brown
board
education
argued
december
decided
may
segregation
white
negro
children
public
schools
state
solely
basis
race
pursuant
state
laws
permitting
requiring
segregation
denies
negro
children
equal
protection
laws
guaranteed
fourteenth
amendment
even
though
physical
facilities
tangible
factors
white
negro
schools
may
equal
pp
history
fourteenth
amendment
inconclusive
intended
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education
pp
question
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cases
must
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basis
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fourteenth
amendment
adopted
light
full
development
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education
present
place
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life
throughout
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pp
state
undertaken
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public
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segregation
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schools
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may
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pp
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equal
doctrine
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plessy
ferguson
place
field
public
education
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forms
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pp
together
briggs
et
al
elliott
et
appeal
district
eastern
district
south
carolina
argued
december
reargued
december
davis
et
al
county
school
board
prince
edward
county
virginia
et
appeal
district
eastern
district
virginia
argued
december
reargued
december
gebhart
et
al
belton
et
certiorari
delaware
argued
december
reargued
december
robert
carter
argued
cause
appellants
original
argument
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marshall
argued
cause
appellants
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argument
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robinson
iii
appellants
original
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appellants
nos
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louis
redding
jack
greenberg
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cause
respondents
original
argument
jack
greenberg
thurgood
marshall
reargument
briefs
robert
carter
thurgood
marshall
spottswood
robinson
iii
louis
redding
jack
greenberg
george
hayes
william
ming
constance
baker
motley
james
nabrit
charles
scott
frank
reeves
harold
boulware
oliver
hill
appellants
nos
respondents
george
johnson
appellants
nos
loren
miller
appellants
nos
arthur
shores
walden
statement
jurisdiction
brief
opposing
motion
dismiss
affirm
paul
wilson
assistant
attorney
general
kansas
argued
cause
appellees
original
argument
reargument
briefs
harold
fatzer
attorney
general
john
davis
argued
cause
appellees
original
argument
appellees
nos
reargument
briefs
callison
attorney
general
south
carolina
robert
mcc
figg
rogers
william
meagher
taggart
whipple
lindsay
almond
attorney
general
virginia
justin
moore
argued
cause
appellees
original
argument
appellees
nos
reargument
briefs
lindsay
almond
attorney
general
henry
wickham
special
assistant
attorney
general
state
virginia
justin
moore
archibald
robertson
john
riely
justin
moore
prince
edward
county
school
authorities
appellees
albert
young
attorney
general
delaware
argued
cause
petitioners
original
argument
reargument
briefs
louis
finger
special
deputy
attorney
general
special
leave
assistant
attorney
general
rankin
argued
cause
reargument
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
nos
affirmance
brief
attorney
general
brownell
philip
elman
leon
ulman
william
lamont
magdelena
schoch
james
mcgranery
attorney
general
philip
elman
filed
brief
original
argument
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
nos
affirmance
briefs
amici
curiae
supporting
appellants
filed
shad
polier
maslow
joseph
robison
american
jewish
congress
edwin
lukas
arnold
forster
arthur
garfield
hays
frank
karelsen
leonard
haas
saburo
kido
theodore
leskes
american
civil
liberties
union
et
al
john
ligtenberg
selma
borchardt
american
federation
teachers
briefs
amici
curiae
supporting
appellants
respondents
filed
arthur
goldberg
thomas
harris
congress
industrial
organizations
phineas
indritz
american
veterans
committee
chief
justice
warren
delivered
opinion
cases
come
us
kansas
south
carolina
virginia
delaware
premised
different
facts
different
local
conditions
common
legal
question
justifies
consideration
together
consolidated
opinion
cases
minors
negro
race
legal
representatives
seek
aid
courts
obtaining
admission
public
schools
community
nonsegregated
basis
instance
denied
admission
schools
attended
white
children
laws
requiring
permitting
segregation
according
race
segregation
alleged
deprive
plaintiffs
equal
protection
laws
fourteenth
amendment
cases
delaware
case
federal
district
denied
relief
plaintiffs
separate
equal
doctrine
announced
plessy
ferguson
doctrine
equality
treatment
accorded
races
provided
substantially
equal
facilities
even
though
facilities
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delaware
case
delaware
adhered
doctrine
ordered
plaintiffs
admitted
white
schools
superiority
negro
schools
plaintiffs
contend
segregated
public
schools
equal
made
equal
hence
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equal
protection
laws
obvious
importance
question
presented
took
jurisdiction
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heard
term
reargument
heard
term
certain
questions
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reargument
largely
devoted
circumstances
surrounding
adoption
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amendment
covered
exhaustively
consideration
amendment
congress
ratification
existing
practices
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segregation
views
proponents
opponents
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investigation
convince
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sources
cast
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remove
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legislatures
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degree
certainty
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reason
inconclusive
nature
amendment
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respect
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schools
status
public
education
time
south
movement
toward
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common
schools
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taxation
yet
taken
hold
education
white
children
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groups
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practically
race
illiterate
fact
education
negroes
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law
today
contrast
many
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sciences
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school
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time
amendment
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debates
even
north
conditions
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education
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today
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schools
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school
term
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months
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history
fourteenth
amendment
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intended
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education
first
cases
construing
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amendment
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shortly
adoption
interpreted
proscribing
discriminations
negro
race
doctrine
separate
equal
make
appearance
case
plessy
ferguson
supra
involving
education
transportation
american
courts
since
labored
doctrine
half
century
six
cases
involving
separate
equal
doctrine
field
public
education
cumming
county
board
education
gong
lum
rice
validity
doctrine
challenged
recent
cases
graduate
school
level
inequality
found
specific
benefits
enjoyed
white
students
denied
negro
students
educational
qualifications
missouri
ex
rel
gaines
canada
sipuel
oklahoma
sweatt
painter
mclaurin
oklahoma
state
regents
none
cases
necessary
doctrine
grant
relief
negro
plaintiff
sweatt
painter
supra
expressly
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decision
question
whether
plessy
ferguson
held
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public
education
instant
cases
question
directly
presented
unlike
sweatt
painter
findings
negro
white
schools
involved
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respect
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qualifications
salaries
teachers
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factors
decision
therefore
turn
merely
comparison
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factors
negro
white
schools
involved
cases
must
look
instead
effect
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public
education
approaching
problem
turn
clock
back
amendment
adopted
even
plessy
ferguson
written
must
consider
public
education
light
full
development
present
place
american
life
throughout
nation
way
determined
segregation
public
schools
deprives
plaintiffs
equal
protection
laws
today
education
perhaps
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function
state
local
governments
compulsory
school
attendance
laws
great
expenditures
education
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recognition
importance
education
democratic
society
required
performance
basic
public
responsibilities
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service
armed
forces
foundation
good
citizenship
today
principal
instrument
awakening
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values
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normally
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days
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child
may
reasonably
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denied
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education
opportunity
state
undertaken
provide
right
must
made
available
equal
terms
come
question
presented
segregation
children
public
schools
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facilities
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factors
may
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deprive
children
minority
group
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educational
opportunities
believe
sweatt
painter
supra
finding
segregated
law
school
negroes
provide
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educational
opportunities
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large
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qualities
incapable
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measurement
make
greatness
law
school
mclaurin
oklahoma
state
regents
supra
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admitted
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graduate
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students
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opportunities
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finding
kansas
case
nevertheless
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compelled
rule
negro
plaintiffs
segregation
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colored
children
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schools
detrimental
effect
upon
colored
children
impact
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sanction
law
policy
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races
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inferiority
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group
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sanction
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retard
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mental
development
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children
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benefits
receive
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ly
integrated
school
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conclude
field
public
education
doctrine
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place
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facilities
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hold
plaintiffs
others
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situated
actions
brought
reason
segregation
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protection
laws
guaranteed
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amendment
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unnecessary
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segregation
also
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process
clause
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amendment
class
actions
wide
applicability
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great
variety
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conditions
formulation
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cases
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problems
considerable
complexity
reargument
consideration
appropriate
relief
necessarily
subordinated
primary
question
constitutionality
segregation
public
education
announced
segregation
denial
equal
protection
laws
order
may
full
assistance
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restored
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parties
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argument
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previously
propounded
reargument
term
attorney
general
invited
participate
attorneys
general
requiring
permitting
segregation
public
education
also
permitted
appear
amici
curiae
upon
request
september
submission
briefs
october
ordered
footnotes
attorney
general
participated
terms
amicus
curiae
general
study
development
public
education
prior
amendment
see
butts
cremin
history
education
american
culture
pts
ii
cubberley
public
education
ed
cc
school
practices
current
time
adoption
fourteenth
amendment
described
butts
cremin
supra
cubberley
supra
knight
public
education
south
cc
viii
ix
see
also
ex
doc
sess
although
demand
free
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schools
followed
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north
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development
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twenty
years
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different
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attitudes
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cubberley
supra
country
whole
particularly
south
war
virtually
stopped
progress
public
education
low
status
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education
sections
country
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war
described
beale
history
freedom
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american
schools
compulsory
school
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laws
generally
adopted
ratification
fourteenth
amendment
laws
force
cubberley
supra
cases
wall
strauder
west
virginia
ordains
state
shall
deprive
person
life
liberty
property
without
due
process
law
deny
person
within
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protection
laws
declaring
law
shall
black
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whether
colored
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stand
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color
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contain
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also
virginia
rives
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parte
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apparently
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roberts
city
boston
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public
schools
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mass
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elsewhere
north
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recent
years
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nationwide
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sectional
concern
see
also
berea
college
kentucky
cumming
case
negro
taxpayers
sought
injunction
requiring
defendant
school
board
discontinue
operation
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school
white
children
board
resumed
operation
high
school
negro
children
similarly
gong
lum
case
plaintiff
child
chinese
descent
contended
state
authorities
misapplied
doctrine
classifying
negro
children
requiring
attend
negro
school
kansas
case
found
substantial
equality
factors
supp
south
carolina
case
found
defendants
proceeding
promptly
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faith
comply
decree
supp
virginia
case
noted
equalization
program
already
afoot
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supp
since
advised
virginia
attorney
general
brief
reargument
program
completed
delaware
case
similarly
noted
state
equalization
program
well
way
similar
finding
made
delaware
case
conclude
testimony
delaware
society
segregation
education
results
negro
children
class
receiving
educational
opportunities
substantially
inferior
available
white
children
otherwise
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situated
clark
effect
prejudice
discrimination
personality
development
midcentury
white
house
conference
children
youth
witmer
kotinsky
personality
making
vi
deutscher
chein
psychological
effects
enforced
segregation
survey
social
science
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psychol
chein
psychological
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brameld
educational
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negro
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bolling
sharpe
post
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children
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admitted
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brought
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color
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formulate
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arriving
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see
rule
revised
rules
effective
july