raines director office management budget et al byrd et argued may decided june held appellees lack standing bring suit pp federal courts jurisdiction dispute case controversy art iii order meet standing element case controversy requirement appellees must allege personal injury particularized concrete otherwise judicially cognizable lujan defenders wildlife allen wright insists strict compliance jurisdictional standing requirement see standing inquiry especially rigorous reaching merits dispute force decide constitutionality action taken one two branches federal government pp never occasion rule legislative standing question presented appellees helped powell mccormack held congressman challenge constitutionality exclusion house representatives presented article iii case controversy appellees singled specially unfavorable treatment opposed members respective bodies claim act causes type institutional injury damages members congress equally claim based loss political power loss something personally entitled seats members congress constituents elected pp appellees claim also fall within holding coleman miller one case standing upheld legislators claiming institutional injury held state legislators locked tie vote defeated state ratification proposed federal constitutional amendment alleged votes nullified lieutenant governor broke tie casting vote ratification plain direct adequate interest maintaining effectiveness votes contrast appellees alleged voted specific bill sufficient votes pass bill bill nonetheless deemed defeated vote act votes given full effect simply lost vote uphold standing require drastic extension coleman even accepting appellees argument act changed meaning effectiveness vote appropriations bills vast difference level vote nullification issue coleman abstract dilution institutional power appellees allege pp historical practice cuts appellees position well several episodes history show analogous confrontations one houses congress executive branch suit brought basis claimed injury official authority power appellees claim sustained presumably several presidents standing challenge tenure office act prevented removal presidential appointee without congress consent attorney general challenged one house veto provision rendered authority provisional rather final president ford challenged federal election campaign act appointment provisions struck buckley valeo member congress challenged validity president coolidge pocket veto sustained pocket veto case asystem granting standing irrational constitution regime contemplates restrictive role article iii courts see richardson powell concurring pp importance must attached fact appellees authorized represent respective houses action indeed houses actively oppose suit addition conclusion reached neither deprives members congress adequate remedy since may repeal act exempt appropriations bills reach forecloses act constitutional challenge someone suffers judicially cognizable injury resulting supp vacated remanded rehnquist delivered opinion scalia kennedy thomas ginsburg joined souter filed opinion concurring judgment ginsburg joined stevens breyer filed dissenting opinions notice opinion subject formal revision publication preliminary print reports readers requested notify reporter decisions wash ington typographical formal errors order corrections may made preliminary print goes press frederick raines director office management budget et appellants robert byrd et al appeal district district columbia june chief justice rehnquist delivered opinion district district columbia declared line item veto act unconstitutional direct appeal hold appellees lack standing bring suit therefore direct judgment district vacated complaint dismissed appellees six members congress four served senators two served congressmen congress march senate passed bill entitled line item veto act vote four appellee senators voted nay cong rec next day house representatives passed identical bill vote appelleecongressmen voted nay april president signed line item veto act act law pub stat codified et seq supp act went effect january see pub next day appellees filed complaint district district columbia two appellants secretary treasury director office management budget alleging act unconstitutional provisions line item veto act use term veto instead president given authority cancel certain spending tax benefit measures signed law specifically act provides president may respect bill joint resolution signed law pursuant article section constitution cancel whole dollar amount discretionary budget authority item new direct spending limited tax benefit president determines cancellation reduce federal budget deficit ii impair essential government functions iii harm national interest notifies congress cancellation transmitting special message within five calendar days excluding sundays enactment law cancellation applies indentations omitted act establishes expedited procedures houses consideration disapproval bills bills joint resolutions enacted law familiar procedures set article constitution render president cancellation null void disapproval bills may one sentence long must read follows enacting clause congress disapproves cancellations transmitted president special message regarding blank spaces correspond cancellation reference numbers set special message date president special message public law number special message relates respectively ibid act provides ny member congress individual adversely affected act may bring action district district columbia declaratory judgment injunctive relief ground provision part violates constitution appellees brought suit provision claiming act violates article constitution complaint specifically alleged act unconstitutionally expands president power violates requirements bicameral passage presentment granting president acting alone authority cancel thus repeal provisions federal law ibid alleged act injured directly concretely official capacities three ways act alter legal practicaleffect votes may cast bills containing separately vetoable items divest appellees constitutional role repeal legislation alter constitutional balance powers legislative executive branches respect measures containing separately vetoable items respect matters coming congress held appellees claim ripe even though president yet used cancellation authority granted act appellees find position unanticipated unwelcome subservience president vote appropriations bills article iii satisfied may accede congress directive address constitutional cloud act swiftly possible referring section act granting members congress right challenge act constitutionality merits held act violated presentment clause art cl constituted unconstitutional delegation legislative power president act provides direct expedited appeal direct appeal shall duty advance docket expedite greatest possible extent disposition suit challenging act constitutionality brought act april eight days district issued order appellants filed jurisdictional statement asking us note probable jurisdiction april appellees filed memorandum response agreeing note probable jurisdiction april established expedited briefing schedule heard oral argument may holdthat appellees standing bring suit therefore direct judgment district vacated complaint dismissed article iii constitution federal courts jurisdiction dispute appellants appellees case controversy bedrock requirement valley forge christian college americans separation church state said simon eastern ky welfare rights organization principle fundamental judiciary proper role system government constitutional limitation federal jurisdiction actual cases controversies one element case controversy requirement appellees based complaint must establish standing sue lujan defenders wildlife plaintiff bears burden establishing standing standing inquiry focuses whether plaintiff proper party bring suit simon supra although inquiry often turns nature source claim asserted warth seldin meet standing requirements article iii plaintiff must allege personal injury fairly traceable defendant allegedly unlawful conduct likely redressed requested relief allen wright emphasis added purposes italicized words quotation allen key ones consistently stressed plaintiff complaint must establish personal stake allegeddispute alleged injury suffered particularized see lujan standing plaintiff must suffered particularized injury means injury must affect plaintiff personal individual way bender williamsport area school school board member personal stake outcome litigation standing simon supra necessity plaintiff seeks invoke judicial power stand profit personal interest remains art iii requirement also stressed alleged injury must legally judicially cognizable requires among things plaintiff suffered invasion legally protected interest concrete particularized lujan dispute traditionally thought capable resolution judicial process flast cohen see also allen injury abstract otherwise appropriate considered judicially cognizable always insisted strict compliance jurisdictional standing requirement see ibid article iii federal courts may exercise power last resort necessity quoting chicago grand trunk wellman muskrat rom earliest history ourt consistently declined exercise powers strictly judicial nature standing inquiry especially rigorous reaching merits dispute force us decide whether action taken one two branches federal government unconstitutional see bender supra valley forge supra said allen supra law art iii standing built single basic idea idea separation powers light overriding time honored concern keeping judiciary power within proper constitutional sphere must put aside natural urge proceed directly merits important dispute settle sake convenience efficiency instead must carefully inquire whether appellees met burden establishing claimed injury personal particularized concrete otherwise judicially cognizable never occasion rule question legislative standing presented powell mccormack held member congress constitutional challenge tohis exclusion house representatives consequent loss salary presented article iii case controversy powell help appellees first appellees singled specially unfavorable treatment opposed members respective bodies claim act causes type institutional injury diminution legislative power necessarily damages members congress houses congress equally see infra second appellees claim deprived something personally entitled seats members congress constituents elected rather appellees claim standing based loss political power loss private right make injury concrete unlike injury claimed congressman adam clayton powell injury claimed members congress claimed private capacity solely members congress see complaint purporting sue official capacities one members retire tomorrow longer claim claim possessed successor instead claimed injury thus runs sense member seat seat member holds may quite arguably said trustee constituents prerogative personal power see federalist madison rossiter ed misfortune incident republican government though less degree governments administer may forget obligations constituents prove unfaithful important trust one case upheld standing legislators albeit state legislators claiming institutional injury coleman miller appellees relying heavily case claim like state legislators coleman plain direct adequate interest maintaining effectiveness votes sufficient establish standing coleman kansas state senators voted ratify proposed child labor amendment federal constitution vote deadlocked amendment ordinarily ratified however state lieutenant governor presiding officer state senate cast deciding vote favor amendment deemed ratified state house representatives voted ratify state senators voted amendment joined state senator three state house members filed action kansas seeking writ mandamus compel appropriate state officials recognize legislature fact ratified amendment held members legislature standing bring mandamus action ruled merits see affirmed vote held members legislature standing explaining holding repeatedly emphasized legislators suing bloc werecorrect merits votes ratify amendment deprived validity plaintiffs include twenty senators whose votes ratification overridden virtually held naught although right contentions votes sufficient defeat ratification think senators plain direct adequate interest maintaining effectiveness votes emphasis added find departure principle recognizing instant case least twenty senators whose votes contention sustained sufficient defeat resolution ratifying proposed constitutional amendment interest controversy treated state basis entertaining deciding federal questions sufficient give jurisdiction review decision emphasis added obvious holding coleman stands see infra proposition legislators whose votes sufficient defeat enact specific legislative act standing sue legislative action goes effect go effect ground votes beencompletely nullified equally obvious appellees claim fall within holding coleman thus understood alleged voted specific bill sufficient votes pass bill bill nonetheless deemed defeated vote line item veto act votes given full effect simply lost vote allege act nullify votes future way votes coleman legislators nullified future majority senators congressman pass reject appropriations bills act effect process addition majority senators congressman canvote repeal act exempt given appropriations bill given provision appropriations bill act act effect process coleman thus provides little meaningful precedent appellees argument nevertheless appellees rely heavily statement coleman kansas senators plain direct adequate interest maintaining effectiveness votes appellees claim statement applies votes future appropriations bills assuming majority congress decide exempt bills act less effective meaning integrity vote changed brief appellees argument goes follows act members congress sure voted congress passed appropriations bill included funds project one two things happen bill become law projects listed bill go effect ii bill become law none projects listed bill go effect either way vote appropriations bill meant vote package projects inextricably linked afterthe act however vote appropriations bill includes project means something different addition two possibilities listed third option bill become law president cancel project even taking appellees word change meaning effectiveness vote appropriations bills subject act think argument pulls coleman far moorings appellees use word effectiveness link argument coleman stretches word far beyond sense coleman opinion used vast difference level vote nullification issue coleman abstract dilution institutional legislative power alleged uphold standing require drastic extension coleman unwilling take step appellees lack support precedent historical practice appears cut well evident several episodes history analogous confrontations one houses congress executive branch suit brought basis claimed injury official authority power tenure office act passed congress veto president andrew johnson thorn side succeeding presidents finally repealed behest president grover cleveland see generally rehnquist grandinquests historic impeachments justice samuel chase president andrew johnson provided official whose appointment executive branch office required confirmation senate removed without consent senate stat ch johnson removed secretary war edwin stanton within week house representatives impeached johnson trial andrew johnson president senate impeachment house representatives high crimes misdemeanors one principal charges removal stanton violated tenure office act conclusion trial senate johnson acquitted one vote surely johnson stronger claim diminution official power result tenure office act appellees present case indeed claim sustained appear president johnson standing challenge tenure office act ever thought firing cabinet member simply grounds altered calculus nominate someone cabinet yet federal courts entertained action adjudicate constitutionality tenure office act immediately passage improperly unnecessarily plunged bitter political battle waged president congress succeeding presidents ulysses grant grover cleveland urged congress repeal tenure office act cleveland plea finally heeded stat ch occurred neither presidents might challenge act article iii eventually suit brought plaintiff traditional article iii standing courtdid opportunity pass constitutionality provision contained tenure office act sort mini tenure office act covering department enacted stat ch remained books tenure office act repeal last days woodrow wilson administration albert burleson wilson postmaster general came believe frank myers postmaster portland oregon committed fraud course official duties myers refused resign burleson acting direction president removed myers sued claims recover lost salary myers half century johnson impeachment held congress require senatorial consent removal postmaster appointed president consent senate course opinion expressed view original tenure office act unconstitutional see also since tenure office act manifested earnest desire avoid final settlement question inevitably presented appellees present case standing presumably president wilson presidents grant cleveland likewise standing challenged law preventing removal presidential appointee without consent congress similarly ins chadha attorney general standing challenge one house veto provision rendered authority provisional rather final parity reasoning president gerald ford sued challenge appointment provisions federal election campaign act struckdown buckley valeo member congress challenged validity president coolidge pocket veto sustained pocket veto case nothing irrational system granted standing cases european constitutional courts operate one another variant regime see favoreu constitutional review europe constitutionalism rights henkin rosenthal eds wright sheive central eastern european constitutional courts antimajoritarian objection judicial review law bus stone birth judicial politics france kommers judicial politics west germany study federal constitutional obviously regime obtained constitution date regime contemplates restricted role article iii courts well expressed justice powell concurring opinion richardson irreplaceable value power articulated chief justice marshall marbury madison cranch lies protection afforded constitutional rights liberties individual citizens minority groups oppressive discriminatory government action role amorphous general supervision operations government maintained public esteem federal courts permitted peaceful coexistence countermajoritarian implications judicial review democratic principles upon federal government final analysis rests therefore hold individual members congress sufficient personal stake dispute alleged sufficiently concrete injury established article iii standing thejudgment district vacated case remanded instructions dismiss complaint lack jurisdiction ordered frederick raines director office management budget et appellants robert byrd et al appeal district district columbia june justice souter concurring judgment justice ginsburg joins concurring appellees claim line item veto act pub stat codified et seq supp unconstitutional grants president power article vests congress repeal provision federal law justice stevens points appellees essentially claim granting president power repeal statutes act injures depriving official role voting provisions become law see post precedents fairly debatable whether injury sufficiently personal concrete satisfy requirements article iii first difficulty applying rule injury standing predicated personal official standing doctrine recognized distinction dispositive effect injury claimed qualify certainly right inconcluding appellees sue personal capacities holders seats congress see ante yet significance distinction straightforward braxton county west virginia ex rel state tax true dismissed challenge county state tax law lack jurisdiction broadly stating interest party seeking relief personal official interest quoting smith indiana accord joint refugee comm mcgrath frankfurter concurring found braxton county inapplicable challenge group state legislators coleman miller found legislators standing even though claimed injury deprivation official voting power thus least arguable official nature harm preclude standing appellees injury general case law clearly satisfy requirement concreteness one hand appellees simplyclaiming harm interest government abide constitution shared extent public large thus provide basis suit see valley forge christian college americans separation church state schlesinger reservists comm stop war fairchild hughes instead appellees allege act deprives element legislative power factual matter direct tangible interest preservation power general citizenry cf coleman supra concluding state legislators plain direct interest effectiveness votes see also hendrick walters concluding legislator personal interest suit determine whether governor lawfully assumed office due substantial interaction governor legislature colorado general assembly lamm concluding legislature suffered injury fact result governor exercise line item veto power hand alleged continuing deprivation federal legislative power specific limited nullification decisive votes group legislators connection specific item legislative consideration coleman instead shared members official class suffer injury members congress fairly debatable whether appellees injury sufficiently personal concrete give standing behooves us resolve question general separation powers principles underlying standing requirements see allen wright richardson powell concurring constitutional structure require judicial branch shrink confrontation two coequal branches valley forge christian college supra cautioned respect separation powers requires judicial branch exercise restraint deciding constitutional issues resolving implicating powers three branches government last resort see ibid counsel restraint case begins fact dispute involving officials official interests serve branches national government lies far model traditional common law cause action conceptual core case controversy requirement see joint refugee supra frankfurter concurring although contest formally political branches since congress passed bill augmenting presidential power president signed substance interbranch controversy calibrating legislative executive powers well intrabranch dispute segments congress intervention controversy risk damaging public confidence vital functioning judicial branch cf valley forge christian college supra quoting richardson supra powell concurring embroiling federal courts power contest nearlyat height political tension true suit challenging constitutionality act brought party outside federal government also involve resolving dispute allocation power political branches expose judicial branch lesser risk deciding suit vindicate interest outside government raises specter judicial readiness enlist one side political tug war since propriety action federal recognized since marbury madison cranch valley forge christian college supra presence party beyond government places judiciary remove political forces need await injury plaintiff allows courts greater separation time political resolution judicial review connecting censureship laws private interests members community legislation protected wanton assailants daily aggressions party spirit de tocqueville democracy america schoken ed therefore conclude appellees alleged injuries insufficiently personal concrete satisfy article iii standing requirements personal concrete harm since suit conditions accordingly find cognizable injury appellees frederick raines director office management budget et appellants robert byrd et al appeal district district columbia june justice stevens dissenting line item veto act purports establish procedure creation laws truncated versions bills passed congress presented president signature procedure valid deny every senator every representative opportunity vote truncated measure survives exercise president cancellation authority opportunity cast votes right guaranteed text constitution think clear persons deprived right act standing challenge constitutionality moreover impairment constitutional right immediate impact official powers judgment need wait president exercised cancellation authority bring suit finally reason respondents standing provides sufficient basis concluding statute unconstitutional article constitution provides every senator every representative power vote every bill become law either result signed president asa result reconsideration light president objections contrast line item veto act establishes mechanism bills passed houses congress eventually produce laws passed either house congress voted senator representative assuming moment procedure constitutionally permissible president time time exercise power cancel portions enacted law follows statute deprives every senator every representative right vote measures may become law appellees cast challenge constitutionality act slightly different way complaint asserted act alter legal practical effect votes may cast bills containing separately vetoable items divest constitutional role repeal legislation complaint two claimed injuries base injury rest analysis reason complaint frames issues way related act technical operation act president receive sign bill exactly passed houses exercise partial veto power law enacted see supp appellees thus articulated claim combination diminished effect initial vote circumvention right participate subsequent repeal whether one looks claim perspective simple denial right vote precise text ultimately become law basic nature injury caused act judgment deprivation right essential legislator office constitutes sufficient injury provide every member congress standing challenge constitutionality statute dilution individual voter power elect representatives provides voter standing surely see baker carr deprivation right possessed senator representative vote precise text bill becomes law must also sufficient injury create article iii standing although justice breyer demonstrates see ante dissenting opinion majority attempt distinguish coleman miller persuasive need relyon case support view members congress standing sue instance coleman legislators complained votes denied full effectiveness see ibid see also dyer blair supp nd law issue simply alter effect legislators votes denies opportunity cast votes truncated versions bills presented president moreover appellees convincingly explain immediate constant threat partial veto power palpable effect current legislative choices see brief appellees act immediate important impact powers members congress manner undertake legislative responsibilities need await exercise president cancellation authority institute litigation statute authorizes see supp given fact authority stake granted plain unambiguous text article equally clear statutory attempt eliminate invalid accordingly affirm judgment district frederick raines director office management budget et appellants robert byrd et al appeal district district columbia june justice breyer dissenting majority points congress enacted specific statute signed president granting plaintiffs authority bring case ante citing statutory authorization eliminates prudential standing limitations significantly lessens risk unwanted conflict legislative branch ante congress however grant federal courts power constitution authorizes us exercise cf hayburn case dall thus proceed merits judicial power extend ing cases law equity controversies covers dispute us art iii concede case controversy dispute us truly adversary concrete focused interests parties assert genuine opposing parties therefore truly adverse compare chicago grand trunk wellman moreover justice stevens points harm plaintiffs suffer view law consists part systematic abandonment laws amajority voted part creation laws violation procedural rights say constitution provides part consequent immediate impediment ability job constitution requires see ante stevens dissenting complaint app since federal courts might well adjudicate cases involving comparable harms contexts purely private contexts harm issue sufficiently concrete bennett spear slip op northeastern chapter associated gen contractors america jacksonville see also ante souter concurring judgment harm focused accompanying legal issues focused sort used deciding see munoz flores plaintiffs therefore ask pass upon abstract intellectual proble determine concrete living contest genuine adversaries coleman miller frankfurter dissenting nonetheless remains serious constitutional difficulty due fact dispute lawmaking procedures arises government officials brought legislators critical question whether dispute reason different form matters traditional concern courts westminster falls outside scope article iii judicial power ibid justice frankfurter explained argument dissent coleman saying courts traditionally leave intra parliamentary controversies parliaments outside scrutiny law courts procedures voting legislative assemblies members vote whatis requisite number votes different phases legislative activity votes cast counted surely matters merely concern political action essence political action political connotation sense matters private damage pertain legislators individuals political representatives executing legislative process open law courts controversies courts sit judgment manifold disputes engendered procedures voting legislative assemblies although majority today attempts distinguish coleman ante believe justice frankfurter argument variations theme carry day first previously mentioned jurisdictional statute us eliminates constitutional considerations circumstances mentioned remove political intragovernmental aspect constitutional issue supra second constitution draw absolute line disputes involving personal harm involving official harm cf ante see ante souter concurring judgment justice frankfurter said heard cases involving injuries suffered state officials official capacities coleman supra citing blodgett silberman boynton hutchinson cert dism grounds see also calvert fire ins federal district judge appealing mandamus issued respect docket keeping matter board ed central school dist allen indicating school board standing members must either violate oath risk loss school funds expulsion office coleman involved injuries plaintiff legislators official capacity majority case suggesting legislators might standing complain rules denied vote discriminatory manner concedes least possibility constitutional rule distinguishing official personal injury absolute ante see also ante third justice frankfurter views dissenting views dispute us compared coleman presents much stronger claim weaker claim constitutional justiciability lawmakers coleman complained lawmaking procedure worst improperly counted kansas ratified one proposed constitutional amendment ratified rejected making unlikely ever become law coleman supra lawmakers case complain lawmaking procedure threatens validity many laws example appropriations laws congress regularly frequently enacts systematic nature harm immediately affects legislators ability jobs harms serious pervasive immediate harm issue coleman cf valley forge christian college americans separation church state quoting chicago grand trunk wellman judicial power legitimate last resort necessity determination areal earnest vital controversy majority finds difference fact validity legislators votes directly issue coleman ur holding coleman stands proposition legislators whose votes sufficient defeat enact specific legislative act standing sue legislative action goes effect go effect ground votes completely nullified ante majority also suggests various distinctions arising fact coleman involved state legislature rather federal congress ante see also ante souter concurring judgment justice frankfurter treated comparable arguments irrelevant coleman majority disagree coleman frankfurter dissenting recognize existence potential differences state federal legislators believe differences determinative constitutional prudential considerations issue particularly given constitution somewhat comparable concerns state authority presence federal statute signed president specifically authorizing lawsuit compare ante souter concurring judgment light immediacy harm think possibility later challenge private plaintiff see ante souter concurring judgment constitutionally determinative finally believe majority historical examples primarily involving executive branch involving lawsuits brought ante legally determinative see ante stevens dissenting sum believe find case nonjusticiable without overruling coleman since need decide whether systematic nature seriousness immediacy harm make dispute constitutionally justiciable even coleman absence rather find case justiciable coleman authority add majority decided dispute justiciable expressed view merits appeal shall discuss merits either reserve future argument footnotes justice ginsburg joins opinion three senators robert byrd carl levin daniel patrick moynihan still senators fourth mark hatfield retired end congress two congressmen david skaggs henry waxman remain congressmen house bipartisan legal advisory group made speaker majority leader minority leader two whips senate filed joint brief amici curiae urging district reversed merits brief thatthey express position appellees standing settled congress erase article iii standing requirements statutorily granting right sue plaintiff otherwise standing gladstone realtors village bellwood acknowledge though congress decision grant particular plaintiff right challenge act constitutionality see supra eliminates prudential standing limitations significantly lessens risk unwanted conflict legislative branch plaintiff brings suit see bennett spear slip strong dissent appeals district columbia circuit held members congress may standing assert injury institutional power legislators see kennedy sampson cadc moore house representatives cadc scalia concurring result barnes kline cadc bork dissenting see holtzman schlesinger member congress standing challenge constitutionality american military operations vietnam war harrington schlesinger chief justice hughes wrote opinion styled opinion coleman four justices concurred judgment partially ground legislators lacked standing see opinion black joined roberts frankfurter douglas jj opinion frankfurter joined roberts black douglas two justices dissented merits see opinion butler joined mcreynolds thus even though two justices joined chief justice hughes opinion merits apparent two dissenting justices joined opinion standing discussion otherwise justice frankfurter opinion denying standing controlling opinion see also bender williamsport area school dicta suggesting hypothetically state law authorized school board take action unanimous consent school board member voted particular action board nonetheless took action board member might claim legally entitled protect effectiveness vot coleman ut event allege vote diluted rendered nugatory state law appellees show vote denied nullified coleman sense bill voted become law vote stripped validity unable show vote denied nullified discriminatory manner sense vote denied full validity relation votes colleagues thus various hypotheticals offered appellees briefs discussed oral argument applicability case see reply brief appellees positing hypothetical law first term members allowed vote appropriations bills every member disqualified grounds partiality voting major federal projects district tr oral arg question congress might passed statute said senators iowa hog farming matters half vote standing challenge since hold coleman may distinguished instant case ground need decide whether coleman may also distinguished ways instance appellants argued coleman applicability similar suit brought federal since decision depended fact kansas treated senators interest votes basis entertaining deciding federal questions also argued coleman applicability similar suit brought federal legislators since separation powers concerns present suit present coleman since federalism concerns eliminated kansas decision take jurisdiction case although congress reinstate project disapproval bill assumedly take two thirds houses since president expected veto project disapproval bill see robinson public choice speculations item veto rev political costs president suffer important congressional districts might limit use line item veto cf bender generally speaking members collegial bodies standing perfect appeal body declined take ballin two houses congress legislative bodies representing larger constituencies power vested one individual aggregate members compose body action action separate member number members action body whole addition far clear injury fairly traceable appellants precedents require since alleged cause appellees injury appellants exercise legislative power actions colleagues congress passing act cf holtzman schlesinger representative holtzman denied right vote war cambodia action defendants executive branch officials fact vote ineffective due contrary votes colleagues defendants herein congress may authorizing suit particular parties remove prudential standing barriers case see ante may reduce article iii minimums appellants note also possible impairment certain official powers may support standing congress one house thereof seek aid federal judiciary see brief citing mcgrain daugherty appellants concede see brief injury official authority may support standing government duly authorized agents see diamond charles noting state standing defend constitutionality statute federal icc oregon washington nav explaining federal agency standing appeal official agency designated defend interests federal government federal coleman miller discussing cases explains coleman may well distinguishable ground involved suit state legislators implicate either separation powers concerns raised case corresponding federalism concerns since kansas exercised jurisdiction decide federal issue see ante full text relevant paragraph provides every bill shall passed house representatives senate shall become law presented president approve shall sign shall return objections house shall originated shall enter objections large journal proceed reconsider reconsideration two thirds house shall agree pass bill shall sent together objections house shall likewise reconsidered approved two thirds house shall become law cases votes houses shall determined yeas nays names persons voting bill shall entered journal house respectively bill shall returned president within ten days sundays excepted shall presented shall law like manner signed unless congress adjournment prevent return case shall law art respondents assertion right vote legislation simply generalized interest proper administration government cf allen wright legislators personal interest ability exercise constitutionally ensured power vote laws certainly distinct interest individual citizen challenging act might assert majority reference absence similar suit earlier disputes congress president see ante strike particularly relevant first fact others choose bring suit necessarily mean constitution precluded second congress authorize declaratory judgment actions federal declaratory judgment act stat fact president johnson bring action entirely surprising