columbia
omni
outdoor
advertising
argued
november
decided
april
respondent
omni
outdoor
advertising
entered
billboard
market
petitioner
columbia
south
carolina
petitioner
columbia
outdoor
advertising
coa
controlled
market
enjoyed
close
relations
city
officials
lobbied
officials
enact
zoning
ordinances
restricting
billboard
construction
ordinances
passed
omni
filed
suit
petitioners
sherman
act
state
unfair
trade
practices
act
alleging
inter
alia
ordinances
result
anticompetitive
conspiracy
stripped
petitioners
immunity
might
otherwise
entitled
omni
obtained
jury
verdict
counts
district
granted
petitioners
motions
judgment
notwithstanding
verdict
ground
activities
outside
scope
federal
antitrust
laws
appeals
reversed
reinstated
verdict
held
city
restriction
billboard
construction
immune
federal
antitrust
liability
parker
brown
held
principles
federalism
state
sovereignty
render
sherman
act
inapplicable
anticompetitive
restraints
imposed
act
government
subsequent
decisions
according
parker
immunity
municipal
restriction
competition
implementation
state
policy
see
hallie
eau
claire
pp
appeals
correctly
concluded
city
prima
facie
entitled
parker
immunity
billboard
restrictions
although
parker
immunity
apply
directly
municipalities
political
subdivisions
apply
municipality
restriction
competition
authorized
implementation
state
policy
south
carolina
zoning
statutes
unquestionably
authorized
city
regulate
size
location
spacing
billboards
additional
parker
requirement
city
possess
clear
delegated
authority
suppress
competition
see
hallie
supra
also
met
since
suppression
competition
least
foreseeable
result
zoning
regulations
pp
appeals
erred
however
applying
conspiracy
exception
parker
supported
language
case
exception
swallow
parker
rule
conspiracy
means
nothing
agreement
impose
regulation
question
since
inevitable
desirable
public
officials
agree
one
another
group
private
citizens
urges
upon
similarly
impractical
limit
conspiracy
instances
governmental
corruption
governmental
acts
public
interest
virtually
anticompetitive
regulation
open
charges
risk
unfavorable
ex
post
facto
judicial
assessment
impair
ability
regulate
domestic
commerce
appropriate
limit
conspiracy
instances
bribery
violation
state
federal
law
established
since
exception
unrelated
purposes
sherman
act
condemns
trade
restraints
political
activity
possible
exception
situation
state
acting
market
participant
action
qualifies
state
action
ipso
facto
exempt
operation
antitrust
laws
pp
coa
immune
liability
activities
relating
enactment
ordinances
eastern
railroad
presidents
conference
noerr
motor
freight
corollary
parker
federal
antitrust
laws
regulate
conduct
private
individuals
seeking
anticompetitive
action
government
appeals
erred
applying
sham
exception
noerr
doctrine
exception
encompasses
situations
persons
use
governmental
process
opposed
outcome
process
anticompetitive
weapon
situation
california
motor
transport
trucking
unlimited
distinguished
omni
suggestion
adopt
conspiracy
exception
noerr
immunity
rejected
largely
reasons
prompt
reject
exception
parker
pp
appeals
remand
must
determine
theory
properly
preserved
whether
evidence
sufficient
sustain
verdict
omni
based
solely
assertions
coa
engaged
private
anticompetitive
actions
whether
coa
held
liable
omni
state
law
claim
reversed
remanded
scalia
delivered
opinion
rehnquist
blackmun
kennedy
souter
joined
stevens
filed
dissenting
opinion
white
marshall
joined
post
joel
klein
argued
cause
petitioners
briefs
paul
smith
roy
bates
james
meggs
david
robinson
ii
heyward
mcdonald
camden
lewis
argued
cause
respondent
brief
randall
chastain
charles
rothfeld
benna
ruth
solomon
peter
kalis
filed
brief
national
league
cities
et
al
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
steven
mccracken
maurice
baskin
john
crews
filed
brief
associated
builders
contractors
amicus
curiae
urging
affirmance
eric
rubin
walter
diercks
filed
brief
outdoor
advertising
association
america
amicus
curiae
justice
scalia
delivered
opinion
case
requires
us
clarify
application
sherman
act
municipal
governments
citizens
seek
action
petitioner
columbia
outdoor
advertising
coa
south
carolina
corporation
entered
billboard
business
city
columbia
south
carolina
also
petitioner
controlled
conceded
relevant
market
coa
local
business
owned
family
deep
roots
community
enjoyed
close
relations
city
political
leaders
mayor
members
city
council
personal
friends
coa
majority
owner
company
officers
occasionally
contributed
funds
free
billboard
space
campaigns
according
respondent
beneficences
part
longstanding
secret
anticompetitive
agreement
whereby
city
coa
use
sic
respective
power
resources
protect
coa
monopoly
position
return
city
council
members
received
advantages
made
possible
coa
monopoly
brief
respondent
respondent
omni
outdoor
advertising
georgia
corporation
began
erecting
billboards
around
city
coa
responded
competition
several
ways
first
redoubled
billboard
construction
efforts
modernized
existing
stock
second
according
omni
took
number
anticompetitive
private
actions
offering
artificially
low
rates
spreading
untrue
malicious
rumors
omni
attempting
induce
omni
customers
break
contracts
finally
gives
rise
issue
address
today
coa
executives
met
city
officials
seek
enactment
zoning
ordinances
restrict
billboard
construction
coa
alone
urging
course
number
citizens
concerned
city
recent
explosion
billboards
advocated
restrictions
including
writers
articles
editorials
local
newspapers
spring
city
council
passed
ordinance
requiring
council
approval
every
billboard
constructed
downtown
columbia
later
amended
impose
moratorium
construction
billboards
throughout
city
except
specifically
authorized
council
state
invalidated
ordinance
ground
conferral
unconstrained
discretion
upon
city
council
violated
south
carolina
federal
constitutions
city
requested
state
regional
planning
authority
conduct
comprehensive
analysis
local
billboard
situation
basis
developing
final
constitutionally
valid
ordinance
september
series
public
hearings
numerous
meetings
involving
city
officials
omni
coa
according
omni
positions
contrary
coa
genuinely
considered
city
council
passed
new
ordinance
restricting
size
location
spacing
billboards
restrictions
particularly
spacing
obviously
benefited
coa
already
billboards
place
severely
hindered
omni
ability
compete
november
omni
filed
suit
coa
city
federal
district
charging
violated
sherman
act
stat
amended
well
south
carolina
unfair
trade
practices
act
omni
contended
particular
city
billboard
ordinances
result
anticompetitive
conspiracy
city
officials
coa
stripped
parties
immunity
might
otherwise
enjoy
federal
antitrust
laws
january
two
weeks
trial
jury
returned
general
verdicts
city
coa
federal
state
claims
awarded
damages
trebling
sherman
act
claim
claim
jury
also
answered
two
special
interrogatories
finding
specifically
city
coa
conspired
restrain
trade
monopolize
market
petitioners
moved
judgment
notwithstanding
verdict
contending
among
things
activities
outside
scope
federal
antitrust
laws
november
district
granted
motion
divided
panel
appeals
fourth
circuit
reversed
judgment
district
reinstated
jury
verdict
counts
granted
certiorari
ii
landmark
case
parker
brown
rejected
contention
program
restricting
marketing
privately
produced
raisins
adopted
pursuant
california
agricultural
prorate
act
violated
sherman
act
relying
principles
federalism
state
sovereignty
held
sherman
act
apply
anticompetitive
restraints
imposed
act
government
since
parker
emphasized
role
sovereign
federal
system
initially
unclear
whether
governmental
actions
political
subdivisions
enjoyed
similar
protection
recent
years
held
parker
immunity
apply
directly
local
governments
see
hallie
eau
claire
community
communications
boulder
lafayette
louisiana
power
light
plurality
opinion
recognized
however
municipality
restriction
competition
may
sometimes
authorized
implementation
state
policy
accorded
parker
immunity
case
south
carolina
statutes
city
acted
present
case
authorize
municipalities
regulate
use
land
construction
buildings
structures
within
boundaries
undisputed
matter
state
law
statutes
authorize
city
regulate
size
location
spacing
billboards
argued
however
municipality
acts
beyond
delegated
authority
parker
purposes
whenever
nature
regulation
substantively
even
procedurally
defective
analysis
contended
example
city
regulation
present
case
authorized
see
supra
statute
requires
adopted
purpose
promoting
health
safety
morals
general
welfare
community
scholarly
commentary
noted
expansive
interpretation
authorization
requirement
unacceptable
consequences
sure
state
law
authorizes
agency
decisions
substantively
procedurally
correct
errors
fact
law
judgment
agency
authorized
erroneous
acts
decisions
subject
reversal
superior
tribunals
unauthorized
antitrust
demands
unqualified
authority
sense
inevitably
becomes
standard
reviewer
federal
agency
activity
also
state
local
activity
whenever
alleged
governmental
body
though
possessing
power
engage
challenged
conduct
actually
exercised
power
manner
authorized
state
law
lightly
assume
lafayette
authorization
requirement
dictates
transformation
state
administrative
review
federal
antitrust
job
yet
consequence
making
antitrust
liability
depend
undiscriminating
mechanical
demand
authority
full
administrative
law
sense
areeda
hovenkamp
antitrust
law
supp
besides
authority
regulate
however
parker
defense
also
requires
authority
suppress
competition
specifically
clear
articulation
state
policy
authorize
anticompetitive
conduct
municipality
connection
regulation
hallie
internal
quotation
omitted
rejected
contention
requirement
met
delegating
statute
explicitly
permits
displacement
competition
see
enough
held
suppression
competition
foreseeable
result
statute
authorizes
condition
amply
met
purpose
zoning
regulation
displace
unfettered
business
freedom
manner
regularly
effect
preventing
normal
acts
competition
particularly
part
new
entrants
municipal
ordinance
restricting
size
location
spacing
billboards
surely
common
form
zoning
necessarily
protects
existing
billboards
competition
newcomers
appeals
therefore
correct
conclusion
city
restriction
billboard
construction
prima
facie
entitled
parker
immunity
appeals
upheld
jury
verdict
however
invoking
conspiracy
exception
parker
recognized
several
courts
appeals
see
whitworth
perkins
vacated
aff
rehearing
cert
denied
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thought
supported
two
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parker
question
state
municipality
becoming
participant
private
agreement
combination
others
restraint
trade
cf
union
pacific
parker
emphasis
added
state
adopting
enforcing
prorate
program
made
contract
agreement
entered
conspiracy
restraint
trade
establish
monopoly
sovereign
imposed
restraint
act
government
sherman
act
undertake
prohibit
emphasis
added
parker
apply
according
fourth
circuit
politicians
political
entities
involved
conspirators
private
actors
restraint
trade
conspiracy
exception
rationale
parker
light
national
commitment
federalism
general
language
sherman
act
interpreted
prohibit
anticompetitive
actions
governmental
capacities
sovereign
regulators
sentences
opinion
quoted
simply
clarify
immunity
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obtain
state
acts
regulatory
capacity
commercial
participant
given
market
evident
citation
union
pacific
held
unlawful
elkins
act
certain
rebates
concessions
made
kansas
city
kansas
capacity
owner
operator
wholesale
produce
market
integrated
railroad
facilities
sentences
read
suggest
general
proposition
even
governmental
regulatory
action
may
deemed
private
therefore
subject
antitrust
liability
taken
pursuant
conspiracy
private
parties
impracticality
principle
evident
purposes
exception
conspiracy
means
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agreement
impose
regulation
question
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inevitable
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officials
often
agree
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another
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private
citizens
urges
upon
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swallow
parker
rule
anticompetitive
regulation
vulnerable
conspiracy
charge
see
areeda
hovenkamp
supra
elhauge
scope
antitrust
process
omni
suggests
however
conspiracy
might
limited
instances
governmental
corruption
defined
variously
abandonment
public
responsibilities
private
interests
brief
respondent
corrupt
bad
faith
decisions
selfish
corrupt
motives
ibid
ultimately
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asks
us
define
corruption
simply
leave
task
jury
bottom
however
within
jury
province
determine
constituted
corruption
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process
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id
omni
amicus
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urging
us
define
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act
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interest
brief
associated
builders
contractors
amicus
curiae
conspiracy
exception
narrowed
along
vague
lines
similarly
impractical
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actions
immune
charge
public
interest
sense
corrupt
california
marketing
scheme
issue
parker
example
readily
viewed
result
conspiracy
put
private
interest
state
raisin
growers
public
interest
state
consumers
fact
virtually
regulation
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segments
society
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considered
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parker
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government
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shift
judgment
elected
officials
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juries
city
columbia
decision
regulate
one
local
newspaper
called
billboard
jungles
columbia
record
may
app
made
subject
ex
post
facto
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assessment
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interest
personal
liability
city
officials
possible
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regulate
domestic
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southern
motor
carriers
rate
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situation
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even
worse
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see
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crothers
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jannotti
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body
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city
council
even
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decisionmakers
establishes
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peck
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end
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passed
laws
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local
governments
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hobbs
act
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sherman
act
sets
code
ethics
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trade
restraints
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activity
eastern
railroad
presidents
conference
noerr
motor
freight
reasons
reaffirm
rejection
interpretation
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allow
plaintiffs
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behind
actions
state
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obviously
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democracy
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government
redress
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category
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shields
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workers
america
pennington
noerr
recognized
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come
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sham
exception
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may
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sham
cover
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act
justified
appeals
concluded
jury
case
found
coa
activities
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restrictive
billboard
ordinances
fell
within
exception
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sham
exception
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encompasses
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example
filing
frivolous
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license
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competitor
expectation
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denial
license
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order
impose
expense
delay
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california
motor
transport
trucking
unlimited
sham
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jury
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officials
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measures
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ordinances
appeals
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public
officials
inevitable
precondition
official
action
however
simply
wrong
indeed
persuaded
agreements
exception
rather
rule
disfavored
mere
fact
official
body
adopts
position
advocated
private
lobbyist
plainly
sufficient
establish
agreement
see
fisher
berkeley
cf
theatre
enterprises
paramount
film
distributing
nevertheless
many
circumstances
seem
reasonable
infer
jury
case
official
action
product
agreement
intended
elevate
particular
private
interests
general
good
case
city
took
two
separate
actions
protected
local
monopolist
threatened
competition
first
declared
moratorium
new
billboard
construction
despite
city
attorney
advice
city
power
moratorium
invalidated
state
litigation
replaced
apparently
valid
ordinance
clearly
effect
creating
formidable
barriers
entry
billboard
market
throughout
city
decisionmaking
process
enacting
various
ordinances
undisputed
evidence
demonstrated
columbia
outdoor
advertising
met
city
officials
privately
well
publicly
appeals
noted
implicit
jury
verdict
finding
city
acting
pursuant
direction
purposes
south
carolina
statutes
conspired
solely
coa
commercial
purposes
detriment
competition
billboard
industry
judges
closer
trial
process
share
fear
juries
capable
recognizing
difference
independent
municipal
action
action
taken
sole
purpose
carrying
anticompetitive
agreement
private
party
see
japanese
electronic
products
antitrust
litigation
law
presumes
jury
find
facts
reach
verdict
rational
means
contemplate
scientific
precision
contemplate
resolution
issue
basis
fair
reasonable
assessment
evidence
fair
reasonable
application
relevant
legal
rules
indeed
problems
inherent
determining
whether
actions
municipal
officials
product
illegal
agreement
substantially
arising
cases
actions
business
executives
subjected
antitrust
scrutiny
difficulty
proving
whether
agreement
motivated
course
conduct
intimidate
exempting
illegal
agreements
proven
convincing
evidence
rather
must
attempt
deal
problems
proof
past
heightened
evidentiary
standards
rather
judicial
expansion
exemptions
sherman
act
see
matsushita
electric
industrial
zenith
radio
allowing
summary
judgment
evidence
predatory
pricing
conspiracy
violation
sherman
act
founded
largely
upon
circumstantial
evidence
monsanto
service
holding
plaintiff
vertical
case
must
produce
evidence
tends
exclude
possibility
independent
action
unfortunately
decision
today
converts
nothing
anticompetitive
agreement
undertaken
municipality
enjoys
special
status
federalist
system
lawful
exercise
public
decisionmaking
although
correctly
applies
principles
federalism
refusing
find
conspiracy
exception
parker
state
action
doctrine
state
acts
nonproprietary
capacity
errs
extending
state
action
exemption
municipalities
enter
private
anticompetitive
agreements
guise
acting
pursuant
general
state
grant
authority
regulate
health
safety
welfare
unlike
previous
limitations
imposed
congress
sweeping
mandate
found
support
common
law
traditions
system
federalism
see
supra
wholesale
exemption
municipal
action
antitrust
scrutiny
amounts
little
bold
disturbing
act
judicial
legislation
dramatically
curtails
statutory
prohibition
every
contract
restraint
trade
iv
convinced
municipal
lawmaking
infected
selfishly
motivated
agreement
private
interests
ante
authorized
grant
zoning
authority
therefore
within
state
action
exemption
persuaded
private
party
agreement
selfishly
motivated
public
officials
sufficient
remove
antitrust
immunity
protects
private
lobbying
eastern
railroad
presidents
conference
noerr
motor
freight
mine
workers
pennington
although
agree
sham
exception
rule
exempting
lobbying
activities
antitrust
laws
apply
private
petitioner
conduct
case
reasons
stated
part
iii
opinion
satisfied
evidence
record
sufficient
support
jury
finding
conspiracy
existed
private
party
municipal
officials
case
remove
private
petitioner
conduct
scope
antitrust
immunity
accordingly
affirm
judgment
appeals
city
columbia
columbia
outdoor
advertising
respectfully
dissent
construing
statute
light
common
law
concerning
contracts
restraint
trade
concluded
unreasonable
restraints
prohibited
one
problem
presented
language
sherman
act
mean
says
statute
says
every
contract
restrains
trade
unlawful
justice
brandeis
perceptively
noted
restraint
essence
every
contract
read
literally
outlaw
entire
body
private
contract
law
yet
body
law
establishes
enforceability
commercial
agreements
enables
competitive
markets
indeed
competitive
economy
function
effectively
congress
however
intend
text
sherman
act
delineate
full
meaning
statute
application
concrete
situations
legislative
history
makes
perfectly
clear
expected
courts
give
shape
statute
broad
mandate
drawing
common
law
tradition
rule
reason
origins
common
law
precedents
long
antedating
sherman
act
served
purpose
rule
reason
focuses
directly
challenged
restraint
impact
competitive
conditions
national
society
professional
engineers
footnotes
omitted
jury
returned
verdict
pursuant
following
instructions
given
district
evidence
find
person
involved
case
procured
brought
passage
ordinances
solely
purpose
hindering
delaying
otherwise
interfering
access
plaintiff
marketing
area
involved
case
thereby
conspired
course
conduct
excused
antitrust
laws
entity
may
engage
legitimate
lobbying
procure
legislati
even
motive
behind
lobbying
anticompetitive
find
defendants
conspired
together
intent
foreclose
plaintiff
meaningful
access
legitimate
decisionmaking
process
regard
ordinances
question
verdict
plaintiff
issue
app
sherman
act
reflects
legislative
judgment
ultimately
competition
produce
lower
prices
also
better
goods
services
heart
national
economic
policy
long
faith
value
competition
standard
oil
ftc
assumption
competition
best
method
allocating
resources
free
market
recognizes
elements
bargain
quality
service
safety
durability
immediate
cost
favorably
affected
free
opportunity
select
among
alternative
offers
even
assuming
occasional
exceptions
presumed
consequences
competition
statutory
policy
precludes
inquiry
question
whether
competition
good
bad
national
society
professional
engineers
owen
city
independence
recognized
notwithstanding
expansive
language
absence
express
incorporation
common
law
immunities
several
occasions
found
tradition
immunity
firmly
rooted
common
law
supported
strong
policy
reasons
congress
specifically
provided
wished
abolish
doctrine
pierson
ray
nevertheless
refused
find
firmly
established
immunity
enjoyed
municipal
corporations
common
law
torts
agents
immunity
claimed
defendant
well
established
common
law
time
enacted
rationale
compatible
purposes
civil
rights
act
construed
statute
incorporate
immunity
tradition
immunity
municipal
corporations
neither
history
policy
supports
construction
justify
according
immunity
see
also
michigan
dept
state
police
protected
eleventh
amendment
municipalities
contrary
reading
hallie
opinion
case
emphasized
character
wisconsin
legislation
explaining
delegation
satisfied
clear
articulation
requirement
issue
hallie
town
independent
decision
refuse
provide
sewage
treatment
services
nearby
towns
decision
expressly
authorized
wisconsin
legislation
wrote
applying
analysis
lafayette
louisiana
power
light
sufficient
statutes
authorized
city
provide
sewage
services
also
determine
areas
served
id
agree
towns
contention
statutes
issue
neutral
state
policy
towns
attempt
liken
wisconsin
statutes
home
rule
amendment
involved
boulder
arguing
wisconsin
statutes
neutral
leave
city
free
pursue
either
anticompetitive
conduct
competition
field
sewage
services
analogy
home
rule
amendment
involved
boulder
inapposite
amendment
colorado
constitution
allocated
general
authority
municipalities
govern
local
affairs
held
neutral
satisfy
clear
articulation
component
state
action
test
amendment
simply
address
regulation
cable
television
home
rule
municipality
free
decide
every
aspect
policy
relating
cable
television
well
policy
relating
field
regulation
local
concern
contrast
state
specifically
authorized
wisconsin
cities
provide
sewage
services
delegated
cities
express
authority
take
action
foreseeably
result
anticompetitive
effects
reasonable
argument
made
statutes
neutral
way
colorado
home
rule
amendment
id
rejected
argument
delegation
insufficient
expressly
mention
foreseeable
anticompetitive
consequences
city
eau
claire
conduct
surely
hold
mere
fact
incidental
anticompetitive
consequences
foreseeable
sufficient
immunize
otherwise
unauthorized
restrictive
agreements
cities
private
parties
authority
regulate
location
height
bulk
number
stories
size
buildings
structures
see
ante
citation
omitted
may
course
indirect
effect
total
output
billboard
industry
see
ante
well
number
industries
surely
misreads
cases
implies
general
grant
zoning
power
represents
clearly
articulated
decision
authorize
municipalities
enter
agreements
displace
competition
every
industry
affected
zoning
regulation
number
courts
appeals
held
municipality
exercises
zoning
power
private
agreement
restrain
trade
entitled
state
action
immunity
see
westborough
mall
cape
girardeau
even
zoning
general
characterized
state
action
conspiracy
thwart
normal
zoning
procedures
directly
injure
plaintiffs
illegally
depriving
property
furtherance
clearly
articulated
state
policy
whitworth
perkins
mere
presence
zoning
ordinance
necessarily
insulate
defendants
antitrust
liability
plaintiff
asserts
enactment
ordinance
part
alleged
conspiracy
restrain
trade
agreement
involved
hallie
eau
claire
case
plaintiffs
challenged
independent
action
determination
service
area
city
sewage
system
expressly
authorized
wisconsin
legislation
absence
agreement
provided
basis
decision
fisher
berkeley
distinction
unilateral
concerted
action
critical
thus
berkeley
ordinance
stabilizes
rents
without
element
concerted
action
program
establishes
run
afoul
instructions
case
fairly
read
told
jury
plaintiff
prevail
unless
ordinance
enacted
sole
purpose
interfering
access
market
see
supra
thus
case
example
one
polar
extremes
see
ante
juries
well
solomon
readily
identify
mixed
motive
cases
concern
present
problem
juries
given
instructions
comparable
given
describes
position
assuming
municipal
action
prompted
exclusively
concern
general
public
interest
enough
create
antitrust
liability
ibid
simply
ignores
requirement
plaintiff
must
prove
municipal
action
product
anticompetitive
agreement
private
parties
contrary
square
holding
fisher
berkeley
today
seems
assume
municipal
action
entirely
immune
antitrust
scrutiny
automatically
violate
antitrust
laws
many
obstacles
discovering
conspiracies
frequent
difficulties
three
first
similar
miscreants
seldom
admit
conspiracy
agree
open
often
infer
agreement
behavior
second
behavior
sometimes
coordinated
without
communication
observable
reprehensible
behavior
third
causal
connection
observable
controllable
act
solicitation
meeting
subsequent
parallel
action
may
obscure
areeda
antitrust
law
see
also
turner
definition
agreement
sherman
act
conscious
parallelism
refusals
deal
harv
rev
discussing
difficulties
condemning
parallel
anticompetitive
action
absent
explicit
agreement
among
parties
previously
noted
different
units
local
government
country
number
special
districts
defined
goal
goals
provision
one
several
services
remaining
represented
number
counties
municipalities
townships
broad
authority
general
governance
subject
limitations
one
way
another
imposed
state
units
may
participate
affect
economic
life
nation
great
number
variety
ways
bodies
act
owners
providers
services
fully
capable
aggrandizing
economic
units
interrelate
potential
serious
distortion
rational
efficient
allocation
resources
efficiency
free
markets
regime
competition
embodied
antitrust
laws
thought
engender
lafayette
louisiana
power
light
footnotes
omitted