directed
epa
promulgate
national
ambient
air
quality
standards
naaqs
directed
develop
plans
sip
implement
standards
within
specified
deadlines
addition
provided
major
new
sources
pollution
required
conform
performance
standards
epa
directed
publish
list
categories
sources
pollution
establish
new
source
performance
standards
nsps
section
prohibited
operation
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source
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performance
standard
section
defined
terms
used
setting
enforcing
standards
performance
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sources
provided
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section
term
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source
means
building
structure
facility
installation
emits
may
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air
pollutant
stat
due
course
epa
promulgated
naaqs
approved
sip
adopted
detailed
regulations
governing
nsps
various
categories
equipment
one
programs
epa
used
plantwide
definition
term
stationary
source
issued
nsps
nonferrous
smelting
industry
provided
standards
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units
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emissions
offset
reductions
portions
plant
nonattainment
legislation
provided
attainment
primary
naaqs
many
areas
country
particularly
industrialized
statutory
goals
attained
congress
confronted
fundamental
problem
well
many
others
respecting
pollution
control
always
area
legislative
struggle
basically
interests
seeking
strict
schemes
reduce
pollution
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eliminate
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costs
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ruling
december
see
fed
reg
fill
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put
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acted
ruling
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address
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extent
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air
quality
standards
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clean
air
act
may
restrict
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growth
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expanded
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air
pollution
sources
general
ruling
provided
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source
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locate
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quality
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national
standard
stringent
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met
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gave
primary
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statute
environmental
goals
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areas
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emission
rate
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state
art
type
facility
see
ibid
ruling
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explicitly
adopt
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concept
iv
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air
act
amendments
lengthy
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technical
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response
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portion
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sip
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pollutants
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history
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quality
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house
committee
report
identified
economic
interest
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main
purposes
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bill
stated
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adopted
full
committee
markup
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senator
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december
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provide
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source
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bubble
epa
proposes
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source
see
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reg
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statute
legislative
history
therefore
issue
involved
agency
judgment
best
carry
act
ibid
set
forth
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reasons
concluding
plantwide
definition
appropriate
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definition
act
disincentive
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facilities
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progress
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pollution
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processes
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ones
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moreover
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definition
simplify
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rules
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definition
source
psd
nonattainment
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source
review
construction
moratorium
reduces
confusion
inconsistency
ibid
finally
agency
explained
additional
requirements
remained
place
accomplish
fundamental
purposes
achieving
attainment
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cheaply
lave
omenn
cleaning
air
reforming
clean
air
act
omitted
respondents
point
brand
new
factory
emit
tons
pollutants
constructed
nonattainment
area
plant
must
obtain
permit
pursuant
order
must
satisfy
conditions
including
laer
requirement
respondents
argue
old
plant
containing
several
large
emitting
units
modernized
replacement
one
units
emitting
tons
pollutant
new
unit
emitting
less
still
tons
result
different
simply
happens
built
new
site
within
plant
brief
respondents
see
aluminum
america
central
lincoln
peoples
util
ante
see
sec
sloan
adamo
wrecking
skidmore
swift
see
capital
cities
cable
crisp
ante
shimer