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charter
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base
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stock
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regents
univ
cal
credit
suisse
first
boston
usa
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certiorari
ii
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act
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person
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committee
believes
amending
act
provide
explicitly
private
aiding
abetting
liability
actions
section
contrary
goal
reducing
meritless
securities
litigation
see
additional
views
dodd
pleased
committee
bill
grants
securities
exchange
commission
explicit
authority
bring
actions
knowingly
aid
abet
primary
violators
however
remain
concerned
liability
private
actions
continue
work
committee
members
issue
move
floor
consideration
senators
sarbanes
boxer
bryan
also
submitted
additional
views
stated
hile
provision
bill
help
deterrent
effect
securities
laws
strengthened
aiding
abetting
liability
restored
private
actions
well
success
securities
markets
largely
result
high
level
investor
confidence
integrity
efficiency
markets
sec
enforcement
program
availability
private
rights
action
together
provide
means
defrauded
investors
recover
damages
powerful
deterrent
violations
securities
laws
see
also
bateman
eichler
hill
richards
berner
moreover
repeatedly
emphasized
implied
private
actions
provide
effective
weapon
enforcement
securities
laws
necessary
supplement
commission
brief
former
sec
commissioners
amici
curiae
iability
kind
issue
neither
results
undue
liability
exposure
undue
burden
upon
capital
formation
holding
liable
wrongdoers
actively
engage
fraudulent
conduct
lacks
legitimate
business
purpose
hinder
rather
enhances
integrity
markets
economy
believe
integrity
securities
markets
strength
investors
domestic
foreign
trust
fraud
tolerated
nation
securities
markets
strong
remedies
exist
deter
protect
fraud
recompense
investors
occurs
concede
congress
ratified
private
cause
action
pslra
see
ante
today
guarantee
remedy
every
injury
appears
nearly
state
constitutions
ala
art
ark
art
ii
colo
art
ii
conn
art
del
art
fla
art
idaho
art
ill
art
ind
art
kan
bill
rights
ky
la
art
art
md
declaration
rights
art
mass
pt
art
minn
art
miss
art
iii
mo
art
mont
art
ii
neb
art
pt
art
art
art
ohio
art
okla
art
ii
ore
art
pa
art
art
art
art
vi
tenn
art
tex
art
utah
art
vt
ch
art
va
art
iii
wis
art
wyo
art
see
also
phillips
constitutional
right
remedy
rev
hereinafter
phillips
concept
remedy
every
wrong
clearly
emerged
sir
edward
coke
scholarship
magna
carta
see
second
part
institutes
laws
england
time
ratification
constitution
delaware
massachusetts
maryland
new
hampshire
north
carolina
adopted
constitutional
provisions
reflecting
provision
coke
scholarship
del
declaration
rights
fundamental
rules
reprinted
swindler
sources
documents
constitutions
hereinafter
swindler
mass
pt
art
xi
reprinted
federal
state
constitutions
colonial
charters
organic
laws
thorpe
ed
reprinted
hereinafter
thorpe
md
declaration
rights
art
xvii
art
xiv
declaration
rights
art
xiii
see
also
phillips
pennsylvania
constitution
contains
guarantee
pa
art
ix
thorpe
connecticut
constitution
art
contained
provision
reprinted
swindler
see
slavin
germantown
fire
ins
baird
franklin
fact
statute
provides
machinery
procedure
individual
right
action
proceed
immaterial
well
established
members
class
whose
protection
statutory
duty
created
may
sue
injuries
resulting
breach
common
law
supply
remedy
statute
gives
none
cert
denied
kardon
national
gypsum
supp
ed
right
recover
damages
arising
reason
violation
statute
fundamental
deeply
ingrained
law
expressly
denied
intention
withhold
appear
clearly
plainly