edwards
south
carolina
argued
december
decided
february
feeling
aggrieved
laws
south
carolina
allegedly
prohibited
negro
privileges
petitioners
negro
high
school
college
students
peacefully
assembled
site
state
government
peacefully
expressed
grievances
citizens
south
carolina
along
legislative
bodies
south
carolina
told
police
officials
must
disperse
within
minutes
pain
arrest
failed
sang
patriotic
religious
songs
one
leaders
delivered
religious
harangue
violence
threat
violence
part
part
member
crowd
watching
petitioners
arrested
convicted
crime
breach
peace
state
said
susceptible
exact
definition
held
arresting
convicting
punishing
petitioners
circumstances
disclosed
record
south
carolina
infringed
rights
free
speech
free
assembly
freedom
petition
redress
grievances
rights
guaranteed
first
amendment
protected
fourteenth
amendment
invasion
pp
reversed
jack
greenberg
argued
cause
petitioners
brief
constance
baker
motley
james
nabrit
iii
matthew
perry
lincoln
jenkins
donald
james
sampson
daniel
mcleod
attorney
general
south
carolina
argued
cause
respondent
brief
coleman
everett
brandon
assistant
attorneys
general
justice
stewart
delivered
opinion
petitioners
number
convicted
magistrate
columbia
south
carolina
crime
breach
peace
convictions
ultimately
affirmed
south
carolina
granted
certiorari
consider
claim
convictions
squared
fourteenth
amendment
constitution
substantial
conflict
trial
evidence
late
morning
march
petitioners
high
school
college
students
negro
race
met
zion
baptist
church
columbia
noon
walked
separate
groups
south
carolina
state
house
grounds
area
two
city
blocks
open
general
public
purpose
submit
protest
citizens
south
carolina
along
legislative
bodies
south
carolina
feelings
dissatisfaction
present
condition
discriminatory
actions
negroes
general
let
know
dissatisfied
like
laws
prohibited
negro
privileges
state
removed
already
state
house
grounds
petitioners
arrived
law
enforcement
officers
advance
knowledge
petitioners
coming
group
petitioners
entered
grounds
driveway
parking
area
known
record
horseshoe
entered
told
law
enforcement
officials
right
citizen
go
state
house
grounds
citizen
long
peaceful
next
half
hour
minutes
petitioners
small
groups
walked
single
file
two
abreast
orderly
way
grounds
group
carrying
placards
bearing
messages
proud
negro
segregation
time
crowd
onlookers
collected
horseshoe
area
adjacent
sidewalks
evidence
suggest
onlookers
anything
curious
evidence
threatening
remarks
hostile
gestures
offensive
language
part
member
crowd
city
manager
testified
recognized
onlookers
identify
possible
trouble
makers
subsequent
testimony
made
clear
nobody
among
crowd
actually
caused
threatened
trouble
obstruction
pedestrian
vehicular
traffic
within
state
house
grounds
vehicle
prevented
entering
leaving
horseshoe
area
although
vehicular
traffic
nearby
street
intersection
slowed
somewhat
officer
dispatched
keep
traffic
moving
number
bystanders
public
sidewalks
adjacent
state
house
grounds
moved
asked
impediment
pedestrian
traffic
police
protection
scene
times
sufficient
meet
foreseeable
possibility
disorder
situation
circumstances
thus
described
police
authorities
advised
petitioners
arrested
disperse
within
minutes
instead
dispersing
petitioners
engaged
city
manager
described
boisterous
loud
flamboyant
conduct
later
testimony
made
clear
consisted
listening
religious
harangue
one
leaders
loudly
singing
star
spangled
banner
patriotic
religious
songs
stamping
feet
clapping
hands
minutes
passed
police
arrested
petitioners
marched
jail
upon
evidence
state
trial
convicted
petitioners
breach
peace
imposed
sentences
ranging
fine
five
days
jail
fine
days
jail
affirming
judgments
south
carolina
said
law
state
offense
breach
peace
susceptible
exact
definition
general
definition
offense
follows
general
terms
breach
peace
violation
public
order
disturbance
public
tranquility
act
conduct
inciting
violence
includes
violation
law
enacted
preserve
peace
good
order
may
consist
act
violence
act
likely
produce
violence
necessary
peace
actually
broken
lay
foundation
prosecution
offense
done
unjustifiable
unlawful
tending
sufficient
directness
break
peace
required
actual
personal
violence
essential
element
offense
peace
used
law
connection
meant
tranquility
enjoyed
citizens
municipality
community
good
order
reigns
among
members
natural
right
persons
political
society
long
established
first
amendment
freedoms
protected
fourteenth
amendment
invasion
gitlow
new
york
whitney
california
stromberg
california
de
jonge
oregon
cantwell
connecticut
circumstances
case
reflect
exercise
basic
constitutional
rights
pristine
classic
form
petitioners
felt
aggrieved
laws
south
carolina
allegedly
prohibited
negro
privileges
state
peaceably
assembled
site
state
government
peaceably
expressed
grievances
citizens
south
carolina
along
legislative
bodies
south
carolina
told
police
officials
must
disperse
pain
arrest
even
sang
patriotic
religious
songs
one
leaders
delivered
religious
harangue
violence
threat
violence
part
part
member
crowd
watching
police
protection
ample
therefore
far
cry
situation
feiner
new
york
two
policemen
faced
crowd
pushing
shoving
milling
around
least
one
member
crowd
threatened
violence
police
act
crowd
pressing
closer
around
petitioner
officer
speaker
passes
bounds
argument
persuasion
undertakes
incitement
riot
record
barren
evidence
fighting
words
see
chaplinsky
new
hampshire
review
case
criminal
convictions
resulting
evenhanded
application
precise
narrowly
drawn
regulatory
statute
evincing
legislative
judgment
certain
specific
conduct
limited
proscribed
example
petitioners
convicted
upon
evidence
violated
law
regulating
traffic
disobeyed
law
reasonably
limiting
periods
state
house
grounds
open
public
different
case
see
cantwell
connecticut
garner
louisiana
concurring
opinion
petitioners
convicted
offense
generalized
words
south
carolina
susceptible
exact
definition
convicted
upon
evidence
showed
opinions
peaceably
expressing
sufficiently
opposed
views
majority
community
attract
crowd
necessitate
police
protection
fourteenth
amendment
permit
state
make
criminal
peaceful
expression
unpopular
views
function
free
speech
system
government
invite
dispute
may
indeed
best
serve
high
purpose
induces
condition
unrest
creates
dissatisfaction
conditions
even
stirs
people
anger
speech
often
provocative
challenging
may
strike
prejudices
preconceptions
profound
unsettling
effects
presses
acceptance
idea
freedom
speech
protected
censorship
punishment
unless
shown
likely
produce
clear
present
danger
serious
substantive
evil
rises
far
public
inconvenience
annoyance
unrest
room
constitution
restrictive
view
alternative
lead
standardization
ideas
either
legislatures
courts
dominant
political
community
groups
terminiello
chicago
terminiello
case
courts
south
carolina
defined
criminal
offense
permit
conviction
petitioners
speech
stirred
people
anger
invited
public
dispute
brought
condition
unrest
conviction
resting
grounds
may
stand
chief
justice
hughes
wrote
stromberg
california
maintenance
opportunity
free
political
discussion
end
government
may
responsive
people
changes
may
obtained
lawful
means
opportunity
essential
security
republic
fundamental
principle
constitutional
system
statute
upon
face
authoritatively
construed
vague
indefinite
permit
punishment
fair
use
opportunity
repugnant
guaranty
liberty
contained
fourteenth
amendment
reasons
conclude
criminal
convictions
stand
reversed
footnotes
police
chief
columbia
testified
men
present
addition
state
highway
patrolmen
south
carolina
law
enforcement
officers
present
believe
positive
believe
three
deputy
sheriffs
police
chief
columbia
testified
follows
chief
walk
around
state
house
building
persons
stayed
horseshoe
placed
men
grounds
men
make
report
persons
disorderly
walking
around
state
house
grounds
normal
circumstances
men
report
scene
reasonable
assume
disorderly
conduct
part
persons
since
received
report
officers
take
granted
yes
negro
college
students
students
well
demeaned
well
dressed
orderly
yes
persons
ca
tell
tell
present
group
recognized
possible
trouble
makers
police
chief
anything
placing
people
arrest
occasion
place
arrest
sir
stated
possible
trouble
makers
whole
testimony
city
manager
supervisor
city
police
object
preserve
peace
law
order
right
yet
took
official
action
people
present
possibly
might
done
harm
people
took
official
action
none
taken
creating
disturbance
particular
people
time
anything
make
trouble
police
chief
columbia
testified
group
students
walked
along
column
twos
sometimes
two
see
ample
room
persons
going
direction
opposite
direction
pass
sidewalk
say
blocking
sidewalk
state
house
grounds
police
chief
columbia
testified
times
blocked
sidewalk
asked
move
obeyed
commands
yes
nobody
complained
wanted
use
sidewalk
complaints
city
manager
testified
ample
time
get
ample
police
protection
thought
needed
state
house
grounds
yes
ample
police
protection
fault
persons
charge
police
department
ample
police
protection
city
manager
testified
mcnayr
action
take
instructed
dave
carter
tell
groups
call
tell
groups
group
leaders
must
disperse
must
disperse
manner
already
described
give
fifteen
minutes
time
conversation
dispersed
dispersed
direct
chief
police
place
arrest
city
manager
testified
already
testified
mcnayr
believe
order
students
dispersed
within
fifteen
minutes
yes
disperse
accordance
order
occurred
asked
chief
police
campbell
direct
men
line
students
march
place
arrest
march
city
jail
county
jail
placed
arrest
placed
arrest
stipulated
trial
state
house
grounds
occupied
executive
branch
south
carolina
government
legislative
branch
judicial
branch
period
covered
warrant
matter
wit
march
legislature
south
carolina
session
section
code
laws
south
carolina
cum
supp
provides
follows
shall
unlawful
person
except
state
officers
employees
persons
lawful
business
buildings
use
driveways
alleys
parking
spaces
upon
property
state
bounded
assembly
gervais
bull
pendleton
streets
columbia
upon
regular
weekday
saturdays
holidays
excepted
hours
whenever
buildings
open
business
park
vehicle
except
spaces
manner
marked
designated
state
budget
control
board
cooperation
highway
department
block
impede
traffic
alleys
driveways
justice
clark
dissenting
convictions
petitioners
negro
high
school
college
students
breach
peace
south
carolina
law
accepted
binding
upon
us
extent
held
violative
petitioners
constitutionally
protected
rights
free
speech
free
assembly
freedom
petition
redress
grievances
petitioners
course
right
peaceable
assembly
espouse
cause
petition
view
manner
exercised
rights
means
passive
demonstration
relates
rather
city
manager
columbia
testified
dangerous
situation
really
building
south
carolina
courts
expressly
found
created
actual
interference
traffic
imminently
threatened
disturbance
peace
community
since
attack
state
courts
findings
accepts
convictions
binding
extent
petitioners
conduct
constituted
breach
peace
difficult
understand
understatement
facts
reversal
convictions
priceless
character
first
amendment
freedoms
gainsaid
follow
absolutes
immune
necessary
state
action
reasonably
designed
protection
society
see
cantwell
connecticut
schneider
state
reason
duty
consider
context
arrests
made
certainly
city
officials
constitutionally
prohibited
refusing
petitioners
access
state
house
grounds
merely
disagreed
views
see
niemotko
maryland
south
carolina
courts
found
indication
whatever
case
acts
police
officers
taken
subterfuge
excuse
suppression
appellants
views
opinions
undisputed
city
officials
specifically
granted
petitioners
permission
assemble
imposing
requirement
peaceful
petitioners
gathered
state
house
grounds
general
assembly
session
large
number
almost
marching
carrying
placards
slogans
segregation
may
jail
bodies
souls
singing
activity
continued
approximately
minutes
busy
period
crowd
persons
congregated
front
state
house
around
area
directly
front
entrance
known
horseshoe
used
vehicular
well
pedestrian
ingress
egress
time
efforts
made
city
officials
hinder
petitioners
rights
free
speech
assembly
rather
police
directed
efforts
traffic
problems
resulting
petitioners
activities
large
crowd
gathered
among
city
manager
chief
police
recognized
potential
together
students
become
massed
around
horseshoe
closely
vehicular
pedestrian
traffic
materially
impeded
action
petitioners
taken
city
manager
state
intermediate
found
utmost
good
faith
decided
danger
peace
safety
imminent
even
juncture
orders
issued
city
manager
police
break
crowd
persons
arrests
made
instead
approached
recognized
leader
petitioners
requested
tell
various
groups
petitioners
disperse
within
minutes
failing
arrested
even
though
city
manager
might
honestly
mistaken
imminence
danger
certainly
reasonable
request
city
top
executive
officer
effort
avoid
public
brawl
response
petitioners
leader
defiance
rather
cooperation
leader
immediately
moved
group
group
among
students
delivering
harangue
according
testimony
record
aroused
fever
pitch
causing
boisterousness
singing
stomping
next
minutes
petitioners
sang
shall
moved
various
religious
songs
stamped
feet
clapped
hands
conducted
south
carolina
found
noisy
demonstration
defiance
dispersal
orders
ultimately
petitioners
arrested
apparently
planned
beginning
convicted
evidence
sufficiency
challenge
question
thus
seems
whether
state
constitutionally
prohibited
enforcing
laws
prevent
breach
peace
situation
city
officials
good
faith
believe
record
shows
disorder
violence
imminent
merely
activities
constituting
breach
contain
claimed
elements
constitutionally
protected
speech
assembly
answer
cases
clearly
negative
beginning
south
carolina
courts
premise
petitioners
entitled
assemble
voice
dissatisfaction
segregation
enlargement
constitutional
protection
conduct
fallacious
conclusion
free
speech
necessarily
includes
right
broadcast
sound
truck
public
streets
kovacs
cooper
said
thornhill
alabama
power
duty
state
take
adequate
steps
preserve
peace
protect
privacy
lives
property
residents
doubted
significantly
holding
petitioner
picketing
constitutionally
protected
case
took
pains
differentiate
picketing
en
masse
otherwise
conducted
might
occasion
imminent
aggravated
danger
ibid
petitioners
permitted
without
hindrance
exercise
rights
free
speech
assembly
arrests
occurred
situation
arose
officials
scene
considered
dangerous
disturbance
imminent
county
found
evidence
clear
officers
motivated
solely
proper
concern
preservation
order
protection
general
welfare
face
actual
interference
traffic
imminently
threatened
disturbance
peace
community
affirming
south
carolina
said
action
police
reasonable
motivated
solely
proper
concern
preservation
order
prevention
interference
traffic
upon
public
streets
sidewalks
cantwell
connecticut
supra
recognized
hen
clear
present
danger
riot
disorder
interference
traffic
upon
public
streets
immediate
threat
public
safety
peace
order
appears
power
state
prevent
punish
obvious
feiner
new
york
upheld
conviction
breach
peace
situation
dangerous
found
demonstration
conducted
one
person
crowd
limited
approximately
compared
present
lineup
demonstrators
onlookers
petitioner
endeavoring
arouse
negro
people
whites
urging
rise
arms
fight
equal
rights
one
person
city
entirely
different
historical
background
exhorting
adults
youthful
negro
demonstrators
aroused
fever
pitch
crowd
people
undoubtedly
hostile
perhaps
speech
animated
setting
actions
placards
reading
may
jail
bodies
souls
chanting
shall
moved
accompanied
stamping
feet
clapping
hands
created
much
greater
danger
riot
disorder
belief
anyone
conversant
almost
spontaneous
combustion
southern
communities
situation
agree
city
manager
action
may
well
averted
major
catastrophe
gravity
danger
surely
needs
explication
imminence
danger
emphasized
every
stage
proceeding
complaints
charging
demonstrations
tended
directly
immediate
violence
state
affirmance
authority
feiner
supra
record
shows
steps
backward
standard
clear
present
danger
say
police
may
intervene
riot
occurred
like
keeping
doctor
patient
dies
subscribe
doctrine
words
brother
frankfurter
often
emphasized
exercise
authority
state
decisions
due
process
clause
must
construed
abstract
doctrinaire
way
disregarding
local
conditions
pertinent
therefore
note
members
new
york
accepted
finding
feiner
stopped
listeners
police
officers
disagreed
views
officers
honestly
concerned
preventing
breach
peace
said
hague
supra
uncontrolled
official
suppression
speaker
made
substitute
duty
maintain
order
conduct
within
allowable
limits
free
speech
police
peace
officers
speaker
well
hearers
power
effectively
preserve
order
displaced
giving
speaker
complete
immunity
two
police
officers
present
minutes
interfered
apprehended
imminence
violence
constitutional
principle
acting
preserve
order
police
must
proceed
crowd
whatever
size
temper
demonstrators
concurring
opinion
feiner
new
york
cases
decided
day
unreported
order
richland
county
july
appeal
magistrate
columbia
south
carolina
affirmance
order
us
writ
certiorari
supra
note
city
manager
testified
follows
relation
mcnayr
sidewalks
around
horseshoe
lane
vehicular
traffic
crowd
distributed
regard
sidewalks
roadways
well
conditions
varied
time
time
numerous
times
blocked
almost
completely
probably
many
thirty
forty
persons
sidewalks
street
area
observe
pedestrian
traffic
walkway
yes
condition
condition
extremely
difficult
pedestrian
wanting
get
get
many
took
street
area
even
get
street
area
sidewalk
street
blocked
place
traffic
man
intersection
gervais
main
handle
traffic
pedestrians
vehicular
traffic
lane
blocked
horseshoe
city
manager
testified
follows
hear
singing
chanting
anything
nature
student
group
yes
describe
best
harangues
described
witnessed
frankly
everyone
present
area
students
began
answering
back
shouts
became
boisterous
stomped
feet
sang
loud
voices
point
judgment
dangerous
situation
really
building
police
chief
testified
follows
chief
questioned
cross
examination
length
appearance
orderliness
student
group
orderly
times
last
describe
activities
last
stated
singing
also
getting
certain
instructions
loud
boisterous
supra
note